Deliberating in the Real World: Problems of Legitimacy in Deliberative Democracy

Deliberating in the Real World: Problems of Legitimacy in Deliberative Democracy

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-221

  Parkinson, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Citizens' jury; Deliberative democracy; Deliberative poll; Deliberative system; Legitimacy; Motivations; National health service; Participation; Patient involvement; Public involvement

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867393594     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/019929111X.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (354)

1. Abramson, Jeffrey B. (1994). We, the Jury: The Jury System and the Ideal of Democracy. New York: Basic Books.
2. Ackerman, Bruce (1991). We the People 1: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3. Ackerman, Bruce, and James S. Fishkin (2002). 'Deliberation Day', Journal of Political Philosophy, 10 (2):129-52.
4. Almond, Gabriel, and Sidney Verba (1963). The Civic Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Anderson, Richard (1998). 'The Place of the Media in Popular Democracy', Critical Review, 12 (4):481-500.
6. Aristotle (1997). The Politics of Aristotle. Trans. P. L. P. Simpson. Chapel Hill, NC:University of North Carolina Press.
7. Audit Commission (2003). Achieving the NHS Plan: Assessment of Current Performance, Likely Future Progress and Capacity to Improve. London: Audit Commission for Local Authorities and the NHS in England and Wales.
8. Bandura, Albert (1982). 'Self-efficacy Mechanisms in Human Agency', American Psychologist, 37(2):122-47.
9. Barber, Benjamin (1984). Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
10. Barker, Anthony (1982). 'Governmental Bodies and the Networks of Mutual Accountability', in Quangos in Britain, A. Barker (ed.). London: Macmillan.
11. Barker, Rodney S. (2001). Legitimating Identities: The Self-presentations of Rulers and Subjects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Barnes, Colin and Michael Oliver (1995). 'Disability Rights: Rhetoric and Reality in the UK', Disability and Society, 10(1):111-16.
13. Barnes, Marian (1999). Building a Deliberative Democracy: An Evaluation of Two Citizens' Juries. London: Institute of Public Policy Research.
14. Bartlett, Will, Carol Propper, Deborah Wilson, and Julian Le Grand (eds.) (1994). Quasimarkets in the Welfare State. Bristol: SAUS Publications.
15. Baumgartner, Frank R., and Beth L. Leech (1998). Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and in Political Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
16. BCODP (2002). Website. British Council of Disabled People available at
17. Beetham, David (1991). The Legitimation of Power. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
18. Beetham, David (ed.) (1994). Defining and Measuring Democracy. London: Sage.
19. Beetham, David and Christopher Lord (1998). Legitimacy and the European Union. Harlow: Addison-Wesley/Longman.
20. Bell, Daniel (1993). Communitarianism and its Critics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
21. Benford, Robert D. and Scott A. Hunt (1992). 'Dramaturgy and Social Movements: The Social Construction and Communication of Power', Sociological Enquiry, 62(1):36-55.
22. Benhabib, Seyla (1996). 'Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy', in Democracy and Difference, S. Benhabib (ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
23. Beresford, Peter and Jane Campbell (1994). 'Disabled People, Service Users, User Involvement and Representation', Disability and Society, 9(3):315-25.
24. Berg, Bruce L. (2001). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Boston:Allyn & Bacon.
25. Bessette, Joseph M. (1980). 'Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government', in How Democratic is the Constitution? R. A. Goldwin and W. A. Schambra (eds.). Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
26. Bessette, Joseph M. (1994). The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American National Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
27. Besterfield, Dale, Carol Besterfield-Michna, Glen Besterfield, and Mary Besterfield-Sacre (1995). Total Quality Management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
28. Bevir, Mark, and Roderick A. W. Rhodes (2003). Interpreting British Governance. London: Routledge.
29. Birch, A. H. (1971). Representation. London: Pall Mall.
30. Blair, Tony (1998). The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century, Fabian Pamphlet 588. London: Fabian Society.
31. Bohman, James and William Rehg (eds.) (1997). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32. Boston, Jonathan, John Martin, June Pallot, and Pat Walsh (1996). Public Management: the New Zealand Model. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
33. Bowie, Cameron, Ann Richardson, and Wendy Sykes (1995). 'Consulting the Public about Health Service Priorities', British Medical Journal, 311:1155-8.
34. Broome, John (1984). 'Selecting People Randomly', Ethics, 95(1):38-55.
35. Brown, Stephen (1980). Political Subjectivity: Applications of Q Methodology in Political Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
36. Burnheim, John (1985). Is Democracy Possible? Cambridge: Polity Press.
37. Burns, Carol (2000a). 'Hospitals Shake-up: People to Speak Out', Leicester Mercury, 24 March 2000.
38. Burns, Carol (2000b). 'Jury Will Decide on City Hospitals', Leicester Mercury, 23 March.
39. Button, Mark and Kevin Mattson (1999). 'Deliberative Democracy in Practice: Challenges and Prospects for Civic Deliberation', Polity, 31(4):609-37.
