Photoluminescence intermittency from single quantum dots to organic molecules: Emerging themes

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 13, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 12487-12518

  Riley, Erin A ^a   Hess, Chelsea M ^a   Reid, Philip J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Auger recombination; Biexciton; Blinking; Electron transfer; Fluorescence; Multiexciton; Power law; Proton transfer; Semiconducting nanocrystals; Single molecule spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM SELENIDE; CADMIUM SULFIDE; NANOCRYSTAL; ORGANIC COMPOUND; PROTON; QUANTUM DOT;

CHEMICAL MODEL; CONFORMATION; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DIFFUSION; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENERGY TRANSFER; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; IONIZATION; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; PROCESS DEVELOPMENT; PROTON TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SPECTROSCOPY; CHEMISTRY; LUMINESCENCE;

ELECTRON TRANSPORT; LUMINESCENT MEASUREMENTS; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; QUANTUM DOTS;

EID: 84867786712     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms131012487     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Moerner, W.E.; Kador, L. Optical-detection and spectroscopy of single molecules in a solid. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 2535-2538.
2. Orrit, M.; Bernard, J. Single pentacene molecules detected by fluorescence excitation in a p-terphenyl crystal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1990, 65, 2716-2719.
3. Cang, H.; Shan Xu, C.; Yang, H. Progress in single-molecule tracking spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2008, 457, 285-291.
4. Smith, M.B.; Karatekin, E.; Gohlke, A.; Mizuno, H.; Watanabe, N.; Vavylonis, D. Interactive, computer-assisted tracking of speckle trajectories in fluorescence microscopy: Application to actin polymerization and membrane fusion. Biophys. J. 2011, 101, 1794-1804.
5. Rolfe, D.J.; McLachlan, C.I.; Hirsch, M.; Needham, S.R.; Tynan, C.J.; Webb, S.E.D.; Martin-Fernandez, M.L.; Hobson, M.P. Automated multidimensional single molecule fluorescence microscopy feature detection and tracking. Eur. Biophys. J. Biophy. 2011, 40, 1167-1186.
6. Andersson, S.B. A nonlinear controller for three-dimensional tracking of a fluorescent particle in a confocal microscope. Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 2011, 104, 161-173.
7. Vogelsang, J.; Steinhauer, C.; Forthmann, C.; Stein, I.H.; Person-Skegro, B.; Cordes, T.; Tinnefeld, P. Make them blink: Probes for super-resolution microscopy. ChemPhysChem 2010, 2475-2490.
8. Biteen, J. Moving toward the future of single-molecule-based super-resolution imaging. Biopolymers 2011, 95, 287-289.
9. Fukaminato, T. Single-molecule fluorescence photoswitching: Design and synthesis of photoswitchable fluorescent molecules. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev. 2011, 12, 177-208.
10. Tian, Y.; Martinez, M.M.; Pappas, D. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: A review of biochemical and microfluidic applications. Appl. Spectrosc. 2011, 65, 115A-124A.
11. Heuff, R.F.; Swift, J.L.; Cramb, D.T. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy using quantum dots: Advances, challenges and opportunities. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2007, 9, 1870-1880.
12. Elson, E.L. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: Past, present, future. Biophys. J. 2011, 101, 2855-2870.
13. Yahiatene, I.; Doose, S.; Huser, T.; Sauer, M. Correlation-matrix analysis of two-color coincidence events in single-molecule fluorescence experiments. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 2729-2736.
14. Sobhy, M.A.; Elshenawy, M.M.; Takahashi, M.; Whitman, B.H.; Walter, N.G.; Hamdan, S.M. Versatile single-molecule multi-color excitation and detection fluorescence setup for studying biomolecular dynamics. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2011, 82, 113702.
15. Haga, T.; Takahashi, S.; Sonehara, T.; Kumazaki, N.; Anazawa, T. Dual-view imaging system using a wide-range dichroic mirror for simultaneous four-color single-molecule detection. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 6948-6955.
16. Hou, X.; Cheng, W. Single-molecule detection using continuous wave excitation of two-photon fluorescence. Opt. Lett. 2011, 36, 3185-3187.
