Rapid detection of total and viable Legionella pneumophila in tap water by immunomagnetic separation, double fluorescent staining and flow cytometry

Microbial Biotechnology

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 753-763

  Keserue, Hans Anton ^a,b,c   Baumgartner, Andreas ^b   Felleisen, Richard ^b   Egli, Thomas ^c  

^a SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^b FEDERAL OFFICE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Switzerland)

^c ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUORESCENT DYE; TAP WATER;

AMOEBA (LIFE CYCLE STAGE); ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL VIABILITY; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BLOOD GROUP TYPING; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL VIABILITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; FILTRATION; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HOUSEHOLD; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; LABORATORY; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; LIMIT OF DETECTION; NONHUMAN; PLATING MEDIUM; PROCESS MONITORING;

BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; DRINKING WATER; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FLUORESCENT DYES; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; MICROBIAL VIABILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STAINING AND LABELING;

EID: 84867609565     PISSN: 17517907     EISSN: 17517915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00366.x     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Allegra, S., Berger, F., Berthelot, P., Grattard, F., Pozzetto, B., and Riffard, S. (2008) Use of flow cytometry to monitor Legionella viability. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 7813-7816.
2. Allegra, S., Grattard, F., Girardot, F., Riffard, S., Pozzetto, B., and Berthelot, P. (2011) Longitudinal evaluation of the efficacy of heat treatment procedures against Legionella spp. in hospital water systems by using a flow cytometric assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 1268-1275.
3. Alli, O.A.T., Zink, S., von Lackum, N.K., and Abu-Kwaik, Y. (2003) Comparative assessment of virulence traits in Legionella spp. Microbiology 149: 631-641.
4. Aurell, H., Catala, P., Farge, P., Wallet, F., Le Brun, M., Helbig, J.H., etal. (2004) Rapid detection and enumeration of Legionella pneumophila in hot water systems by solid-phase cytometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 1651-1657.
5. BAG (2009) Bericht Legionellen und Legionellose. Bern, Switzerland: Bundesamt für Gesundheit.
6. BAG (2012) Meldungen Infektionskrankheiten. Bern, Switzerland: Bundesamt für Gesundheit.
7. Bentham, R.H. (2000) Routine sampling and the control of Legionella spp. in cooling tower water systems. Curr Microbiol 41: 271-275.
8. Berney, M., Vital, M., Hülshoff, I., Weilenmann, H.-U., Egli, T., and Hammes, F. (2008) Rapid, cultivation-independent assessment of microbial viability in drinking water. Water Res 42: 4010-4018.
9. Boulanger, C.A., and Edelstein, P.H. (1995) Precision and accuracy of recovery of Legionella pneumophila from seeded tap water by filtration and centrifugation. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 1805-1809.
10. Breiman, R.F., and Butler, J.C. (1998) Legionnaires' disease: clinical, epidemiological, and public health perspectives. Semin Respir Infect 13: 84-89.
11. Buchbinder, S., Trebesius, K., and Heesemann, J. (2002) Evaluation of detection of Legionella spp. in water samples by fluorescence in situ hybridization, PCR amplification and bacterial culture. Int J Med Microbiol 292: 241-245.
12. Chung, H.J., Reiner, T., Budin, G., Min, C., Liong, M., Issadore, D., etal. (2011) Ubiquitous detection of Gram-positive bacteria with bioorthogonal magnetofluorescent nanoparticles. ACS Nano 5: 8834-8841.
13. Declerck, P., Verelst, L., Duvivier, L., Van Damme, A., and Ollevier, F. (2003) A detection method for Legionella spp. in (cooling) water: fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) on whole bacteria. Water Sci Technol 47: 143-146.
14. Delgado-Viscogliosi, P., Simonart, T., Parent, V., Marchand, G., Dobbelaere, M., Pierlot, E., etal. (2005) Rapid method for enumeration of viable Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella spp. in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 4086-4096.
15. Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (2008) DIN 32645 - Chemical Analysis - Decision Limit, Detection Limit and Determination Limit under Repeatability Conditions - Terms, Methods, Evaluation. Berlin, Germany: DIN.
16. Ditommaso, S., Giacomuzzi, M., Gentile, M., and Zotti, C.M. (2010) Evaluation of the usefulness of a new direct immunofluorescence assay (ScanVIT-Legionella) for monitoring hospital water systems contaminated with Legionella spp. Lett Appl Microbiol 50: 341-346.
17. Dufour, A., Snozzi, M., and Köster, W. (eds) (2003) Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water: Improving Approaches and Methods, 1st edn. London, UK: International Water Association Publishing.
18. Dutil, S., Tessier, S., Veillette, M., Laflamme, C., Mériaux, A., Leduc, A., etal. (2006) Detection of Legionella spp. by fluorescent in situ hybridization in dental unit waterlines. J Appl Microbiol 100: 955-963.
19. Edelstein, P.H. (1982) Comparative study of selective media for isolation of Legionella pneumophila from potable water. J Clin Microbiol 16: 697-699.
20. Edelstein, P.H. (1987) The laboratory diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease. Semin Respir Infect 2: 235-241.
21. Feeley, J.C., Gibson, R.J., Gorman, G.W., Langford, N.C., Rasheed, J.K., Mackel, D.C., and Baine, W.B. (1979) Charcoal-yeast extract agar: primary isolation medium for Legionella pneumophila. J Clin Microbiol 10: 437-441.
22. Fields, B.S. (1996) The molecular ecology of legionellae. Trends Microbiol 4: 286-290.
23. Fields, B.S., Benson, R.F., and Besser, R.E. (2002) Legionella and Legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 506 -526.
24. Fliermans, C.B., Cherry, W.B., Orrison, L.H., Smith, S.J., Tison, D.L., and Pope, D.H. (1981) Ecological distribution of Legionella pneumophila. Appl Environ Microbiol 41: 9-16.
25. Füchslin, H.P., Kötzsch, S., Keserue, H.-A., and Egli, T. (2010) Rapid and quantitative detection of Legionella pneumophila applying immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometry. Cytometry 77A: 264-274.
26. Gao, L.-Y., Stone, B.J., Brieland, J.K., and Kwaik, Y.A. (1998) Different fates of Legionella pneumophila pmi and mil mutants within macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 25: 291-306.
27. Garcia, L.S., and Shimizu, R.Y. (1997) Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1526-1529.
28. Hambsch, B., Hügler, M., Eberhagen, I., Beimfohr, C., and Thelen, K. (2010) Report on automated quantification of FISH-labelled bacteria. Techneau. [WWW document]. URL http://www.techneau.org/fileadmin/files/Publications/Publications/Deliverables/D3.4.17.pdf
29. Hammes, F., Berney, M., Wang, Y., Vital, M., Köster, O., and Egli, T. (2008) Flow-cytometric total bacterial cell counts as a descriptive microbiological parameter for drinking water treatment processes. Water Res 42: 269-277.
30. Hsu, B.-M., Huang, C.-C., Chen, J.-S., Chen, N.-H., and Huang, J.-T. (2011) Comparison of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba hosts by Legionella spp. in substrate-associated biofilms and floating biofilms from spring environments. Water Res 45: 5171-5183.
31. ISO (2004) ISO 11731. Water Quality - Detection and Enumeration of Legionella. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
32. Keserue, H.-A., Füchslin, H.P., and Egli, T. (2011) Rapid detection and enumeration of Giardia lamblia cysts in water samples by immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometric analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 5420-5427.
33. Keserue, H.-A., Füchslin, H.P., Wittwer, M., Nguyen-Viet, H., Nguyen, T.T., Surinkul, N., etal. (2012) Comparison of rapid methods for detection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (oo)cysts using transportable instrumentation in a field deployment. Env Sci Technol 46: 8952-8959.
34. Krojgaard, L.H., Krogfelt, K.A., Albrechtsen, H.-J., and Uldum, S.A. (2011) Detection of Legionella by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for monitoring and risk assessment. BMC Microbiol 11: 254.
35. Lebaron, P., Parthuisot, N., and Catala, P. (1998) Comparison of blue nucleic acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria in aquatic systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 1725-1730.
36. Lee, H.K., Shim, J.I., Kim, H.E., Yu, J.Y., and Kang, Y.H. (2010) Distribution of Legionella species from environmental water sources of public facilities and genetic diversity of L.pneumophila serogroup 1 in South Korea. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 6547-6554.
