Controllable synthesis and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic nanowires and nanotubes

Current Nanoscience

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 801-809

  Wang, Xue Wei ^a,b   He, Zhao Cheng ^a   Li, Ju Shan ^a   Yuan, Zhi Hao ^a  

^a TIANJIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^b Tianjin Key Lab for Photoelectric Materials and Devices   (China)

Author keywords

Magnetic properties; Nanotubes; Nanowires; Orientation growth; Structural control

Indexed keywords

AAO TEMPLATE; ANODIC ALUMINUM OXIDE MEMBRANES; CONTROLLABLE SYNTHESIS; DEPOSITION PARAMETERS; DIRECT-CURRENT; ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION; FERROMAGNETIC NANOWIRE; MAGNETIC NANODEVICES; MAGNETIC NANOMATERIALS; ONE-DIMENSION; ORIENTATION GROWTH; STRUCTURAL CONTROL; STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY; TEMPLATE-BASED;

ANODIC OXIDATION; FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS; FERROMAGNETISM; MAGNETIC PROPERTIES; NANOWIRES; REDUCTION; STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS;

NANOTUBES;

ALUMINUM OXIDE; FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL; NANOTUBE; NANOWIRE; NICKEL;

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTRON DIFFRACTION; HYSTERESIS; MAGNETISM; MEMBRANE; MORPHOLOGY; NANODEVICE; NANOFABRICATION; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 84867774076     PISSN: 15734137     EISSN: 18756786     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157341312802884427     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Ballarin, B.; Brumlik, C.J.; Lawson, D.R.; Liang, W.B.; Vandyke, L.S.; Martin, C.R. Chemical sensors based on ultrathin-film composite membranes-a new concept in sensor design. Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, 2647-2651.
2. Cui, Y.; Wei, Q.; Park, H.; Lieber, C.M. Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species. Science, 2001, 293, 1289-1292.
3. Duan, X.F.; Huang, Y.; Cui, Y.; Wang, J.; Lieber, C.M. Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. Nature, 2001, 409, 66-69.
4. Henry, T.; Kim, K.; Ren, Z.; Yerino, C.; Han, J.; Tang, H.X. Directed growth of horizontally aligned gallium nitride nanowires for nanoelectromechanical resonator Arrays. Nano Lett., 2007, 7, 3315-3319.
5. Li, M.; Mayer, T.S.; Sioss, J.A.; Keating, C.D.; Bhiladvala, R.B. Templategrown metal nanowires as resonators: Performance and characterization of dissipative and elastic properties. Nano Lett., 2007, 7, 3281-3284.
6. Han, X.F.; Wen, Z.C.; Wei, H.X. Nanoring magnetic tunnel junction and its application in magnetic random access memory demo devices with spinpolarized current switching. J. Appl. Phys., 2008, 103, 07E933.
7. Lee, W.; Han, H.; Lotnyk, A.; Schubert, M.A.; Senz, S.; Alexe, M.; Hesse, D.; Baik, S.; Gösele, U. Individually addressable epitaxial ferroelectric nanocapacitor arrays with near Tb inch(-2) density. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2008, 3, 402-407.
8. Hulteen, J.C.; Martin, C.R. A general template-based method for the preparation of nanomaterials. J. Mater. Chem., 1997, 7, 1075-1087.
9. Che, G.; Lakshmi, B.B.; Martin, C.R.; Fisher, E.R.; Ruoff, R.A. Chemical vapor deposition based synthesis of carbon nanotubules and nanofibers using a template method. Chem. Mater., 1998, 10, 260-267.
10. Cepak, V.M.; Martin, C.R. Preparation of polymeric micro-and nanostructures using a template-based deposition method. Chem. Mater., 1999, 11, 1363-1367.