17. Cialla, D.; März, A.; Böhme, R.; Theil, F.; Weber, K.; Schmitt, M.; Popp, J. Surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (sers): Progress and trends. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 403, 27-54.
18. Lohmüller, T.; Iversen, L.; Schmidt, M.; Rhodes, C.; Tu, H.L.; Lin, W.C.; Groves, J.T. Single molecule tracking on supported membranes with arrays of optical nanoantennas. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 1717-1721.
19. Kuno, M.; Fromm, D.P.; Hamann, H.F.; Gallagher, A.; Nesbitt, D.J. On off' fluorescence intermittency of single semiconductor quantum dots. J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115, 1028-1040.
20. Ambrose, W.P.; Basche, T.; Moerner, W.E. Detection and spectroscopy of single pentacene molecules in a para-terphenyl crystal by means of fluorescence excitation. J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 7150-7163.
21. Haase, M.; Hübner, C.G.; Reuther, E.; Herrmann, A.; Müllen, K.; Basché, T. Exponential and power-law kinetics in single-molecule fluorescence intermittency. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 10445-10450.
22. Vogel, M.; Gruber, A.; Wrachtrup, J.; von Borczyskowski, C. Determination of intersystem crossing parameters via observation of quantum jumps on single molecules. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 14915-14917.
23. Sher, P.H.; Smith, J.M.; Dalgarno, P.A.; Warburton, R.J.; Chen, X.; Dobson, P.J.; Daniels, S.M.; Pickett, N.L.; O'Brien, P. Power law carrier dynamics in semiconductor nanocrystals at nanosecond timescales. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 101111.
24. Kuno, M.; Fromm, D.P.; Hamann, H.F.; Gallagher, A.; Nesbitt, D.J. Nonexponential "blinking" kinetics of single cdse quantum dots: A universal power law behavior. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 3117-3120.
25. Cichos, F.; von Borczyskowski, C.; Orrit, M. Power-law intermittency of single emitters. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 12, 272-284.
26. Andresen, M.; Stiel, A.C.; Trowitzsch, S.; Weber, G.; Eggeling, C.; Wahl, M.C.; Hell, S.W.; Jakobs, S. Structural basis for reversible photoswitching in dronpa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 13005-13009.
27. Dickson, R.M.; Cubitt, A.B.; Tsien, R.Y.; Moerner, W.E. On/off blinking and switching behaviour of single molecules of green fluorescent protein. Nature 1997, 388, 355-358.
28. Knappenberger, K.L., Jr.; Wong, D.B.; Xu, W.; Schwartzberg, A.M.; Wolcott, A.; Zhang, J.Z.; Leone, S.R. Excitation-wavelength dependence of fluorescence intermittency in cdse nanorods. AcsNano 2008, 2, 2143-2153.
29. Ai, N.; Walden-Newman, W.; Song, Q.; Kalliakos, S.; Strauf, S. Suppression of blinking and enhanced exciton emission from individual carbon nanotubes. Acs Nano 2011, 5, 2664-2670.
30. Lin, H.; Tabaei, S.R.; Thomsson, D.; Mirzov, O.; Larsson, P.-O.; Scheblykin, I.G. Fluorescence blinking, exciton dynamics, and energy transfer domains in single conjugated polymer chains. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7042-7051.
31. Hoogenboom, J.P.; Hernando, J.; van Dijk, E.M.H.R.; van Hulst, N.F.; Garcia-Parajo, M.F. Power-law blinking in the fluorescence of single organic molecules. ChemPhysChem 2007, 8, 823-833.
32. Frantsuzov, P.; Kuno, M.; Janko, B.; Marcus, R.A. Universal emission intermittency in quantum dots, nanorods and nanowires. Nat. Phys. 2008, 4, 519-522.
33. Orrit, M. Chemical and physical aspects of charge transfer in the fluorescence intermittency of single molecules and quantum dots. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2010, 9, 637-642.
34. Kulzer, F.; Xia, T.; Orrit, M. Single molecules as optical nanoprobes for soft and complex matter. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 854-866.