40. Cairney, Paul (2002). 'New Public Management and the Thatcher Healthcare Legacy:Enough of the Theory, What about the Implementation?', British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 4(3):375-98.
41. Capella, Joseph and Kathleen Jamieson (1996). 'News Frames, Political Cynicism, and Media Cynicism', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546:71-84.
42. Carlyle, Thomas. (1993) [1840]. On Heroes, Hero-worship, and the Heroic in History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
43. Carson, Lyn and Brian Martin (1999). Random Selection in Politics. Westport: Praeger.
44. Catt, Helena (1996). Voting Behaviour: A Radical Critique. London: Leicester University Press.
45. Catt, Helena (1999). Democracy in Practice. London: Routledge.
46. Chambers, Simone (1996). Reasonable Democracy: Jürgen Habermas and the Politics of Discourse. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
47. Chambers, Simone and Anne Costain (eds.) (2000). Deliberation, Democracy, and the Media. Lanham:Rowman and Littlefield.
48. Channel 4 (1998). The Prescription. Television, Episode 1, 4 July 1998, 8:00 p.m.; Episode 2, 5 July 1998, 2:30 p.m.; Episode 3, 5 July 1998, 7:00 p.m.
49. Chowcat, Ian (2000). 'Moral Pluralism, Political Justification and Deliberative Democracy', Political Studies, 48:745-58.
50. Christiano, Thomas (1996). 'Deliberative Equality and the Democratic Order', in Political Order: Nomos 38, I. Shapiro and R. Hardin (eds.). New York: New York University Press.
51. Coffey, Amanda and Paul Atkinson (1996). Making Sense of Qualitative Data:Complementary Research Strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
52. Cohen, Joshua (1989). 'Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy', in Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Anthology, R. E. Goodin and P. Pettit (eds.). Oxford: Blackwell.
53. Cohen, Joshua and Joel Rogers (1992). 'Secondary Associations and Democratic Governance', Politics and Society, 20(4):393-472.
54. Cohen, Stanley (1973). Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. St. Albans: Paladin.
55. Commons Select Committee on Health (2000). Minutes of Evidence. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Available at office.co.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmhealth/957/0110205.htm; accessed 19 August 2005.
56. Converse, Philip (1964). 'The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics', in Ideology and discontent, D. Apter (ed.). New York: Free Press.
57. Coulter, Angela and Christopher Ham (eds.) (2000). The Global Challenge of Health Care Rationing. Buckingham: Open University Press.
58. Cox, Eva and Robert D. Putnam (2002). Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
59. Crook, Richard C. (1987). 'Legitimacy, Authority and the Transfer of Power in Ghana', Political Studies, 35:552-72.
60. Crosby, Ned (1998). 'Using Citizens' Juries: A Process for Environmental Decisionmaking', in Making Better Environmental Decisions, K. Sexton, A. A. Marcus, K. W. Easter, and T. D. Burkhardt (eds.). Washington, DC: Island Press.
61. Czikszentmihalyi, Mihaly and J. LeFevre (1989). 'Optimal Experience in Work and Leisure', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65:815-22.
62. Dahl, Robert (1961). Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
63. Dahl, Robert (1967). Pluralist Democracy in the United States: Conflict and Consent. Chicago:Rand McNally.
64. Dahl, Robert (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
65. Dahl, Robert (1989). Democracy and its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
66. DAN (1998). DAN Goes to Jail for the Right to Ride [Press release]. Disabled People's Direct Action Network, 6 April 1998. Available at,9R; accessed 24 October 2000.
67. Davies, Stella, Susan Elizabeth, Bec Hanley, Bill New, and Bob Sang (1998). Ordinary Wisdom: Reflections on an Experiment in Citizenship and Health. London: King's Fund.
68. Davis, Peter (ed.) (1992). For Health or Profit? Medicine, the Pharmaceutical Industry, and the State in New Zealand. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
69. Dawson, Diane (2001). 'The Private Finance Initiative: A Public Finance Illusion?' Health Economics, 10(6):479-86.
70. Day, Patricia, and Rudolf Klein (1987). Accountabilities: Five Public Services. London:Tavistock.
71. Denver, David, Gordon Hands, and Bill Jones (1995). 'Fishkin and the Deliberative Opinion Poll: Lessons from a Study of the Granada 500 Television Program', Political Communication, 12(2):147-56.
