Distraction Techniques for Children Undergoing Procedures: A Critical Review of Pediatric Research

Journal of Pediatric Nursing

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 652-681

  Koller, Donna ^a   Goldman, Ran D ^b  

^a RYERSON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b BC CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Child life; Distraction; Medical procedures; Nonpharmacologic pain management; Pain; Pediatrics

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIA; ANXIETY; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EQUIPMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MUSIC THERAPY; PAIN; PEDIATRICS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROCEDURES; RECREATION; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; VIRTUAL REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY;

ANXIETY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EXTINCTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; METHODS; MUSIC THERAPY; PAIN; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PEDIATRICS; PLAY AND PLAYTHINGS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; VIDEO GAMES; VIRTUAL REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY;

EID: 84867866212     PISSN: 08825963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2011.08.001     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Aitken J.C., Wilson S., Coury D., Moursi A.M. The effect of music distraction on pain, anxiety and behavior in pediatric dental patients. Pediatric Dentistry 2002, 24:114-118.
2. Arts S.E., Abu-Saad H.H., Champion G.D., Crawford M.R., Fisher R.J., Juniper K.H., et al. Age-related response to lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA®) emulsion and effect of music distraction on the pain of intravenous cannulation. Pediatrics 1994, 93:797-801.
3. Baghdadi Z.D. Evaluation of audio analgesia for restorative care in children treated using electronic dental anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 2000, 25:9-12.
4. Ball T.M., Shapiro D.E., Monheim C.J., Weydert J.A. A pilot study of the use of guided imagery for the treatment of recurrent abdominal pain in children. Clinical Pediatrics 2003, 42:527-532.
5. Bellieni C.V., Cordelli D.M., Raffaelli M., Ricci B., Morgese G., Buonocore G. Analgesic effect of watching TV during venipuncture. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2006, 91:1015-1017.
6. Berenson A.B., Wiemann C.M., Rickert V.I. Use of video eyeglasses to decrease anxiety among children undergoing genital examinations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998, 178:1341-1345.
7. Blount R.L., Piira T., Cohen L.L., Cheng P.S. Pediatric procedural pain. Behavior Modification 2006, 30:1-23.
8. Bo L.K., Callaghan P. Soothing pain elicited distress in Chinese neonates. Pediatrics 2000, 105:e49.
9. Bond A.E., Lee C.R., Mandleco B., Donnelly M. Needs of family members of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: Implications for evidence-based practice. Critical Care Nurse 2003, 23:63-72.
10. Brewer S.G., Syblik D., Tietjens M.E., Vacik H.W. Pediatric anxiety: Child life intervention in day surgery. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2006, 21:13-22.
11. Broome M.E., Lillis P.P., McGahee T.W., Bates T. The use of distraction and imagery with children during painful procedures. European Journal of Cancer Care 1994, 3:26-30.
12. Broome M.E., Rehwaldt M., Fogg L. Relationships between cognitive behavioral techniques, temperament, observed distress, and pain reports in children and adolescents during lumbar puncture. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 1998, 13:48-54.
13. Carlson K.L., Broome M., Vessey J.A. Using distraction to reduce reported pain, fear, and behavioral distress in children and adolescents: A multisite study. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses 2000, 5:75-85.
14. Cassidy K., Reid G.J., McGrath P.J., Finley G.A., Smith D.J., Morley C., et al. Watch needle, watch TV: Audiovisual distraction in preschool immunization. Pain Medicine 2002, 3:108-118.
15. Chambers C.T., Taddio A., Uman L.S., McMurtry C.M., HELPinKIDS Team Psychological interventions for reducing pain and distress during routine childhood immunizations: A systematic review. Clinical Therapeutics 2009, 31:S77-S103.