35. Efros, A.L.; Rosen, M. Random telegraph signal in the photoluminescence intensity of a single quantum dot. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 1110-1113.
36. Verberk, R.; van Oijen, A.M.; Orrit, M. Simple model for the power-law blinking of single semiconductor nanocrystals. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 66, 233202.
37. Ko, H.C.; Yuan, C.T.; Lin, S.H.; Tang, J. Blinking suppression of single quantum dots in agarose gel. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 012104.
38. Durisic, N.; Godin, A.G.; Walters, D.; Gruetter, P.; Wiseman, P.W.; Heyes, C.D. Probing the "dark" fraction of core-shell quantum dots by ensemble and single particle ph-dependent spectroscopy. ACSNano 2011, 5, 9062-9073.
39. Krasselt, C.; Schuster, J.; von Borczyskowski, C. Photoinduced hole trapping in single semiconductor quantum dots at specific sites at silicon oxide interfaces. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 17084-17092.
40. Roy, S.; Aguirre, A.; Higgins, D.A.; Chikan, V. Investigation of charge transfer interactions in cdse nanorod p3ht/pmma blends by optical microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 3153-3160.
41. Fujiwara, H.; Ohta, H.; Chiba, T.; Sasaki, K. Temporal response analysis of trap states of single cdse/zns quantum dots on a thin metal substrate. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2011, 221, 160-163.
42. Mandal, A.; Tamai, N. Suppressed blinking behavior of thioglycolic acid capped cdte quantum dot by amine functionalization. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 263111.
43. Fomenko, V.; Nesbitt, D.J. Solution control of radiative and nonradiative lifetimes: A novel contribution to quantum dot blinking suppression. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 287-293.
44. Tang, J.; Marcus, R.A. Photoinduced spectral diffusion and diffusion-controlled electron transfer reactions in fluorescence intermittency of quantum dots. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2006, 53, 1-13.
45. Issac, A.; Krasselt, C.; Cichos, F.; von Borczyskowski, C. Influence of the dielectric environment on the photoluminescence intermittency of cdse quantum dots. ChemPhysChem 2012, 13, 3223-3230.
46. Hartmann, T.; Reineker, P.; Yudson, V.I. Auger release of a deeply trapped carrier in a quantum dot. Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 245317.
47. Hartmann, T.; Yudson, V.I.; Reineker, P. Model for the off-time distribution in blinking quantum dots. J. Lumin. 2011, 131, 379-381.
48. Tang, J.; Marcus, R.A. Mechanisms of fluorescence blinking in semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots. J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 123, 054704.
49. Tang, J.; Marcus, R.A. Single particle versus ensemble average: From power-law intermittency of a single quantum dot to quasistretched exponential fluorescence decay of an ensemble. J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 123, 204511.
50. Spinicelli, P.; Buil, S.; Quelin, X.; Mahler, B.; Dubertret, B.; Hermier, J.P. Bright and grey states in CdSe-CdS nanocrystals exhibiting strongly reduced blinking. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 102, 136801.
51. Mahler, B.; Spinicelli, P.; Buil, S.; Quelin, X.; Hermier, J.-P.; Dubertret, B. Towards non-blinking colloidal quantum dots. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 659-664.
52. Gómez, D.E.; van Embden, J.; Mulvaney, P.; Fernée, M.J.; Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H. Exciton-trion transitions in single cdse-cds core-shell nanocrystals. Acs Nano 2009, 3, 2281-2287.
53. Zhang, K.; Chang, H.Y.; Fu, A.H.; Alivisatos, A.P.; Yang, H. Continuous distribution of emission states from single cdse/zns quantum dots. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 843-847.
54. Montiel, D.; Yang, H. Observation of correlated emission intensity and polarization fluctuations in single cdse/zns quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 9352-9355.
55. Similar elimination of long off-durations was reported (almost simultaneously) in giant multishell CdSe quantum dots by Chen et al. in 2008. See reference 64
56. Riley, E.A.; Hess, C.M.; Whitham, P.J.; Reid, P.J. Beyond power laws: A new approach for analyzing single molecule photoluminescence intermittency. J. Chem. Phys. 2012, 136, 184508.