72. DETR (1998). Guidance on Enhancing Public Participation in Local Government. London:Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
73. DHSS (1983). NHS Management Inquiry (The Griffiths Report). London: Department of Health and Social Security.
74. Dienel, Peter and Ortwin Renn (1995). 'Planning Cells: A Gate to "Fractal" Mediation', in Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation, O. Renn, T. Webler, and P. M. Wiedemann (eds.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
75. Doğanay, Ülkü (2004). 'Rethinking Democratic Procedures: Democracy and Deliberative Experiences in Turkey's LA21 Process', Political Studies, 52(4):728-44.
76. DoH (2000). The National Plan: Analysis of the Response to the Consultation Exercise Carried out in May/June 2000. London: Department of Health.
77. Dolan, Paul, Richard Cookson, and Brian Ferguson (1999). 'Effect of Discussion and Deliberation on the Public's Views of Priority Setting in Health Care: Focus Group Study', British Medical Journal, 318(7188):916.
78. Driedger, Diane (1989). The Last Civil Rights Movement: Disabled People's International. London: Hurst and Company.
79. Driver, Stephen and Luke Martell (2000). 'Left, Right and the Third Way', Policy and Politics, 28(2):147-61.
80. Dryzek, John (1987). 'Complexity and Rationality in Public Life', Political Studies, 35(3):424-42.
81. Dryzek, John (1990). Discursive Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
82. Dryzek, John (1996a). Democracy in Capitalist Times: Ideals, Limits, Struggles. New York/Oxford:Oxford University Press.
83. Dryzek, John (1996b). 'The Informal Logic of Institutional Design', in The Theory of Institutional Design, R. Goodin (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
84. Dryzek, John (2000). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
85. Dryzek, John (2001). 'Legitimacy and Economy in Deliberative Democracy', Political Theory, 29(5):651-69.
86. Dryzek, John (2005). 'Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia', Political Theory, 33(2):218-42.
87. Dryzek, John and Leslie Holmes (eds.) (2002). Post-communist Democratization: Political Discourses across Thirteen Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
88. Dunsire, Andrew (1973). 'Administrative Doctrine and Administrative Change', Public Administration Bulletin, 15 (December):39-56.
89. Eckersley, Robyn (2000). 'Deliberative Democracy, Ecological Risk, and "Communities-of-Fate"', in Democratic Innovation: Deliberation, Association, and Representation, M. Saward (ed.). London: Routledge.
90. Edelman, Murray (1976). The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
91. Edelman, Murray (1988). Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
92. Elliott, Valerie (1996). 'Blair to Give Public More Say with Citizens' Juries', The Times, 28 October 1996, 2.
93. Elster, Jon (1983). Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
94. Elster, Jon (1997). 'The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory', in Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Anthology, R. E. Goodin and P. Pettit (eds.). Oxford: Blackwell.
95. Elster, Jon (1998). 'Introduction', in Deliberative Democracy, J. Elster (ed.). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
96. Emden, Cecil Stuart (1956). The People and the Constitution, 2nd edn. Oxford:Clarendon Press.
97. Estlund, David (1997). 'Beyond Fairness of Deliberation: The Epistemic Dimension of Democratic Authority', in Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, J. Bohman and W. Rehg (eds.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
98. Fairclough, Norman (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
99. Farrell, Catherine M. and Jane Jones (2000). 'Evaluating Stakeholder Participation in Public services-Parents and Schools', Policy and Politics, 28(2):251-62.
100. Fennema, Meindert and Marcel Maussen (2000). 'Dealing with Extremists in Public Discussion: Front National and "Republican Front" in France', Journal of Political Philosophy, 8(3):379-400.
101. Ferlie, Ewan, Lynn Ashburner, Louise Fitzgerald, and Andrew Pettigrew (1996). The New Public Management in Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
102. Fischer, Frank (1990). Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise. London: Sage.
103. Fischer, Frank and John Forester (1993). The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. Durham: Duke University Press.
104. Fisher, B. Aubrey and Donald G. Ellis (1990). Small Group Decision Making:Communication and the Group Process, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
105. Fishkin, James S. (1991). Democracy and Deliberation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
106. Fishkin, James S. (1996). 'The Televised Deliberative Poll: An Experiment in Democracy', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546:132-40.
107. Fishkin, James S. (1997). The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy, 2nd edn. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
108. Fishkin, James S. (2003). 'Consulting the Public through Deliberative Polling', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 22(1):128-33.
109. Fishkin, James S. and Robert Luskin 2000:184-8. 'Broadcasts of Deliberative Polls: Aspirations and Effects', British and Robert Luskin Journal of Political Science, 36(1).
110. Fishkin, James S., Robert Luskin and Roger Jowell (2000). 'Deliberative Polling and Public Consultation', Parliamentary Affairs, 53(4):657-66.