11. Velazquez, J.; Garcia, C.; Vazquez, M.; Hernando, A. Interacting amorphous ferromagnetic wires: A complex system. J. Appl. Phys., 1999, 85, 2768-2774.
12. Velazquez, J.; Vazquez, M. Spatial and temporal distributions of magnetisation in arrays of interacting bistable microwires. J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater., 2002, 249, 89-94.
13. Wirtz, M.; Martin, C.R. Template fabricated gold nanowires and nanotubes. Adv. Mat., 2003, 15, 455-458.
14. Harrell, C.C.; Siwy, Z.; Martin, C.R. Conical nanopore membranescontrolling the nanopore shape. Small, 2006, 2, 194-198.
15. Wacquant, F.; Denoll, S.; Nozières, J.P.; Givord, D.; Mazauric, V. Hexagonal arrays of submicronic ferromagnetic wires obtained by multiple extrusion of bulk samples. J. Appl. Phys., 1999, 85, 5483-5485.
16. Verbeeck, J.; Lebedev, O.I.; Tendeloo, G. Van.; Cagnon, L.; Bougerol, C.; Tourillon, G. Fe and Co nanowires and nanotubes synthesized by template eleectrodeposition-A HRTEM and EELS study. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2003, 150, E468-E471.
17. Yahalom, J.; Zadok, O. Formation of composition-modulated alloys by electrodeposition. J. Mater. Sci., 1987, 22, 499-503.
18. Vázquez, M.; Pirota, K.; Hernández-Vélez, M.; Prida, V.M.; Navas, D.; Sanz, R.; Batallán, F. Magnetic properties of densely packed arrays of Ni nanowires as a function of their diameter and lattice parameter. J. Appl. Phys., 2004, 95, 6642-6644.
19. Mohaddes-Ardabili, L.; Zheng, H.; Zhan, Q.; Yang, S.Y.; Ramesh, R.; Salamanca-Riba, L.; Wuttig, M.; Ogale, S.B.; Pan, X. Size and shape evolution of embedded single-crystal alpha-Fe nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 87, 203110.
20. Darques, M.; Piraux, L.; Encinas, A.; Bayle-Guillemaud, P.; Popa, A.; Ebels, U. Electrochemical control and selection of the structural and magnetic properties of cobalt nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 86, 072508.
21. Borissov, D.; Isik-Uppenkamp, S.; Rohwerder, M. Fabrication of iron nanowire arrays by electrodeposition into porous alumina. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113, 3133-3138.
22. Han, X.F.; Shamaila, S.; Sharif, R.; Chen, J.Y.; Liu, H.R.; Liu, D.P. Structural and magnetic properties of various ferromagnetic nanotubes. Adv. Mater., 2009, 21, 4619-4624.
23. Encinas, A.; Demand, M.; George, J.M.; Piraux, L. Effect of the pH on the microstructure and magnetic properties of electrodeposited cobalt nanowires. IEEE Trans. Magn., 2002, 38, 2574-2576.
24. Rahman, I.Z.; Razzeeb, K.M.; Rahman, M.A.; Kamruzzaman, M. Fabrication and characterization of nickel nanowires deposited on metal substrate. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 2003, 262, 166-169.
25. Li, F.S.; Wang, T.; Ren, L.Y.; Sun, J.R. Structure and magnetic properties of Co nanowires in self-assembled arrays. J. Phys. Condens. Mater., 2004, 16, 8053-8060.
26. Darques, M.; Encinas, A.; Vila, L.; Piraux, L. Controlled changes in the microstructure and magnetic anisotropy in arrays of electrodeposited Co nanowires induced by the solution pH. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 2004, 37, 1411-1416.
27. Pan, H.; Liu, B.H.; Yi, J.B.; Poh, C.; Lim, S.H.; Ding, J.; Feng, Y.P.; Huan, C.H.A.; Lin, J.Y. Growth of singlecrystalline Ni and Co nanowires via electrochemical deposition and their magnetic properties. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 3094-3098.