57. Amecke, N.; Cichos, F. Intermediate intensity levels during the emission intermittency of single cdse/zns quantum dots. J. Lumin. 2011, 131, 375-378.
58. Reiss, P.; Protière, M.; Li, L. Core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals. Small 2009, 5, 154-168.
59. Hummon, M.R.; Stollenwerk, A.J.; Narayanamurti, V.; Anikeeva, P.O.; Panzer, M.J.; Wood, V.; Bulović, V. Measuring charge trap occupation and energy level in cdse/zns quantum dots using a scanning tunneling microscope. Phys. Rev. B 2010, 81, 115439.
60. Steiner, D.; Dorfs, D.; Banin, U.; Della Sala, F.; Manna, L.; Millo, O. Determination of band offsets in heterostructured colloidal nanorods using scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 8, 2954-2958.
61. Malko, A.V.; Park, Y.-S.; Sampat, S.; Galland, C.; Vela, J.; Chen, Y.; Hollingsworth, J.A.; Klimov, V.I.; Htoon, H. Pump-intensity-and shell-thickness-dependent evolution of photoluminescence blinking in individual core/shell cdse/cds nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 5213-5218.
62. García-Santamaría, F.; Chen, Y.; Vela, J.; Schaller, R.D.; Hollingsworth, J.A.; Klimov, V.I. Suppressed auger recombination in "giant" nanocrystals boosts optical gain performance. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 3482-3488.
63. Wang, X.; Ren, X.; Kahen, K.; Hahn, M.A.; Rajeswaran, M.; Maccagnano-Zacher, S.; Silcox, J.; Cragg, G.E.; Efros, A.L.; Krauss, T.D. Non-blinking semiconductor nanocrystals. Nature 2009, 459, 686-689.
64. Chen, Y.; Vela, J.; Htoon, H.; Casson, J.L.; Werder, D.J.; Bussian, D.A.; Klimov, V.I.; Hollingsworth, J.A. Giant multishell cdse nanocrystal quantum dots with suppressed blinking. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 5026-5027.
65. Cragg, G.E.; Efros, A.L. Suppression of auger processes in confined structures. Nano Lett. 2010, 313-317.
66. Htoon, H.; Malko, A.V.; Bussian, D.; Vela, J.; Chen, Y.; Hollingsworth, J.A.; Klimov, V.I. Highly emissive multiexcitons in steady-state photoluminescence of individual "giant" cdse/cds core/shell nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2401-2407.
67. Park, Y.S.; Malko, A.V.; Vela, J.; Chen, Y.; Ghosh, Y.; Garcia-Santamaria, F.; Hollingsworth, J.A.; Klimov, V.I.; Htoon, H. Near-unity quantum yields of biexciton emission from cdse/cds nanocrystals measured using single-particle spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106, 187401.
68. Zhao, J.; Nair, G.; Fisher, B.R.; Bawendi, M.G. Challenge to the charging model of semiconductor-nanocrystal fluorescence intermittency from off-state quantum yields and multiexciton blinking. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104, 157403.
69. Marceddu, M.; Saba, M.; Quochi, F.; Lai, A.; Huang, J.; Talapin, D.V.; Mura, A.; Bongiovanni, G. Charged excitons, auger recombination and optical gain in cdse/cds nanocrystals. Nanotechnology 2012, 23, 015201.
70. Deutsch, Z.; Avidan, A.; Pinkas, I.; Oron, D. Energetics and dynamics of exciton-exciton interactions in compound colloidal semiconductor quantum dots. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 3210-3219.
71. Garcia-Santamaria et al. state the opposite relationship which appears to be in error.
72. Louyer, Y.; Biadala, L.; Trebbia, J.B.; Fernee, M.J.; Tamarat, P.; Lounis, B. Efficient biexciton emission in elongated cdse/zns nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4370-4375.