111. Flathman, Richard E. (1972). Political Obligation. New York: Atheneum.
112. Flinders, Matthew (1999). 'Setting the Scene: Quangos in Context', in Quangos, Accountability and Reform: The Politics of Quasi-government, M. Flinders and M. Smith (eds.). Basingstoke: Macmillan/Political Economy Research Centre, University of Sheffield.
113. Flyvbjerg, Bent (1998). Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice, trans. S. Sampson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
114. Foley, Paul and Steve Martin (2000). 'A New Deal for the Community? Public Participation in Regeneration and Local Service Delivery', Policy and Politics, 28(4):479-91.
115. Forester, John (1984). 'Bounded Rationality and the Politics of Muddling Through', Public Administration Review, 44:23-30.
116. Forester, John (1999). The Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging Participatory Planning Processes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
117. Frankena, William K. (1968). 'Two Notes on Representation', in Representation: Nomos 10, J. R. Pennock and J. W. Chapman (eds.). New York: Atherton Press.
118. Fraser, Nancy (1992). 'Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Exisiting Democracy', in Habermas and the Public Sphere, C. Calhoun (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
119. Fukuyama, Francis (1989). 'The End of History?' The National Interest, 16:3-18.
120. Fung, Archon (2003). 'Survey Article: Recipes for Public Spheres: Eight Institutional Design Choices and Their Consequences', Journal of Political Philosophy, 11(3):338-67.
121. Fung, Archon (2005). 'Deliberation before the Revolution: Toward an Ethics of Deliberative Democracy in an Unjust World', Political Theory, 33(2):397-419.
122. Gamble, Andrew (1994). The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism, 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
123. Gavin, Neil and David Sanders (2003). 'The Press and its Influence on British Political Attitudes under New Labour', Political Studies, 51(3):573-91.
124. Gergen, Kenneth J. and Mary M. Gergen (1991). 'Toward Reflexive Methodologies', in Research and Reflexivity, F. Steier (ed.). London: Sage.
125. Gibson, Rachel and Sarah Miskin (2002). 'Australia Deliberates? A Critical Analysis of the Role of the Media in Deliberative Polling', in Constitutional Politics: the Republic Referendum and the Future, J. Warhurst and M. Mackerras (eds.). St Lucia, Australia:University of Queensland Press.
126. Giddens, Anthony (1998). The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge:Polity Press.
127. Goodall, H. Lloyd (1990). Small Group Communication in Organizations, 2nd edn. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown.
128. Goodin, Robert (1982). Political Theory and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
129. Goodin, Robert (1992). Motivating Political Morality. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
130. Goodin, Robert (1996a). 'Enfranchising the Earth, and Its Alternatives', Political Studies, 44:841-4.
131. Goodin, Robert (1996b). 'Institutions and Their Design', in The Theory of Institutional Design, R. Goodin (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
132. Goodin, Robert (2000). 'Democratic Deliberation Within', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 29(1):81-109.
133. Goodin, Robert (2003). 'Representing Diversity', British Journal of Political Science, 34(3):453-68.
134. Goodin, Robert (ed.) (1995). The Theory of Institutional Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
135. Goodin, Robert and John Dryzek (1980). 'Rational Participation: The Politics of Relative Power', British Journal of Political Science, 10(3):273-92.
136. Goodwin, Barbara (1992). Justice by Lottery. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
137. Grafstein, Robert (1981). 'The Failure of Weber's Conception of Legitimacy: Its Causes and Implications', Journal of Politics, 43(2):456-72.
138. Gray, John (1996). After Social Democracy: Politics, Capitalism and the Common Life. London: Demos.
139. Grey, Sandra (2002). 'Does Size Matter? Critical Mass and New Zealand's Women MPs', Parliamentary Affairs, 55(1):19-29.
140. Grey, Sandra (2003). 'Talking Work: Discourse Coalitions and Unpaid Work Debates in New Zealand'. Paper read at Public Policy Network conference, 30-31 January 2003, Victoria University of Wellington.
141. Gunnell, John G. (1986). Between Philosophy and Politics: The Alienation of Political Theory. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
142. Gutmann, Amy and Dennis Thompson (1996). Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
143. Gutmann, Amy (2004). Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
144. Habermas, Jürgen (1975). Legitimation Crisis. Trans. T. McCarthy. Cambridge, MA:Beacon Press.
145. Habermas, Jürgen (1984). The Theory of Communicative Action, trans. T. McCarthy. Boston, MA:Beacon Press.
146. Habermas, Jürgen (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
147. Habermas, Jürgen (1995). 'Reconciliation through the Public Use of Reason: Remarks on John Rawls's Political Liberalism', Journal of Philosophy, 92(3):109-31.