37. Lucas, C.E., Taylor, T.H., Jr, and Fields, B.S. (2011) Accuracy and precision of Legionella isolation by US laboratories in the ELITE program pilot study. Water Res 45: 4428-4436.
38. MacDougall, D., and Crummett, W.B. (1980) Guidelines for data acquisition and data quality evaluation in environmental chemistry. Anal Chem 52: 2242-2249.
39. McNaught, A.D., and Wilkinson, A. (1997) Compendium of Chemical Terminology: Iupac Recommendations: Gold Book 2 Sub. Research Triangle Park, NC: IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
40. Napoli, C., Iatta, R., Fasano, F., Marsico, T., and Montagna, M.T. (2009) Variable bacterial load of Legionella spp. in a hospital water system. Sci Total Environ 408: 242-244.
41. Oliver, J.D. (2010) Recent findings on the viable but nonculturable state in pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34: 415-425.
42. Orrison, L.H., Bibb, W.F., Cherry, W.B., and Thacker, L. (1983) Determination of antigenic relationships among legionellae and non-legionellae by direct fluorescent-antibody and immunodiffusion tests. J Clin Microbiol 17: 332-337.
43. Palmer, C.J., Tsai, Y.L., Paszko-Kolva, C., Mayer, C., and Sangermano, L.R. (1993) Detection of Legionella species in sewage and ocean water by polymerase chain reaction, direct fluorescent-antibody, and plate culture methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 3618-3624.
44. Palusińska-Szysz, M., and Cendrowska-Pinkosz, M. (2009) Pathogenicity of the family Legionellaceae. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 57: 279-290.
45. Parthuisot, N., Binet, M., Touron-Bodilis, A., Pougnard, C., Lebaron, P., and Baudart, J. (2011) Total and viable Legionella pneumophila cells in hot and natural waters as measured by immunofluorescence-based assays and solid-phase cytometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 6225-6232.
46. Pravinkumar, S.J., Edwards, G., Lindsay, D., Redmond, S., Stirling, J., House, R., etal. (2010) A cluster of Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella longbeachae linked to potting compost in Scotland, 2008-2009. Euro Surveill 15: 19496.
47. Schaefer, B. (2007) Legionellenuntersuchung bei der Trinkwasseranalyse. Bundesgesundhbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 50: 291-295.
48. Stumpp, M.T., and Amstutz, P. (2007) DARPins: a true alternative to antibodies. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 10: 153-159.
49. Taguri, T., Oda, Y., Sugiyama, K., Nishikawa, T., Endo, T., Izumiyama, S., etal. (2011) A rapid detection method using flow cytometry to monitor the risk of Legionella in bath water. J Microbiol Methods 86: 25-32.
50. Temmerman, R., Vervaeren, H., Noseda, B., Boon, N., and Verstraete, W. (2006) Necrotrophic growth of Legionella pneumophila. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 4323-4328.
51. Thomas, J.M., and Ashbolt, N.J. (2010) Do free-living amoebae in treated drinking water systems present an emerging health risk? Environ Sci Technol 45: 860-869.
52. Touron-Bodilis, A., Pougnard, C., Frenkiel-Lebossé, H., and Hallier-Soulier, S. (2011) Usefulness of real-time PCR as a complementary tool to the monitoring of Legionella spp. and Legionella pneumophila by culture in industrial cooling systems. J Appl Microbiol 111: 499-510.
53. Tyndall, R.L., Hand, R.E., Jr, Mann, R.C., Evans, C., and Jernigan, R. (1985) Application of flow cytometry to detection and characterization of Legionella spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 49: 852-857.
54. Vanhee, L.M.E., Nelis, H.J., and Coenye, T. (2009) Detection and quantification of viable airborne bacteria and fungi using solid-phase cytometry. Nat Protocols 4: 224-231.
55. Whiley, H., Taylor, M., and Bentham, R.H. (2011) Detection of Legionella species in potting mixes using fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). J Microbiol Methods 86: 304-309.
56. Yáñez, M.A., Carrasco-Serrano, C., Barberá, V.M., and Catalán, V. (2005) Quantitative detection of Legionella pneumophila in water samples by immunomagnetic purification and real-time PCR amplification of the dotA gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 3433-3441.
57. Yu, V.L., Plouffe, J.F., Pastoris, M.C., Stout, J.E., Schousboe, M., Widmer, A., etal. (2002) Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative survey. J Infect Dis 186: 127-128.