73. Rainò, G.; Stöferle, T.; Moreels, I.; Gomes, R.; Kamal, J.S.; Hens, Z.; Mahrt, R.F. Probing the wave function delocalization in cdse/cds dot-in-rod nanocrystals by time-and temperature-resolved spectroscopy. Acs Nano 2011, 5, 4031-4036.
74. Zavelani-Rossi, M.; Lupo, M.G.; Tassone, F.; Manna, L.; Lanzani, G. Suppression of biexciton auger recombination in cdse/cds dot/rods: Role of the electronic structure in the carrier dynamics. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3142-3150.
75. Ghosh, Y.; Mangum, B.D.; Casson, J.L.; Williams, D.J.; Htoon, H.; Hollingsworth, J.A. New insights into the complexities of shell growth and the strong influence of particle volume in nonblinking "giant" core/shell nanocrystal quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 9634-9643.
76. Krauss, T.D.; Peterson, J.J. Bright future for fluorescence blinking in semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 1377-1382.
77. García-Santamaría, F.; Brovelli, S.; Viswanatha, R.; Hollingsworth, J.A.; Htoon, H.; Crooker, S.A.; Klimov, V.I. Breakdown of volume scaling in auger recombination in cdse/cds heteronanocrystals: The role of the core-shell interface. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 687-693.
78. Vela, J.; Htoon, H.; Chen, Y.; Park, Y.-S.; Ghosh, Y.; Goodwin, P.M.; Werner, J.H.; Wells, N.P.; Casson, J.L.; Hollingsworth, J.A. Effect of shell thickness and composition on blinking suppression and the blinking mechanism in 'giant' CdSe/CdS nanocrystal quantum dots. J. Biophoton. 2010, 3, 706-717.
79. She, C.; Demortiere, A.; Shevchenko, E.V.; Pelton, M. Using shape to control photoluminescence from cdse/cds core/shell nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 1469-1475.
80. Fisher, B.; Caruge, J.M.; Zehnder, D.; Bawendi, M. Room-temperature ordered photon emission from multiexciton states in single cdse core-shell nanocrystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 94, 087403.
81. Nair, G.; Zhao, J.; Bawendi, M.G. Biexciton quantum yield of single semiconductor nanocrystals from photon statistics. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 1136-1140.
82. Cordones, A.A.; Bixby, T.J.; Leone, S.R. Direct measurement of off-state trapping rate fluctuations in single quantum dot fluorescence. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3366-3369.
83. Rosen, S.; Schwartz, O.; Oron, D. Transient fluorescence of the off state in blinking cdse/cds/zns semiconductor nanocrystals is not governed by auger recombination. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104, 157404.
84. Jha, P.P.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Trion decay in colloidal quantum dots. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 1011-1015.
85. Jha, P.P.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Electrochemical switching of the photoluminescence of single quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 21138-21141.
86. Galland, C.; Ghosh, Y.; Steinbrück, A.; Sykora, M.; Hollingsworth, J.A.; Klimov, V.I.; Htoon, H. Two types of luminescence blinking revealed by spectroelectrochemistry of single quantum dots. Nature 2011, 479, 203-207.
87. Qin, W.; Shah, R.A.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Cdses/zns alloyed nanocrystal lifetime and blinking studies under electrochemical control. Acs Nano 2012, 6, 912-918.
88. Baker, T.A.; Rouge, J.L.; Nesbitt, D.J. Single molecule studies of quantum dot fluorescence intermittency: Evidence for both dark and light-assisted blinking dynamics. Mol. Phys. 2009, 1867-1878.
89. Osborne, M.A.; Lees, S.F. Quantum dot photoluminescence activation and decay: Dark, bright, and reversible populations in ZnS-capped CdSe nanocrystals. Acs Nano 2011, 5, 8295-8304.
90. Califano, M. Off-state quantum yields in the presence of surface trap states in cdse nanocrystals: The inadequacy of the charging model to explain blinking. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 18051-18054.
91. Frantsuzov, P.A.; Volkán-Kacsó, S.; Jankó, B. Model of fluorescence intermittency of single colloidal semiconductor quantum dots using multiple recombination centers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 207402.