16. Charmaz K. Discovering chronic illness using grounded theory. Social Science and Medicine 1990, 30:1161-1172.
17. Cohen L.L., Blount R.L., Panopoulos G. Nurse coaching and cartoon distraction: An effective and practical intervention to reduce child, parent, and nurse distress during immunizations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1997, 22:355-370.
18. Coyne I., Hayes E., Gallagher P. Research with hospitalized children: Ethical, methodological, and organizational challenges. Childhood 2009, 16:413-429.
19. Cramer-Berness L.J., Friedman A.G. Behavioral interventions for infant immunizations. Children's Health Care 2005, 34:95-111.
20. Dahlquist L.M., Busby S.M., Slifer K.J., Tucker C.L., Eischen S., Hilley L., et al. Distraction for children of different ages who undergo repeated needle sticks. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 2002, 19:22-34.
21. Dahlquist L.M., McKenna K.D., Jones K.K., Dillinger L., Weiss K.E., Ackerman C.S. Active and passive distraction using a head-mounted display helmet: Effects on cold processor pain in children. Health Psychology 2007, 26:794-801.
22. Dahlquist L.M., Pendley J.S., Landthrip D.S., Jones C.L., Steuber C.P. Distraction intervention for preschoolers undergoing intramuscular injections and subcutaneous port access. Health Psychology 2002, 21:94-99.
23. Dahlquist L.M., Weiss K.E., Clendaniel L.D., Law E.F., Ackerman C.S., McKenna K.D. Effects of videogame distraction using a virtual reality type head-mounted display helmet on cold processor pain in children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2009, 34:574-584.
24. DeMore M., Cohen L.L. Distraction for pediatric immunization pain: A critical review. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2005, 12:281-291.
25. ED Management. (2004). Child life services can provide competitive edge: boost satisfaction with modest investment. 16, 115-118.
26. Edwards J. Music therapy with children hospitalized for severe injury or illness. British Journal of Music Therapy 1999, 13:21-27.
27. Franck L.S., Stevens B. Pain assessment in infants and children. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2000, 47:487-512.
28. French G.M., Painter E.C., Coury D.L. Blowing away shot pain: A technique for pain management during immunization. Pediatrics 1994, 93:384-388.
29. Gershon J., Zimand E., Pickering M., Rothbaum B.O. A pilot and feasibility study of virtual reality as a distraction for children with cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2004, 43:1243-1249.
30. Gibbs L.E. Quality of Study Rating Form: An instrument for synthesizing evaluation studies. Journal of Social Work Education 1989, 25:55-67.
31. Gold J.I., Kim S.H., Kant A.J., Joseph M.H., Rizzo A. Effectiveness of virtual reality for pediatric pain distraction during IV placement. CyberPsychology & Behavior 2006, 9:207-212.
32. Goldman R., Koller D., Wan T., Bever S., Stuart S. Passive versus active distraction for intravenous catheterization in the pediatric emergency department. Archives Pediatric Adolescent Medicine in review, 2011.
33. Gousie P.J. The effects of live music on the distress of pediatric patients receiving injections [Electronic Version] Available from. http://www.musicasmedicine.com/internprojects/upload/trish.pdf.
34. Howard H. Current status of pain management in children. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003, 290:2464-2469.
35. Huth M.M., Broome M.E., Good M. Imagery reduces children's post-operative pain. Pain 2004, 110:439-448.
36. Huth M.M., Daraiseh N.M., Henson M.A., McLeod S.M. Evaluation of the Magic Island: Relaxation for kids compact disc. Pediatric Nursing 2009, 35:290-295.
37. Huth M.M., Van Kuiken D.M., Broome M.E. Playing in the park: What school-age children tell us about imagery. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2006, 21:115-125.
38. Jeffs D.A. Pilot study of distraction for adolescents during allergy testing. Journal of Society of Pediatric Nursing 2007, 12:180-185.
39. Joyce B.A., Keck J.F., Gerkensmeyer J. Evaluation of pain management interventions for neonatal circumcision pain. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 2001, 15:105-114.