28. Pan, H.; Sun, H.; Poh, C.; Feng, Y.P.; Lin, J.Y. Single-crystal growth of metallic nanowires with preferred orientation. Nanotechnology, 2005, 16, 1559-1564.
29. Wang, X.W.; Fei, G.T.; Xu, X.J.; Jin, Z.; Zhang, L.D. Single-crystal growth of metallic nanowires with preferred orientation. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 24326-24330.
30. Hu, H.N.; Chen, H.Y.; Chen, J.L.; Wu, G.H. Magnetic properties of (110)-and (200)-oriented Fe-nanowire arrays. Phys. B, 2005, 368, 100-104.
31. Kou, X.M.; Fan, X.; Dumas, R.K.; Lu, Q.; Zhang, Y.P.; Zhu, H.; Zhang, X.K.; Liu, K.; Xiao, J.Q. Memory effect in magnetic nanowire arrays. Adv. Mater., 2011, 23, 1393-1397.
32. Grigoriev, S.V.; Chumakov, A.P.; Syromyatnikov, A.V.; Grigorieva, N.A.; Okorokova, A.I.; Napolskii, K.S.; Roslyakov, I.V.; Eliseev, A.A.; Lukashin, A.V.; Eckerlebe, H. Magnetic properties of a two-dimensional spatially ordered array of nickel nanowires. Phys. Solid State, 2010, 52, 1080-1086.
33. Zhang, J.M.; Wang, X.C.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, K.W. Comparison of electronic and magnetic properties of Fe, Co and Ni nanowires encapsulated in beryllium oxygen nanotubes. Comput. Theor. Chem., 2011, 963, 273-278.
34. Ren, Y.; Wang, J.B.; Liu, Q.F.; Dai, Y.Y.; Zhang, B.; Yan, L.G. Tailoring coercivity and magnetic anisotropy of Co nanowire arrays by microstructure. J. Mater. Sci., 2011, 46, 7545-7550.
35. Song, Z.X.; Xie, Y.J.; Yao, S.W.; Wang, H.Z.; Zhang, W.G.; Tang, Z.Y. Microstructure and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co/Cu multilayer nanowire arrays. Mater. Lett., 2011, 65, 1562-1564.
36. Yang, Z.H.; Li, Z.W.; Liu, L.; Kong, L.B. Microstructure and magnetic properties of Co-Cu nanowire arrays fabricated by galvanic displacement deposition. J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater., 2011, 323, 2674-2677.
37. Chipara, M.; Skomski, R.; Kirby, R.; Sellmyer, D.J. Ferromagnetic resonance on Ni nanowire arrays. J. Mater. Res., 2011, 26, 2169-2174.
38. Brumlik, C.J.; Martin, C.R.; Tokuda, K. Microhole array electrodes based on microporous alumina membranes. Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, 1201.
39. Brumlik, C.J.; Martin, C.R. Template synthesis of metal microtubules. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 3174.
40. Klein, J.D.; Herrick, R.D.; Palmer, D.; Sailor, M.J.; Brumlik, C.J.; Martin, C.R. Electrochemical fabrication of cadmium chalcogenide microdiode arrays. Chem. Mater., 1993, 5, 902-904.
41. Garcia, J.M.; Asenjo, A.; Velazquez, J.; Garcia. D.; Vazquez, M.; Aranda, P.; Ruiz-Hitzky, E. Magnetic behavior of an array of cobalt nanowires. J. Appl. Phys., 1999, 85, 5480-5482.
42. Martin, C.R. Nanomaterials: a membrane-based synthetic approach. Science, 1994, 266, 1961-1966.
43. Routkevitch, D.; Tager, A.A.; Haruyama, J.; Almawlawi, D.; Moskovits, M.; Xu, J.M. Nonlithographic nano-wire arrays: fabrication, physics, and device applications. IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev., 1996, 43, 1646-1658.
44. Routkevitch, D.; Bigioni, T.; Moskovits, M.; Xu, J.M. Electrochemical fabrication of CdS nano-wire arrays in porous anodic aluminum oxide templates. J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 14037-14047.
45. Li, J.; Papadopoulos, C.; Xu, J.M.; Moskovits, M. Highly-ordered carbon nanotube arrays for electronics applications. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1999, 75, 367-369.
46. Yuan, Z.H.; Huang, H.; Dang, H.Y.; Fan, S.S. Field emission property of highly ordered monodispersed carbon nanotube arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 78, 3127-3129.