92. Frantsuzov, P.A.; Marcus, R.A. Explanation of quantum dot blinking without the long-lived trap hypothesis. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 72, 155321.
93. Volkán-Kacsó, S.; Frantsuzov, P.A.; Jankó, B. Correlations between subsequent blinking events in single quantum dots. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2761-2765.
94. Plakhotnik, T.; Fernée, M.J.; Littleton, B.; Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H.; Potzner, C.; Mulvaney, P. Anomalous power laws of spectral diffusion in quantum dots: A connection to luminescence intermittency. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 105, 167402.
95. Bernard, J.; Fleury, L.; Talon, H.; Orrit, M. Photon bunching in the fluorescence from single molecules: A probe for intersystem crossing. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 850-859.
96. Basché, T.; Kummer, S.; Bräuchle, C. Direct spectroscopic observation of quantum jumps of a single-molecule. Nature 1995, 373, 132-134.
97. Yip, W.T.; Hu, D.H.; Yu, J.; Vanden Bout, D.A.; Barbara, P.F. Classifying the photophysical dynamics of single-and multiple-chromophoric molecules by single molecule spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, 7564-7575.
98. Weston, K.D.; Carson, P.J.; DeAro, J.A.; Buratto, S.K. Single-molecule detection fluorescence of surface-bound species in vacuum. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1999, 308, 58-64.
99. Ha, T.; Enderle, T.; Chemla, D.S.; Selvin, P.R.; Weiss, S. Quantum jumps of single molecules at room temperature. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1997, 271, 1-5.
100. Zondervan, R.; Kulzer, F.; Orlinskii, S.B.; Orrit, M. Photoblinking of rhodamine 6g in poly(vinyl alcohol): Radical dark state formed through the triplet. J. Phys. Chem. A 2003, 107, 6770-6776.
101. Yeow, E.K.L.; Melnikov, S.M.; Bell, T.D.M.; De Schryver, F.C.; Hofkens, J. Characterizing the fluorescence intermittency and photobleaching kinetics of dye molecules immobilized on a glass surface. J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 1726-1734.
102. Barbon, A.; Bott, E.D.; Brustolon, M.; Fabris, M.; Kahr, B.; Kaminsky, W.; Reid, P.J.; Wong, S.M.; Wustholz, K.L.; Zanre, R. Triplet states of the nonlinear optical chromophore dcm in single crystals of potassium hydrogen phthalate and their relationship to single-molecule dark states. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 11548-11557.
103. Haase, M.; Hübner, C.G.; Nolde, F.; Müllen, K.; Basché, T. Photoblinking and photobleaching of rylene diimide dyes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 1776-1785.
104. Clifford, J.N.; Bell, T.D.M.; Tinnefeld, P.; Heilemann, M.; Melnikov, S.M.; Hotta, J.; Sliwa, M.; Dedecker, P.; Sauer, M.; Hofkens, J., et al. Fluorescence of single molecules in polymer films: Sensitivity of blinking to local environment. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 6987-6991.
105. Yasuda, M.; Iida, A.; Ito, S.; Miyasaka, H. Fluorescence detection of single guest molecules in ultrasmall droplets of nonpolar solvent. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 345-352.
106. Kawai, K.; Matsutani, E.; Maruyama, A.; Majima, T. Probing the charge-transfer dynamics in DNA at the single-molecule level. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 15568-15577.
107. Stein, I.H.; Capone, S.; Smit, J.H.; Baumann, F.; Cordes, T.; Tinnefeld, P. Linking single-molecule blinking to chromophore structure and redox potentials. Chemphyschem 2012, 931-937.
108. Issac, A.; Hildner, R.; Ernst, D.; Hippius, C.; Wurthner, F.; Kohler, J. Single molecule studies of calix[4]arene-linked perylene bisimide dimers: Relationship between blinking, lifetime and/or spectral fluctuations. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 10789-10798.
109. Bott, E.D.; Riley, E.A.; Kahr, B.; Reid, P.J. Unraveling the dispersed kinetics of dichlorofluorescein in potassium hydrogen phthalate crystals. J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 7331-7337.