40. Kaminski M., Pellino T., Wish J. Play and pets: The physical and emotional impact of child-life and pet therapy on hospitalized children. Children's Health Care 2002, 31:321-335.
41. Kelley M.L., Jarvie G.J., Middlebrook J.L., McNeer M.F., Drabman R.S. Decreasing burned children's pain behavior: Impacting the trauma of hydrotherapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1984, 17:147-158.
42. Kleiber C., Harper D.C. Effect of children's pain and distress during medical procedures: A meta-analysis. Nursing Research 1999, 48:44-49.
43. Kleiber C., McCarthy A.M. Evaluating instruments for a study on children's responses to a painful procedure when parents are distraction coaches. Journal of Pediatric Nursing: Nursing Care of Children and Families 2006, 21:99-107.
44. Koller D. Child life assessment: Variables associated with a child's ability to cope with hospitalization. Child Life council evidence-based practice statement [Electronic version] Available from. http://www.childlife.org.
45. Kuttner L. A child in pain: What health professionals can do 2010, Crown House, Willison, VT.
46. Lal M.K., McClelland J., Phillips J., Taub N.A., Beattie R.M. Comparison of EMLA® cream versus placebo in children receiving distraction therapy for venipuncture. Acta Paediatrica 2001, 90:154-159.
47. Lambert S.A. The effects of hypnosis/guided imagery on the postoperative course of children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1996, 17:307-310.
48. Lambert S.A. Distraction, imagery, and hypnosis: Techniques for management of children's pain. Journal of Child and Family Nursing 1999, 2:5-16.
49. Landolt M.A., Marti D., Widmer J., Meuli M. Does cartoon movie distraction decrease burned children's pain behavior?. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2002, 23:61-65.
50. Lange B., Williams M., Fulton I. Virtual reality distraction during pediatric medical procedures. Pediatric pain letter: Commentaries on pain in infants. Children, and Adolescents 2006, 8. Available from. http://childpain.org/ppl/issues/v8n1_2006/v8n1_lange.pdf.
51. MacLaren J.E., Cohen L.L. A comparison of distraction strategies for venipuncture distress in children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2005, 30:387-396.
52. MacLean S., Obispo J., Young K.D. The gap between pediatric emergency department procedural pain management treatments available and actual practice. Pediatric Emergency Care 2007, 23:87-93.
53. Mahan K.T., Strelecky D.C. Recent concepts in understanding a child's pain. Journal of the American Pediatric Medical Association 1991, 81:231-242.
54. Malone A.B. The effects of live music on the distress of pediatric patients receiving intravenous starts, venipunctures, injections, and heel sticks. Journal of Music Therapy 1996, 23:19-33.
55. Manne S.L., Redd W.H., Jacobsen P.B., Gorfinkle K., Schorr O., Rapkin B. Behavioral intervention to reduce child and parent distress during venipuncture. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990, 58:565-572.
56. Mason S., Johnson M.H., Woolley C. A comparison of distracters for controlling distress in young children during medical procedures. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 1999, 6:239-248.
57. Megel M.E., Houser C.W., Gleaves L.S. Children's responses to immunizations: Lullabies as a distraction. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 1998, 21:129-145.
58. Mehling, B., Highstein, M., & Delamarter, R. (1990). California Publications [Computer CD].
59. Nagasako E.M., Oaklander A.L., Dworkin R.H. Congenital insensitivity to pain: An update. International Association for the Study of Pain 2003, 101:213-219.
60. Nilsson S., Finnstrom B., Kokinsky E., Enskar K. The use of virtual reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit. European Journal of Oncology Nursing 2009, 13:102-109.
61. Patel A., Schieble T., Davidson M., Tran M.C., Schoenberg C., Delphin E., et al. Distraction with a hand-held video game reduces pediatric preoperative anxiety. Paediatric Anesthesia 2006, 16:1019-1027.
62. Pederson C. Effect of imagery in children's pain and anxiety during cardiac catheterization. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 1995, 10:365-374.