148. Habermas, Jürgen (1996). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. W. Rehg. Cambridge: Polity Press.
149. Hajer, Maarten (1993). 'Discourse Coalitions and the Institutionalization of Practice: The Case of Acid Rain in Britain', in The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning, F. Fischer and J. Forester (eds.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
150. Hajer, Maarten (2005). 'Setting the Stage: A Dramaturgy of Policy Deliberation', Administration and Society, 36(6):624-47.
151. Hall, Declan and John Stewart (1996). Citizens' Juries in Local Government: Report for the LGMB on the Pilot Projects. London: Local Government Management Board.
152. Hall, Stuart, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, John Clarke, and Brian Roberts (1978). Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. London: Macmillan.
153. Hallas, Jack (1976). CHCs in Action: A Review. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.
154. Ham, Christopher (2004). Health Policy in Britain: The Politics and Organisation of the National Health Service, 5th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
155. Hamel, Jacques, Stéphane Dufour, and Dominic Fortin (1993). Case Study Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
156. Harrison, Stephen and Maggie Mort (1998). 'Which Champions, Which People? Public and User Involvement in Health Care as a Technology of Legitimation', Social Policy and Administration, 32(1):60-70.
157. Harrison, Stephen, and Christopher Pollitt (1994). Controlling Health Professionals: The Future of Work and Organization in the NHS. Buckingham: Open University Press.
158. Hendriks, Carolyn (2002a). 'Institutions of Deliberative Democratic Processes and Interest Groups: Roles, Tensions and Incentives', Australian Journal of Public Administration, 61(1):64-75.
159. Hendriks, Carolyn (2002b). 'Navigating the Murky Waters of Civil Society in Deliberative Democracy'. Paper presented at Australasian Political Studies Association, Australian National University, Canberra.
160. Hindess, Barry (1988). Choice, Rationality, and Social Theory. London: Unwin Hyman.
161. Hogg, Christine, and Charlotte Williamson (2001). 'Whose Interests Do Lay People Represent? Towards an Understanding of the Role of Lay People as Members of Committees', Health Expectations, 4(1):2-9.
162. Hood, Christopher (1991). 'A Public Management for all Seasons?' Public Administration, 69 (Spring):3-19.
163. Hood, Christopher (1998). The Art of the State: Culture, Rhetoric and Public Management. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
164. House of Commons (2000). Official Report. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
165. House of Commons (2002). Official Report. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
166. Humphrey, Jill (2000). 'Researching Disability Politics, or, Some Problems with the Social Model in Practice', Disability and Society, 15(1):63-85.
167. Hunter, David, and Stephen Harrison (1997). 'Democracy, Accountability and Consumerism', in Healthy Choices: Future Options for the NHS, S. Iliffe and J. F. Munro (eds.). London: Lawrence & Wishart.
168. Issues Deliberation Australia (2001). Group Discussion Outline: 'Australia Deliberates:Reconciliation-Where to From Here?' Adelaide.
169. Iyengar, Shanto (1996). 'Framing Responsibility for Political Issues', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546:59-70.
170. Jacobs, Lawrence, Theodore R. Marmor, and Jonathan Oberlander (1999). 'The Oregon Health Plan and the Political Paradox of Rationing: What Advocates and Critics Have Claimed and What Oregon Did', Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 24(1):161-80.
171. Jefferson Center (1998). The Citizens Jury: Effective Public Participation. Minneapolis:Jefferson Center for New Democratic Processes.
172. John, Peter (1998). Analysing Public Policy. London: Continuum.
173. Jorgenson, Jane (1991). 'Co-constructing the Interviewer/Co-constructing "Family"', in Research and Reflexivity, F. Steier (ed.). London: Sage.
174. Joss, Simon and John Durant (eds.) (1995). Public Participation in Science: The Role of Consensus Conferences in Europe. London: Science Museum.
175. Judge, David (1999). Representation: Theory and Practice in Britain. London: Routledge.
176. Kateb, George (1992). The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
177. Kavanagh, Dennis (1987). Thatcherism and British Politics: The End of Consensus? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
178. Kellner, Douglas (1995). Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics between the Modern and the Postmodern. London: Routledge.
179. Kerbel, Matthew, Sumaiya Apee, and Marc Ross (2000). 'PBS Ain't so Different: Public Broadcasting, Election Frames, and Democratic Empowerment', Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5(4):8-32.
180. Kerr, Peter and David Marsh (1999). 'Explaining Thatcherism: Towards a Multidimensional Approach', in Postwar British Politics in Perspective, D. Marsh (ed.). Cambridge: Blackwell.
181. Kingdon, John W. (1984). Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. Boston: Little, Brown.
182. Klein, Rudolf (1990). 'The State and the Profession: The Politics of the Double Bed', British Medical Journal, 301(6754):700-2.