110. Bott, E.D.; Riley, E.A.; Kahr, B.; Reid, P.J. Proton-transfer mechanism for dispersed decay kinetics of single molecules isolated in potassium hydrogen phthalate. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 2403-2411.
111. Wustholz, K.L.; Bott, E.D.; Isborn, C.M.; Li, X.S.; Kahr, B.; Reid, P.J. Dispersive kinetics from single molecules oriented in single crystals of potassium acid phthalate. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 9146-9156.
112. Wustholz, K.L.; Bott, E.D.; Kahr, B.; Reid, P.J. Memory and spectral diffusion in single-molecule emission. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 7877-7885.
113. Bullard, T.; Wustholz, K.L.; Bott, E.D.; Robertson, M.; Reid, P.J.; Kahr, B. Role of kinks in dyeing crystals: Confocal luminescence microscopy from single molecules to square centimeters. Cryst. Growth Des. 2009, 9, 982-990.
114. Sluss, D.; Bingham, C.; Burr, M.; Bott, E.D.; Riley, E.A.; Reid, P.J. Temperature-dependent fluorescence intermittency for single molecules of violamine r in poly(vinyl alcohol). J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 7561-7566.
115. Riley, E.A.; Bingham, C.; Bott, E.D.; Kahr, B.; Reid, P.J. Two mechanisms for fluorescence intermittency of single violamine r molecules. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 1879-1887.
116. Riley, E.A.; Hess, C.M.; Pioquinto, J.R.L.; Kaminsky, W.; Kahr, B.; Reid, P.J. Proton transfer and photoluminescence intermittency of single emitters in dyed crystals. J. Phys. Chem. B 2012, doi:10.1021/jp306392e.
117. Krause, S.; Kowerko, D.; Börner, R.; Hübner, C.G.; von Borczyskowski, C. Spectral diffusion of single molecules in a hierarchical energy landscape. ChemPhysChem 2011, 12, 303-312.
118. Masuo, S.; Yamane, Y.; Machida, S.; Itaya, A. Fluorescence behavior of individual charge-transfer complexes revealed by single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy: Influence of the host polymer matrix. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2012, 227, 65-70.
119. Suzuki, K.; Habuchi, S.; Vacha, M. Blinking of single dye molecules in a polymer matrix is correlated with free volume in polymers. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2011, 505, 157-160.
120. Yoo, H.; Bahng, H.W.; Wasielewski, M.R.; Kim, D. Polymer matrix dependence of conformational dynamics within a pi-stacked perylenediimide dimer and trimer revealed by single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 2001-2007.
121. Lee, J.-E.; Yang, J.; Kim, D. Single-molecule fluorescence dynamics of a butadiyne-linked porphyrin dimer: The effect of conformational flexibility in host polymers. Faraday Discuss. 155, 277-288.
122. Kruger, T.P.J.; Ilioaia, C.; Valkunas, L.; van Grondelle, R. Fluorescence intermittency from the main plant light-harvesting complex: Sensitivity to the local environment. J. Phys. Chem. B 2011, 115, 5083-5095.
123. Kobayashi, H.; Onda, S.; Furumaki, S.; Habuchi, S.; Vacha, M. A single-molecule approach to conformation and photophysics of conjugated polymers. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2012, 528, 1-6.
124. Moerner, W.E. Single-molecule optical spectroscopy of autofluorescent proteins. J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 117, 10925-10937.
125. Voityuk, A.A.; Michel-Beyerle, M.E.; Rösch, N. Structure and rotation barriers for ground and excited states of the isolated chromophore of the green fluorescent protein. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 296, 269-276.
126. Weber, W.; Helms, V.; McCammon, J.A.; Langhoff, P.W. Shedding light on the dark and weakly fluorescent states of green fluorescent proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 6177-6182.
127. Abbandonato, G.; Signore, G.; Nifosí, R.; Voliani, V.; Bizzarri, R.; Beltram, F. Cis-trans photoisomerization properties of gfp chromophore analogs. Eur. Biophys. J. Biophy. 2011, 40, 1205-1214.