Effect of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse on plaque, gingival inflammation and staining in gingivitis patients: A systematic review

Journal of Clinical Periodontology

Volumn 39, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1042-1055

  Van Strydonck, Daniëlle A C ^a   Slot, Dagmar E ^a,b   Van Der Velden, Ubele ^a   Van Der Weijden, Fridus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b Clinic for Periodontology (Paro Clinic)   (Belgium)

Author keywords

chlorhexidine; gingivitis; mouthrinse; plaque; systematic review

Indexed keywords

CHLORHEXIDINE; MOUTHWASH;

ARTICLE; GINGIVITIS; HUMAN; MOUTH HYGIENE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; TOOTH DISCOLORATION; TOOTH PLAQUE;

CHLORHEXIDINE; DENTAL PLAQUE; GINGIVITIS; HUMANS; MOUTHWASHES; ORAL HYGIENE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); TOOTH DISCOLORATION;

EID: 84867400001     PISSN: 03036979     EISSN: 1600051X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2012.01883.x     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Addy, M.; &, Hunter, L.; (1987) The effects of a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on plaque, toothstaining and candida in aphthous ulcer patients. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14, 267-273.
2. Addy, M.; &, Moran, J.; (2008) Chemical supragingival plaque control. In:, Lang, N. P.; &, Lindhe, J.; (eds). Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, pp. 734-765. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
3. Addy, M.; Willis, L.; &, Moran, J.; (1983) Effect of toothpaste rinses compared with chlorhexidine on plaque formation during a 4-day period. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 10, 89-99.
4. American Dental Association (1997) Acceptance Program Guidelines. Adjunctive Dental Therapies for the Reduction of Plaque and Gingivitis (September 1997). Available at: http://www.ada.org/sections/scienceAndresearch/ pdfs/guide-adjunctive.pdf (accessed 24 March 2012).
5. American Dental Association (2008) Acceptance Program Guidelines Chemotherapeutic Products for Control of Gingivitis (July 2008). Available at: http://www.ada.org/sections/scienceAndResearch/pdfs/guide-chemo-ging.pdf (accessed 24 March 2012).
6. Axelsson, P.; &, Lindhe, J.; (1987) Efficacy of mouthrinses in inhibiting dental plaque and gingivitis in man. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14, 205-212.
7. Banting, D.; Bosma, M.; &, Bollmer, B.; (1989) Clinical effectiveness of a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse over two years. Journal of Dental Research 68, 1716-1718.
8. Berchier, C. E.; Slot, D. E.; &, Van der Weijden, G. A.; (2010) The efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse compared with 0.2% on plaque accumulation and periodontal parameters: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 829-839.
9. Borenstein, M.; Hedges, L.; &, Rothstein, H.; (2007) Meta-analysis: Fixed Effect vs Random Effects. Available at: http://www.sciencedownload.net/ demodownload/Fixed%20effect%20vs.%20random%20effects.pdf (accessed 24 March 2012).
10. Boruch, R.; &, Rui, N.; (2008) From randomized controlled trials to evidence grading schemes: current state of evidence-based practice in social sciences. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 1, 41-49.
11. Brecx, M.; Macdonald, L. L.; Legary, K.; Cheang, M.; &, Forgay, M. G.; (1993) Long-term effects of Meridol and clorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque, gingivitis, staining, and bacterial vitality. Journal of Dental Research 72, 1194-1197.
12. Brownstein, C. N.; Briggs, S. D.; Schweizer, K. L.; Brinner, W. W.; &, Kornman, K. S.; (1990) Irrigation with chlorhexidine to resolve naturally naturally occurring gingivitis. A methodologic study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 17, 588-593.
13. Caton, J. G.; Blieden, T. M.; &, Lowenguth, R. A.; (1993) Comparison between mechanical cleaning and an antimicrobial rinse for the treatment and prevention of interdental gingivitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 20, 172-178.
14. Caton, J.; &, Polson, A.; (1985) The interdental bleeding index: a simplified procedure for monitoring gingival health. The Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 6, 88-92.
15. Charles, C. H.; Mostler, K. M.; Bartels, L. L.; &, Makodi, S. M.; (2004) Comparative antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a chlorhexidine and an essential oil mouthrinse: 6-month clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 10, 878-884.