183. Klein, Rudolf (2000). The New Politics of the NHS, 4th edn. Harlow: Prentice-Hall.
184. Klein, Rudolf, Patricia Day, and Sharon Redmayne (1996). Managing Scarcity: Priority Setting and Rationing in the National Health Service. Buckingham: Open University Press.
185. Klein, Rudolf and Janet Lewis (1976). The Politics of Consumer Representation: A Study of Community Health Councils. London: Centre for Studies in Social Policy.
186. Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Richard Hofferbert, and Ian Budge (1994). Parties, Politics and Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
187. Kobach, Kris (1997). 'Spurn Thy Neighbour: Direct Democracy and Swiss Isolationism', West European Politics, 20(3):185-211.
188. Koch, Jeffrey W. (1995). Social Reference Groups and Political Life. Lanham: University Press of America.
189. Kogan, Maurice and Katherine Bowden (1975). Educational Policy-making: A Study of Interest Groups and Parliament. London: Allen & Unwin.
190. Kukathas, Chandran (1996). 'Liberalism, Communitarianism, and Political Community', in The Communitarian Challenge to Liberalism, E. F. Paul, F. D. Miller and J. Paul (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
191. Kuran, Timur (1998). 'Insincere Deliberation and Democratic Failure', Critical Review, 12(4):530-44.
192. Kymlicka, Will (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
193. Lane, Jan-Erik (1987). Bureaucracy and Public Choice. London: Sage.
194. Langer, John (1998). Tabloid Television: Popular Journalism and the 'Other News'. London: Routledge.
195. Larmore, Charles (1987). Patterns of Moral Complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
196. Le Grand, Julian and Will Bartlett (1993). Quasi-markets and Social Policy. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
197. Lenaghan, Jo (1999). 'Involving the Public in Rationing Decisions: The Experience of Citizens' Juries', Health Policy, 49(1-2):45-61.
198. Lenaghan, Jo, Bill New, and Elizabeth Mitchell (1996). 'Setting Priorities: Is There a Role for Citizens' Juries?' British Medical Journal, 312(7046):1591-4.
199. Letters to the Editor (1999). 'Hospital's Only Fault Is in Being too Popular', Leicester Mercury, 26 November 1999.
200. Lewis, Richard S. (1974). The Voyages of Apollo: The Exploration of the Moon. New York:Quadrangle.
201. Lijphart, Arend and Bernard Grofman (1984). Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives. New York: Praeger.
202. Lindblom, Charles E. (1965). The Intelligence of Democracy: Decision Making Through Mutual Adjustment. New York: Free Press.
203. Lindenmann, Walter (1997). 'Setting Minimum Standards for Public Relations Effectiveness', Public Relations Review, 23(4):391-408.
204. Lipset, Seymour M. (1984). 'Social Conflict, Legitimacy and Democracy', in Legitimacy and the State, W. Connolly (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
205. Luban, David (2002). 'The Publicity of Law and the Regulatory State', Journal of Political Philosophy, 10(3):296-316.
206. Luskin, Robert, James S. Fishkin, and Roger Jowell (2002). 'Considered Opinions:Deliberative Polling in Britain', British Journal of Political Science, 32(3):455-87.
207. Macedo, Stephen (1999). Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement. New York: Oxford University Press.
208. MacGregor, Brent (1997). Live, Direct, and Biased? Making Television News in the Satellite Age. London: Arnold.
209. Mackie, Gerry (2002). 'Does Democratic Deliberation Change Minds?' Paper presented at Democratic Theory: The Canberra Papers, Australian National University, Canberra.
210. Mackie, Gerry (2003). Democracy Defended. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
211. Majone, Giandomenico (1989). Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
212. Manin, Bernard (1987). 'On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation', Political Theory, 15(3):338-68.
213. Manin, Bernard (1997). The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
214. Mansbridge, Jane (1992). 'A Deliberative Theory of Interest Representation', in The Politics of Interests: Interest Groups Transformed, M. Petracca (ed.). Boulder, CO:Westview Press.
215. Mansbridge, Jane (1998). 'The Many Faces of Representation', in Working Papers on Political Theory and Ethics, 98-17. Cambridge, MA: Politics Research Group, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
216. Mansbridge, Jane (1999). 'Everyday Talk in the Deliberative System', in Deliberative Politics: Essays on 'Democracy and Disagreement', S. Macedo, (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
217. March, James G. and Herbert Simon (1958). Organizations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
218. March, James G. and Johan P Olsen (1995). Democratic Governance. New York: Free Press.
219. Marmor, Theodore R. (1994). Understanding Health Care Reform. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
220. May, J. D. (1978). 'Defining Democracy', Political Studies, 26:1-14.
221. McAdam, Doug (2000). 'Movement Strategy and Dramaturgic Framing in Democratic States: The Case of the American Civil Rights Movement', in Deliberation, Democracy and the Media, S. Chambers and A. Costain (eds.). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
222. McIver, Shirley (1997). An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme. Birmingham: Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham.