47. Li, L.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, Y.W.; Huang, X, H.; Li, G.H.; Zhang, L.D. Diameter-depended thermal expansion properties of Bi nanowire arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 87, 031912.
48. Yang, D.C.; Meng, G.W.; Ye, M.; Hao, Y.F.; An, X.H.; Wei, Q.; Zhang, L.D. Electrochemical synthesis of metal and semimetal nanotube-nanowire heterojunctions and their electronic transport properties. Chem. Commun., 2007, 17, 1733-1735.
49. Dou, X.C.; Li, G.H.; Lei, H.C. Kinetic versus thermodynamic control over growth process of electrodeposited Bi/BiSb superlattice nanowires. Nano Lett., 2008, 8, 1286-1290.
50. Li, L.; Pan, S.S.; Dou, X.C.; Zhu, Y.G.; Huang, X.H.; Yang, Y.W.; Li, G.H.; Zhang, L.D. Kinetic versus thermodynamic control over growth process of electrodeposited Bi/BiSb superlattice nanowires. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111, 7288-7291.
51. Schlorb, H.; Haehnel, V.; Khatri, M.S.; Srivastav, A.; Kumar, A.; Schultz, L.; Fahler, S.; Magnetic nanowires by electrodeposition within templates. Phys. Stat. Sol. B, 2010, 247, 2364-2379.
52. Lim, J.H.; Chae, W.S.; Lee, H.O.; Malkinski, L.; Min, S.G.; Wiley, J.B.; Jun, J.H.; Lee, S.H.; Jung, J.S. Fabrication and magnetic properties of Fe nanostructures in anodic alumina membrane. J. Appl. Phys., 2010, 107, 09A334.
53. Kashi, M.A.; Ramazani, A.; Doudafkan, S.; Esmaeily, A.S. Microstructure and magnetic properties in arrays of ac electrodeposited Fe(x) Ni(1-x) nanowires induced by the continuous and pulse electrodeposition. Appl. Phys. A, 2011, 102, 761-764.
54. Kohli, P.; Martin, C.R. Template-synthesized nanotubes for biotechnology and biomedical Applications. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Tech., 2005, 15, 49-57.
55. Gasparac, R.; Kohli, P.; Paulino, M.O.M.; Trofin, L.; Martin, C.R. Template synthesis of nano test tubes. Nano Lett., 2004, 4, 513-516.
56. Kohli, P.; Wharton, J.; Braide, O.; Martin, C.R. Template synthesis of gold nanotubes in an anodic alumina membrane. J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 2004, 4, 605-610.
57. Jessensky, O.; Müller, F.; Gösele, U. Self-organized formation of hexagonal pore structures in anodic alumina. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1998, 145, 3735-3740.
58. Li, A.P.; Müller, F.; Birner, A.; Nielsch, K.; Gösele, U. Hexagonal pore arrays with a 50-420 nm interpore distance formed by self-organization in anodic alumina. J. Appl. Phys., 1998, 84, 6023-6026.
59. Masuda, H.; Fukuda, K. Ordered metal nanohole arrays made by a two-step replication of honeycomb structures of anodic alumina. Science, 1995, 268, 1466-1468.
60. Wang, X.W.; Fei, G.T.; Wu, B.; Chen, L.; Chu, Z.Q. Structural stability of Co nanowire arrays embedded in the PAAM. Phys. Lett. A, 2006, 359, 220-222.
61. Wang, X.F.; Zhang, J.; Shi, H.Z.; Wang, Y.W.; Meng, G.W.; Peng, X.S.; Zhang, L.D. Fabrication and temperature dependence of the resistance of single-crystalline Bi nanowires. J. Appl. Phys., 2001, 89, 3847-3851.
62. Zhang, J.X.; Zhang, L.D.; Ye, C.H.; Chang, M.; Yan, Y.G.; Lu, Q.F. Polarization properties of ordered copper nanowire microarrays embedded in anodic alumina membrane. Chem. Phys. Lett., 2004, 400, 158-162.
63. Li, H.; Pederiva, F.; Wang, B.L.; Wang, J.L.; Wang, G.H. How does the nickel nanowire melt. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 86, 011913.