16. Chaves, E. S.; Kornman, K. S.; Manwell, M. A.; Jonaes, A. A.; Newhold, D. A.; &, Wood, R. C.; (1994) Mechanism of irrigation effects on gingivitis. Journal of Periodontology 65, 1016-1021.
17. Claydon, N.; Smith, S.; Stiller, S.; Newcombe, R. G.; &, Addy, M.; (2002) A comparison of the plaque-inhibitory properties of stannous fluoride and low-concentration chlorhexidine mouthrinses. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 29, 1072-1077.
18. Consort Statement (2010) Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials. Available at: http://www.consort-statement.org/consort-statement/overview0/ (accessed 24 March 2012).
19. Corbet, E. F.; Tam, J. O.; Zee, K. Y.; Wong, M. C. M.; Lo, E. C. M.; Mombelli, A. W.; &, Lang, N. P.; (1997) Therapeutic effects of supervised chlorhexidine mouthrinses on untreated gingivitis. Oral Diseases 1, 9-18.
20. Cowell, C. R.; Saxton, L. A.; Sheinam, A.; &, Wagg, B. J.; (1975) Testing therapeutic measures for controlling chronic gingivitis in man: a suggested protocol. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2, 231-240.
21. Cumming, B. R.; &, Löe, H.; (1973) Optimal dosage and method of delivering chlorhexidine solutions for the inhibition of dental plaque. Journal of Periodontal Research 8, 57-62.
22. Denton, G. W.; (1991) Chlorhexidine. In:, Block, S. S.; (ed.). Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 4th edition, pp. 274-289, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
23. Duss, C.; Lang, N. P.; Cosyn, J.; &, Persson, R. G.; (2010) A randomized, controlled clinical trial on the clinical, microbiological, and staining effects of a novel 0.05% chlorhexidine/herbal extract and a 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinse adjunct to periodontal surgery. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 988-997.
24. Dutch Cochrane Centre (2008) Formulier II voor het beoordelen van een randomised controlled trial (RCT). Available at: http://dcc.cochrane.org/sites/ dcc.cochrane.org/files/uploads/RCT.pdf (accessed 24 March 2012).
25. Eaton, K. A.; Rimini, F. M.; Zak, E.; Brookman, D. J.; Hopkins, L. M.; Cannell, P. J.; Yates, L. G.; Morrice, C. A.; Lall, B. A.; &, Newman, H. N.; (1997) The effects of a 0.12% chlorhexidine-digluconate-containing mouthrinse versus a placebo on plaque and gingival inflammation over a 3-month period. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 24, 189-197.
26. Egger, M.; Dickersin, K.; &, Davey Smith, G.; (2001) Problems and limitations in conducting systematic reviews. In:, Egger, M.; Davey Smith, G.; &, Altman, D. G.; (eds). Systematic Reviews in Health Care, Meta-Analysis in Context, pp. 43-68, London: BMJ Books.
27. Emling, R. C.; Shi, X.; &, Yankell, S. L.; (1992) Rembrandt toothpaste stain prevention with and without the use of Peridex. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 3, 66-69.
28. Ernst, C. P.; Canbek, K.; Dillenburger, A.; &, Willershausen, B.; (2005) Clinical study on the effectiveness and side effects of hexetidine and chlorhexidine mouthrinses versus a negative control. Quintessence International 36, 641-652.
29. Escribano, M.; Herrera, D.; Morante, S.; Teughels, W.; Quirynen, M.; &, Sanz, M.; (2010) Efficacy of a low-concentration chlorhexidine mouthrinse in non-compliant periodontitis patients attending a supportive periodontal care programme: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 266-275.
30. Feres, M.; Gursky, L. C.; Tsuzuki, C. O.; &, Figueiredo, L. C.; (2009) Clinical and microbiological benefits of strict supragingival plaque control as part of the active phase of periodontal therapy. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 857-867.
31. Flötra, L.; Gjermo, P.; Rölla, G.; &, Waerhaug, J.; (1971) Side effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 79, 119-125.
32. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Available at: http://www.fda.gov (accessed 24 March 2012).
33. Foulkes, D. M.; (1973) Some toxicological observations on chlorhexidine. Journal of Periodontal Research 12, 55-60.
34. Gibbs, C. H.; Hirschfeld, J. W.; Lee, J. G.; Low, S. B.; Magnusson, I.; Thousand, R. R.; Yerneni, P.; &, Clark, W. B.; (1988) Description and clinical evaluation of a new computerized periodontal probe-the Florida probe. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 15, 137-144.