223. McLean, Iain (1987). Public Choice. Oxford: Blackwell.
224. McLuhan, Marshall (1987). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. London: ARK Paperbacks.
225. Milburn, Alan (2001). Shifting the Balance of Power in the NHS: Speech at the Launch of the NHS Modernisation Agency. Available at vNg%2B0G; accessed 14 June 2003.
226. Milewa, Timothy, Justin Valentine, and Michael Calnan (1998). 'Managerialism and Active Citizenship in Britain's Reformed Health Service: Power and Community in an Era of Decentralisation', Social Science and Medicine, 47(4):507-17.
227. Milewa, Timothy, Justin Valentine, and Michael Calnan (1999). 'Community Participation and Citizenship in British Health Care Planning: Narratives of Power and Involvement in the Changing Welfare State', Sociology of Health and Illness, 21(4):445-65.
228. Mill, John Stuart (1974). On Liberty. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
229. Miller, David (1992). 'Deliberative Democracy and Social Choice', Political Studies, 40 (Special Issue):54-67.
230. Moran, Michael (1999). Governing the Health Care State: A Comparative Study of the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
231. Mort, Maggie, Stephen Harrison, and Gerald Wistow (1996). 'The User Card: Picking through the Organisational Undergrowth in Health and Social Care', Contemporary Political Studies, 2:1133-40.
232. Moscovici, Serge (1985). 'Social Influence and Conformity', in Handbook of Social Psychology, G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds.). New York: Random House.
233. Mouffe, Chantal (1999). 'Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?' Social Research, 66(3):745-58.
234. Mullen, Penelope (2000). 'Public Involvement in Health Care Priority Setting: Are the Methods Appropriate and Valid?' in The Global Challenge of Health Care Rationing, A. Coulter and C. Ham (eds.). Buckingham: Open University Press.
235. Nagel, Thomas (1991). Equality and Partiality. New York: Oxford University Press.
236. Negrine, Ralph (1989). Politics and the Mass Media in Britain. London: Routledge.
237. Neuman, Johanna (1996). Lights, Camera, War: Is Media Technology Driving International Politics? New York: St Martin's Press.
238. Neuman, W. Russell (1986). The Paradox of Mass Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
239. New, Bill (ed.) (1997). Rationing: Talk and Action in Health Care. London: BMJ Publishing.
240. NHS Management Executive (1992). Local Voices: The Views of Local People in Purchasing for Health. London: Department of Health.
241. NICE (2002). UK's First Citizens Council Being Established by NICE (press release). London: NHS National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
242. Niemeyer, Simon (2004). 'Deliberation in the Wilderness: Displacing Symbolic Politics', Environmental Politics, 13(2):347-72.
243. Norris, Pippa (2000). A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Post Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
244. Norris, Pippa (ed.) (1997). Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
245. North Down Borough Council (1998). Letter to Eastern Health and Social Services Council, 24 September 1998. Northern Ireland Act. United Kingdom Parliament, 1998.
246. O'Neill, John (1998). 'Rhetoric, Science and Philosophy', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 28(2):205-25.
247. O'Neill, John (2001). 'Representing People, Representing Nature, Representing the World', Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 19(4):483-500.
248. O'Neill, Shane (2000). 'The Politics of Inclusive Agreements: Towards a Critical Discourse Theory of Democracy', Political Studies, 48:503-21.
249. ODPM (1999). Making the Difference: A New Start for England's Coalfield Communities. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Available at odpm.gov.uk/programmes/coalfields/report/index.htm; accessed 1 August 2001.
250. Oliver, Michael (1990). The Politics of Disablement. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
251. Olson, Mancur (1965). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
252. OPM (2000). Leicestershire Health Citizens' Panel. London: Office for Public Management.
253. Outhwaite, William (1994). Habermas: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press.
254. Page, Benjamin I. (1996). Who Deliberates? Mass Media in Modern Democracy. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
255. Park, Alison, Roger Jowell, and Suzi McPherson (1998). The Future of the National Health Service: Results from a Deliberative Poll. London: Social and Community Planning Research.
256. Parkinson, John (2001a). 'Deliberative Democracy and Referendums', in Challenges to Democracy: Ideas, Involvement and Institutions, K. M. Dowding, J. Hughes, and H. Margetts (eds.). London: Palgrave.