64. Wang, X.W.; Fei, G.T.; Zheng, K.; Jin, Z.; Zhang, L.D. Size-dependent melting behavior of Zn nanowire arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88, 173114.
65. Li, L.; Yang, Y.W.; Fang, X.S.; Kong, M.G.; Li, G.H.; Zhang, L.D. Diameter-dependent electrical transport properties of bismuth nanowire arrays. Solid State Commun., 2007, 141, 492-496.
66. Chen, S.F.; Wei, H.H.; Liu, C.P.; Hsu, C.Y.; Huang, J.C.A. Microstructural effects on the magnetic and magneto-transport properties of electrodeposited Ni nanowire arrays. Nanotechnology, 2010, 21, 425602.
67. Kartopu, G.; Yalcin, O.; Choy, K.L.; Topkaya, R.; Kazan. S.; Aktas, B. Size effects and origin of easy-axis in nickel nanowire arrays. J. Appl. Phys., 2011, 109, 033909.
68. Wang, X.H.; Li, C.Y.; Chen, G.; Peng, C.; He, L.; Yang, L. Synthesis and characterization of Fe nanowire arrays by AC electrodeposition in PAMs. Surf. Rev. Lett., 2010, 17, 419-423.
69. (1-x)nanowire arrays. J. Cryst. Growth, 2011, 327, 78-83.
70. Napolskii, K.S., Roslyakova, I.V.; Eliseeva, A.A.; Petukhova, D.I.; Lukashina, A.V.; Chenb, S.F.; Liub, C.P.; Tsirlinac, G.A. Tuning the microstructure and functional properties of metal nanowire arrays via deposition potential. Electrochim. Acta., 2011, 56, 2378-2384.
71. Wang, X.W.; Fei, G.T.; Chen, L.; Xu, X.J.; Zhang, L.D. Orientationcontrollable growth of Ni nanowire arrays with different diameters. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2007, 10, E1-E3.
72. Nielsch, K.; Wehrspohn, R.B.; Barthel, J.; Kirschner, J.; Gösele, U.; Fischer, S.F.; Kronmüller, H. Hexagonally ordered 100 nm period nickel nanowire arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 79, 1360-1362.
73. Wang, X.W. Philosophiae Doctor Dissertation. Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2007.
74. Pirota, K.R.; Beron, F.; Zanchet, D.; Rocha, T.C.R.; Navas, D.; Torrejon, J.; Vazquez, M.; Knobel, M. Magnetic and structural properties of fcc/hcp bicrystalline multilayer Co nanowire arrays prepared by controlled electroplating. J. Appl. Phys., 2011, 109, 083919.
75. Cortes, A.; Lavin, R.; Denardin, J.C.; Marotti, R.E.; Dalchiele, E.A.; Valdivia, P.; Gomez, H. Template assisted electrochemical growth of cobalt nanowires: influence of deposition conditions on structural, optical and magnetic properties. J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 2011, 11, 3899-3910.
76. Kashi, M.A.; Ramazani, A.; Najafabadi, F.A.; Heydari, Z. Controlled Cu content of electrodeposited Co Cu nanowires through pulse features and investigations of microstructures and magnetic properties. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2011, 257, 9347-9350.
77. 2+concentration on the texture and magnetic properties of Co nanowire arrays. J. Cryst. Growth, 2011, 324, 168-171.
78. Dini, J.W. Electrodeposition. Noyes, Park Ridge. 1993.
79. Gelchinski, M.H.; Gal-Or, L.; Yahalom, J. Pulse plating of Chromium-Cobalt alloys containing a phase with the A-15 structure. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1982, 129, 2433-2438.
80. Nakahara, S.; Mahajan, S. The influence of solution pH on microstructure of electrodeposited Cobalt. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1980, 127, 283-288.
81. Wang, X.W.; Fei, G.T.; Tong, P.; Xu, X.J.; Zhang, L.D. Structural control and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co nanowires. J. Cryst. Growth, 2007, 300, 421-425.
82. Wang, X.W.; Yuan, Z.H.; Luo, H.F. Interatomic force of hexagonal close packed and face centered cubic Co nanowires with different diameters. Solid State Sci., 2011, 13, 1211-1214.