63. Peretz B., Gluck G.M. Assessing an active distracting technique for local anesthetic injection in pediatric dental patients: Repeated deep breathing and blowing out air. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 1999, 24:5-8.
64. Prabhakar A.R., Marwah N., Raju O.S. A comparison between audio and audiovisual distraction techniques in managing anxious pediatric dental patients. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 2007, 25:177-182.
65. Ruda M.A., Ling Q.D., Hohmann A.G., Peng Y.B., Tachibana T. Altered nociceptive neuronal circuits after neonatal peripheral inflammation. Science 2000, 289:628-631.
66. Salmon K., McGuigan F., Pereira J.K. Brief report: Optimizing children's memory and management of an invasive medical procedure: The influence of procedural narration and distraction. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006, 31:522-527.
67. Sander W.S., Eshelman D., Steele J., Guzzetta C.E. Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum 2002, 29:1029-1030.
68. Schmitt Y.S., Hoffman H.G., Blough D.K., Patterson D.R., Jensen M.P., Soltani M., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of immersive virtual reality analgesia, during physical therapy for pediatric burns. Burns 2011, 37:61-68.
69. Schneider S.M., Workman M.L. Virtual reality as a distraction intervention for older children receiving chemotherapy. Pediatric Nursing 2000, 26:593-597.
70. Selbst S.M., Clark M. Analgesic use in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1990, 19:1010-1013.
71. Sharar S.R., Carrougher G.J., Nakamura D., Hoffman H.G., Blough D.K., Patterson D.R. Factors influencing the efficacy of virtual reality distraction analgesia during postburn physical therapy: Preliminary results from 3 ongoing studies. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007, 88:S43-S49.
72. Sinha M., Christopher N.C., Fenn R., Reeves L. Evaluation of nonpharmacologic methods of pain and anxiety management for laceration repair in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics 2006, 117:1162-1168.
73. Skarbek-Borowska S., Becker B.M., Lovgren K., Bates A., Minugh P.A. Brief focal ultrasound with topical anesthetic decreases the pain of intravenous placement in children. Pediatric Emergency Care 2006, 22:339-345.
74. Smart G. Helping children relax during MRI. Maternal-Child Nursing Journal 1997, 22:237-241.
75. Sparks L.G. Taking the "ouch" out of injections for children: Using distraction to decrease pain. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 2001, 26:72-78.
76. Stevenson M.D., Bivins M.S., O'Brien K. Child life intervention during angiocatheter insertion in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatric Emergency Care 2005, 21:712-718.
77. Tanabe P., Ferket K., Thomas R., Paice J., Marcantonio R. The effect of standard care, ibuprofen, and distraction on pain relief and patient satisfaction in children with musculoskeletal trauma. Journal of Emergency Nursing 2002, 28:118-125.
78. Tsao J.C.I., Fanurik D., Zeltzer L.K. Long-term effects of a brief distraction intervention on children's laboratory pain reactivity. Behavior Modification 2003, 27:217-232.
79. Weydert J.A., Shapiro D.E., Acra S.A., Monheim C.J., Chambers A.S., Ball T.M. Evaluation of guided imagery as treatment for recurrent abdominal pain in children: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics 2006, 6.
80. Whitehead-Pleaux A.M., Baryza M.J., Sheridan R.L. The effects of music therapy on pediatric patients' pain and anxiety during donor site dressing change. Journal of Music Therapy 2006, 43:136-153.
81. Whitehead-Pleaux Z.N., Baryza M.J., Sheridan R.L. Exploring the effects of music therapy on pediatric pain: Phase 1. Journal of Music Therapy 2007, 44:217-224.
82. Windich-Biermeir A. Effects of distraction on pain, fear, and distress during venous port access and venipuncture in children and adolescents with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 2007, 24:8-19.
83. Wolitzky K., Fivush R., Zimand E., Hodges L., Rothbaum B.O. Effectiveness of virtual reality distraction during a painful medical procedure in pediatric oncology patients. Psychology and health 2005, 20:817-824.
84. Woodgate R., Kirstjanson L. 'My hurts': Hospitalized young children's perceptions of acute pain. Qualitative Health Research 1996, 6:184-201.