35. Glasziou, P.; Irwig, L.; Bain, C.; &, Colditz, G.; (2001) Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Green, J. C.; (1984) The simplified oral hygene index. Journal of the American Dental Association 68, 7.
37. Green, J. C.; &, Vermillion, J. R.; (1960) The oral hygiene index: a method for classifying oral hygiene status. Journal of the American Dental Association 61, 172-179.
38. Greenstein, G.; (1984) The role of bleeding upon probing in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontology 54, 684-688.
39. Grossman, E.; Meckel, A. H.; Isaacs, R. L.; Ferretti, G. A.; Sturzenberger, O. P.; Bollmer, B. W.; Moore, D. J.; Jijana, R. C.; &, Manhart, M. D.; (1989) A clinical comparison of antibacterial mouthrinses: effects of chlorhexidine, phenolics, and sanguinarine on dental plaque and gingivitis. Journal of Periodontology 60, 435-440.
40. Grossman, E.; Reiter, G.; Sturzenberger, O. P.; De la Rosa, M.; Dickinson, T. D.; Ferretti, G. A.; Ludlam, G. E.; &, Meckel, A. H.; (1986) Six-month study of the effects of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse on gingivitis in adults. Journal of Periodontal Research 21, 33-43.
41. Gründemann, L. J.; Timmerman, M. F.; IJzerman, Y.; &, Van der Weijden, G. A.; (2000) Stain, plaque and gingivitis reduction by combining chlorhexidine and peroxyborate. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 27, 9-15.
42. Gunsolley, J. C.; (2010) Clincal efficacy of antimicrobial mouthrinses. Journal of Dentistry 38, 6-10.
43. Hase, J. C.; Ainamo, J.; Etemadzadeh, H.; &, Attström, M.; (1995) Plaque formation and gingivitis after mouthrinsing with 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride, 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and placebo for 4 weeks, following an initial professional tooth cleaning. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 22, 533-539.
44. Hase, J. C.; Attström, R.; Edwardsson, S.; Kelty, E.; &, Kisch, J.; (1998) 6-month use of 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride in comparison with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and placebo. (I). Effect on plaque formation and gingivitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 25, 746-753.
45. Higgins, J. P. T.; &, Green, S.; (2009) CCHB Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (2009). Available at: http://cochrane- handbook.org/ (accessed 24 March 2012).
46. Hoffmann, T.; Bruhn, G.; Richter, S.; Netuschil, L.; &, Brecx, M.; (2001) Clinical controlled study on plaque and gingivitis reduction under long-term use of low-dose chlorhexidine solutions in a population exhibiting good oral hygiene. Clinical of Oral Investingation 5, 89-95.
47. Jadad, A. R.; Moore, R. A.; Carroll, D.; Jenkinson, C.; Reynolds, D. J.; Gavaghan, D. J.; &, McQuay, H. J.; (1996) Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clinical Trials 17, 1-12.
48. Jenkins, S.; Addy, M.; &, Newcombe, R.; (1993) Evaluation of a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine and fluoride as an adjunct to oral hygiene. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 20, 20-25.
49. Jenkins, S.; Addy, M.; &, Newcombe, R. G.; (1994) Dose response of chlorhexidine against plaque and comparison with triclosan. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21, 250-255.
50. Joyston-Bechal, S.; &, Hernaman, N.; (1993) The effect of a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine and fluoride on plaque and gingival bleeding. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 20, 49-53.
51. Kaptchuk, T. J.; Friedlander, E.; Kelley, J. M.; Sanchez, M. N.; Kokkotou, E.; Singer, J. P.; Kowalczykowski, M.; Miller, F. G.; Kirsch, I.; &, Lembo, A. J.; (2010) Placebos without deception: a randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS ONE 5, e15591.
52. Keijser, J. A.; Verkade, H.; Timmerman, M. F.; &, Van der Weijden, F. A.; (2003) Comparison of 2 commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses. Journal of Periodontology 74, 214-218.
53. Khan, K. S.; Kunz, R.; Kleijen, J.; &, Antes, G.; (2003) Systematic Reviews to Supprot Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Review and Apply Findings of Healthcare Research. London: The Royal Society of Medicine Press Limited.
54. Lang, N. P.; &, Brecx, M.; (2006) Chlorhexidine digluconate-an agent for chemical plaque control and prevention of gingival inflammation. Journal of Periodontal Research 21, 74-89.