83. Umeda, R,; Awaji, H.; Nakahodo, T.; Fujihara, H. Nanotube composites consisting of metal nanoparticles and polythiophene from electropolymerization of terthiophene-functionalized metal (Au, Pd) nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 3240.
84. Yang, M.H.; Jiang, J.H.; Lu, Y.H.; He, Y.; Shen, G.L.; Yu, R.Q. Functional hi stidine/nickel hexacyanoferrate nanotube assembly for biosensor applications. Biomaterials, 2007, 28, 3408-3417.
85. Sui, Y.C.; Skomski, R.; Sorge, K.D.; Sellmyer, D.J. Nanotube magnetism. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2004, 84: 1525-1527.
86. Lee, W.; Scholz, R.; Niesch, K.; Gösele, U. A template-based electrochemical method for the synthesis of multisegmented metallic nanotubes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 6050-6054.
87. Nielsch, K.; Castano, F.J.; Matthias, S.; Lee, W.; Ross, C.A. Synthesis of cobalt/polymer multilayer nanotubes. Adv. Eng. Mater., 2005, 7, 217-221.
88. Martinson, A.B.F.; Elam, J.W.; Hupp, J.T.; Pellin, M.J. ZnO nanotube based dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett., 2007, 7, 2183-2187.
89. Albrecht, O.; Zierold, R.; Allende, S.; Escrig, J.; Patzig, C.; Rauschenbach, B.; Nielsch, K.; Gorlitz, D. Experimental evidence for an angular dependent transition of magnetization reversal modes in magnetic nanotubes. J. Appl. Phys., 2011, 109, 093910.
90. Albrecht, O.; Zierold, R.; Patzig, C.; Bachmann, J.; Sturm, C.; Rheinlander, B.; Grundmann, M.; Gorlitz, D.; Rauschenbach, B.; Nielsch, K. Tubular magnetic nanostructures based on glancing angle deposited templates and atomic layer deposition. Phys. Stat. Solid B, 2010, 247, 1365-1371.
91. Steinhart, M.; Jia, Z.H.; Schaper, A.K.; Wehrspohn, R.B.; Gösele, U.; Wendorff, J.H. Palladium nanotubes with tailored wall morphologies. Adv. Mater., 2003, 15, 706-709.
92. Luo, Y.; Lee, S.K.; Hofmeister, H.; Steinhart, M.; Gösele, U. Pt nanoshell tubes by template wetting. Nano Lett., 2004, 4, 143-147.
93. Tao, F.F.; Guan, M.Y.; Jiang, Y.; Zhu, J.M.; Xu, Z.; Xue, Z.L. An easy way to construct an ordered array of nickel nanotubes: The triblock-copolymerassisted hard-template method. Adv. Mater., 2006, 18, 2161.
94. Li, L.; Yang, Y.W.; Huang, X.H.; Li, G.H.; Ang, R.; Zhang, L.D. Fabrication and electronic transport properties of Bi nanotube arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88, 103119.
95. Wang, X.W.; Yuan, Z.H.; Sun, S.Q.; Duan, Y.Q.; Bie, L.J. Electrochemically synthesis and magnetic properties of Ni nanotube arrays with small diameter. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2008, 112, 329-332.
96. Xu, X.J.; Yu, S.F.; Lau, S.P.; Li, L.; Zhao, B.C. Magnetic and thermal expansion properties of vertically aligned Fe nanotubes fabricated by electrochemical method. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2008, 112, 4168-4171.
97. Li, D.D.; Thompson, R.S.; Bergmann, G.; Lu, J.G. Template-based Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Nanotube Arrays. Adv. Mater., 2008, 20, 4575-4578.
98. Han, X.F., Shamaila, S.; Sharif, R.; Chen, J.Y.; Liu, H.R.; Liu, D.P. Structural and magnetic properties of various ferromagnetic nanotubes. Adv. Mater., 2009, 21, 4619-4624.
99. Wang, X, W.; Yuan, Z.H.; Fang, B.C. Template-based synthesis and magnetic properties of Ni nanotube arrays with different diameters. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2011, 125, 1-4.