55. Lang, N. P.; Hase, J. C.; Grassi, M.; Hämmerle, C. H.; Weigel, C.; Kelty, E.; &, Frutig, F.; (1998) Plaque formation and gingivitis after supervised mouthrinsing with 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride, 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and placebo for 6 months. Oral Diseases 4, 105-113.
56. Lang, N. P.; &, Räber, K.; (1981) Use of oral irrigators as veicle for the application of antimicrobial agents in chemical plaque control. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 8, 177-188.
57. Lang, N. P.; Schätzle, M. A.; &, Löe, H.; (2009) Gingivitis as a risk factor in periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36 (Suppl. 10), 3-8.
58. Lie, M. A.; Timmerman, M. F.; Van der Velden, U.; &, Van der Weijden, G. A.; (1998) Evaluation of 2 methods to assess gingival bleeding in smokers and non-smokers in natural and experimental gingivitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 25, 695-700.
59. Lobene, R. R.; (1968) Effect of entifrices on tooth stains with controlled brushing. Journal of the American Dental Association 77, 849-855.
60. Lobene, R. R.; Weatherford, T.; Ross, N. M.; Lamm, R. A.; &, Menaker, L.; (1986) A modified gingival index for use in clinical trials. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 8, 3-6.
61. Löe, H.; (1967) The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems. Journal of Periodontology 38, 610-616.
62. Löe, H.; &, Schiött, C. R.; (1970) The effect of mouthrinses and topical application of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis in man. Journal of Periodontal Research 5, 79-83.
63. Löe, H.; Schiött, C. R.; Glavind, L.; &, Karring, T.; (1976) Two years oral use of chlorhexidine in man. Journal of Periodontal Research 11, 135-144.
64. Löe, H.; &, Silness, J.; (1963) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 21, 533-551.
65. Lucas, G. Q.; &, Lucas, O. N.; (1999) Preventive action of short and long term chlorhexidine rinses. Acta Odontologica Latinoamericana 12, 45-58.
66. Mandel, I. D.; (1994) Antimicrobial mouthrinses. Journal of the American Dental Association 125, 25-105.
67. Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; &, Altman, D. G.; (2009) PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000097.
68. * Moher, D.; Schulz, K. F.; &, Altman, D. G.; (2001) The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Lancet 357, 1191-1194.
69. Mulrow, C. D.; (1994) Rationale for systematic reviews. British Medical Journal 309, 597-599.
70. Newman, P. S.; &, Addy, M.; (1978) A comparison of a periodontal dressing and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash after the internal bevelled flap procedure. Journal of Periodontology 49, 576-579.
71. Overholser, C. D.; Meiler, T. F.; DePaolo, L. G.; Minah, G. E.; &, Niehaus, C.; (1990) Comparative effects of 2 chemotherapeutic mouthrinses on the development of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 17, 575-579.
72. Pildal, J.; Hrõbjartsson, A.; Jrgensen, K. J.; Hilden, J.; Altman, D. G.; &, Gtzsche, P. C.; (2007) Impact of allocation concealment on conclusions drawn from meta-analyses of randomized trials. International Journal of Epidemiolology 36, 847-857.
73. Quigley, G. A.; &, Hein, J. W.; (1962) Comparative cleansing efficiency of manual and powerbrushing. Journal of the American Dental Association 65, 26-29.
74. Harbour, R.; &, Miller, J.; (2001) A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. British Medical Journal 323, 334-346.
75. Ramberg, P.; Furuichi, Y.; Volpe, A. R.; Gaffar, A.; &, Lindhe, J.; (1996) The effects of antimicrobial mouthrinses on de novo plaque formation at sites with healthy and inflamed gingivae. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 23, 7-11.
76. Sanz, M.; Vallcorba, N.; Fabregues, S.; Müller, I.; &, Herkströter, F.; (1994) The effect of a dentifrice containing chlorhexidine and zinc on plaque, calculus and toothstaining. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21, 431-437.
77. Saxer, U. P.; &, Mühlemann, H. R.; (1975) Motivation and education. SSO Schweizer Monatsschrift für Zahnheilkunde 85, 905-919.
78. Saxton, C. A.; &, van der Ouderaa, F. J.; (1989) The effect of a dentifrice containing zinc citrate and triclosan on developing gingivitis. Journal of Periodontal Research 24, 75-80.
79. Schiött, C. R.; Brier, W. W.; &, Löe, H.; (1976) Two years oral use of chlorhexidine in man. The effect on the salivary bacterial flora. Journal of Periodontal Research 11, 145-152.
80. Schulz, K. F.; Altman, D. G.; &, Moher, D.; (2010) CONSORT statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. British Medical Journal 23, 340-332.
81. Segreto, V. A.; Collins, E. M.; Beiswanger, B. B.; De la Rosa, M.; Isaac, R. L.; Lang, N. P.; Mallatt, M. E.; &, Meckel, A. H.; (1986) A comparison of mouthrinses containing two concentrations of chlorhexidine. Journal of Periodontal Research 21, 23-32.
82. Shaw, l.; &, Murray, J. J.; (1977) A new index for measuring extrinsic stain in clinical trials. Community Dentistry of Oral Epidemiology 5, 116-120.
83. Silness, J.; &, Löe, H.; (1964) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 22, 121-135.
84. Southern, E. N.; McCombs, G. B.; Tolle, S. L.; &, Marinak, K.; (2006) The comparative effects of 0.12% chlorhexidine and herbal oral rinse on dental plaque-induced gingivitis. Journal of Dental Hygiene 80, 12.
85. Sterne, J. A. C.; Becker, B. J.; &, Egger, M.; (2005) The Funnel plot. In:, Rothstein, H. R.; Sutton, A. J.; &, Borenstein, M.; (eds). Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis. Prevention, Assessment and Adjustment, pp. 75-98. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
86. Sterne, J. A. C.; Gavaghan, D.; &, Egger, M.; (2000) Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 53, 1119-1129.
87. Stookey, G. K.; Beiswanger, B.; Mau, M.; Isaacs, R. L.; Witt, J. J.; &, Gibb, R.; (2005) A 6-month clinical study assessing the safety and efficacy of two cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses. American Journal of Dentistry 18, 24-28.
88. Sturzenberger, O. P.; Bosma, M. L.; Moore, D. J.; &, Grossman, E.; (1988) Clinical benefits of chlorhexidine in sustaining gingival health following prophylaxis. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1, 24-27.
89. Tomás, I.; Cousido, M. C.; García-Caballero, L.; Rubido, S.; Limeres, J.; &, Diz, P.; (2010) Substantivity of a single chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary flora: influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Journal of Dentistry 38, 541-546.
90. Turesky, S.; Gilmore, N. D.; &, Glickman, I.; (1970) Reduced plaque formation by the chloromethyl analogue of vitamin C. Journal of Periodontology 41, 41-43.
91. TürkoÄlu, O.; Becerik, S.; Emingil, G.; Kütükç üler, N.; Baylas, H.; &, Atilla, G.; (2009) The effect of adjunctive chlorhexidine mouthrinse on clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine levels in untreated plaque-associated gingivitis. Inflammation Research 58, 277-283.
92. Van der Weijden, G. A.; Dell'Acqua, F.; &, Slot, D. E.; (2009) Alveolar bone dimensional changes of post-extraction sockets in humans: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 1048-1058.
93. Van der Weijden, G. A.; Timmerman, M. F.; Nijboer, A.; Reijerse, E.; &, Van der Velden, U.; (1994) Comparison of different approaches to assess bleeding on probing as indicators of gingivitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21, 589-594.
94. Van Strydonck, D. A. C.; Timmerman, M. F.; Van der Velden, U.; &, Van der Weijden, G. A.; (2008) Clinical efficacy of a chlorhexidine-delivering toothbrush. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 584-590.
95. Van Strydonck, D. A. C.; Timmerman, M. F.; Van der Velden, U.; &, Van der Weijden, G. A.; (2005) Plaque inhibition of two commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32, 305-309.
96. Verhagen, A. P.; de Vet, H. C.; de Bie R. A.; Kessels, A. G.; Boers, M.; Bouter, L. M.; Knipschild, P. G.; (1998) The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 51, 1235-1241.
97. Watts, A.; &, Addy, M.; (2001) Tooth discoloration and staining: a review of the literature. British Dental Journal 190, 309-316.
98. Welton, N. J.; Ades, A. E.; Carlin, J. B.; Altman, D. G.; &, Sterne, J. A. C.; (2009) Models for potentially biased evidence in meta-analysis using empirically based priors. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 172, 119-136.
99. Wu, C. D.; &, Savitt, E. D.; (2002) Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of over-the-counter oral hygiene products for the reduction and control of plaque and gingivitis. Periodontology 2000 28, 91-105.
100. Yates, R.; Shearer, B. H.; Huntington, E.; &, Addy, M.; (2002) A method to compare four mouthrinses: time to gingivitis level as the primary outcome variable. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 29, 519-523.
101. * Zimmer, S.; Kolbe, C.; Kaiser, G.; Krage, T.; Ommerborn, M.; &, Barthel, C. J.; (2006) Clinical efficacy of flossing versus use of antimicrobial rinses. Journal of Periodontology 77, 1380-1385.