257. Parkinson, John (2001b). 'Who Knows Best? The Creation of the Citizen-initiated Referendum in New Zealand', Government and Opposition, 36(3):403-21.
258. Parkinson, John (forthcoming) 'Of Scale and Strawmen: A Reply to Fishkin and Luskin', British Journal of Political Science, 36(1) 2006:189-91.
259. Parsons, Wayne (1995). Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
260. Pateman, Carole (1970). Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
261. Pateman, Carole (1971). 'Political Culture, Political Structure and Political Change', British Journal of Political Science, 1:291-305.
262. Pennock, J. Roland (1968). 'Political Representation: An Overview', in Representation:Nomos 10, J. R. Pennock and J. W. Chapman (eds.). New York: Atherton Press.
263. Peterson, R A. (1992). 'Understanding Audience Segmentation: From Elite and Mass to Omnivore and Univore', Poetics, 21(4):243-58.
264. Pettit, Philip (1996). 'Institutional Design and Rational Choice', in The Theory of Institutional Design, R. Goodin (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
265. Phillips, Anne (1993). Democracy and Difference. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University.
266. Phillips, Anne (1994). 'Dealing with Difference: A Politics of Ideas of a Politics of Presence?' Constellations, 1(1):74-91.
267. Phillips, Anne (1995). The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
268. Phillips, David (1980). 'The Creation of Consultative Councils in the NHS', Public Administration, 58(1):47-66.
269. Pickard, Susan (1998). 'Citizenship and Consumerism in Health Care: A Critique of Citizens' Juries', Social Policy and Administration, 32(3):226-44.
270. Pitkin, Hanna (1967). The Concept of Representation. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA:University of California Press.
271. Plato, and Michael C. Stokes (1997). Apology of Socrates. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.
272. Poggi, G (1978). The Development of the Modern State. London: Hutchinson.
273. Pollitt, Christopher (1993). Managerialism and the Public Services, 2nd edn. Oxford:Blackwell.
274. Pollitt, Christopher Stephen Harrison, David Hunter, and Gordon Marnoch (1991). 'General Management in the NHS: The Initial Impact 1983-88', Public Administration, 69 (Spring):61-83.
275. Pratchett, Lawrence (2004). 'Local Autonomy, Local Democracy and the 'New Localism'', Political Studies, 52(2):358-75.
276. Pressman, Jeffrey and Aaron Wildavsky (1979). Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland, 2nd edn. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
277. Pretty, Jules, Rachel Hine, and Katharine Deighton (1999). Participatory Appraisal for Community Assessment: Principles and Methods. Colchester: Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex. Available at accessed 19 August 2005.
278. Rawls, John (1996). Political Liberalism, 2nd edn. New York: Columbia University Press.
279. Rawls, John (1997). 'The idea of Public Reason Revisited', University of Chicago Law Review, 94:765-807.
280. Raz, Joseph (1986). The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
281. Rehg, William and James Bohman (1996). 'Discourse and Democracy: The Formal and Informal Bases of Legitimacy in Habermas' Faktizität und Geltung', Journal of Political Philosophy, 4(1):79-99.
282. Remer, Gary (2000). 'Two Models of Deliberation: Oratory and Conversation in Ratifying the Constitution', Journal of Political Philosophy, 8(1):68-90.
283. Renn, Ortwin, Thomas Webler, Horst Rakel, Peter Dienel, and Branden Johnson (1993). 'Public Participation in Decision Making: A Three-step Procedure', Policy Sciences, 26:189-214.
284. Renn, Ortwin, Thomas Webler and Peter M. Wiedemann (1995). Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
285. Richardson, J. J. and A. G. Jordan (1979). Governing under Pressure: The Policy Process in a Post-parliamentary Democray. Oxford: Robertson.
286. Ridgeway, Cecilia L (1983). The Dynamics of Small Groups. New York: St Martin's Press.
287. Riker, William H. (1982). Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
288. Rorty, Richard (1998). 'Human Rights, Rationality and Sentimentality', in Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers, Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
289. Rowe, Rosemary, and M. Shepherd (2002). 'Public Participation in the New NHS: No Closer to Citizen Control?' Social Policy and Administration, 36(3):275-90.
290. Rudestam, Kjell Erik (1982). Experiential Groups in Theory and Practice. Monterey, CA:Brooks/Cole.
291. Ryfe, David M. (2002). 'The Practice of Deliberative Democracy: A Study of 16 Deliberative Organizations', Political Communication, 19:359-77.
292. Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.) (1999). Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
293. Sanders, Lynn (1997). 'Against Deliberation', Political Theory, 25(3):347-76.
294. Sartori, Giovanni (1987). The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
295. Saward, Michael (1998). The Terms of Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
296. Saward, Michael (2003a). 'Enacting Democracy', Political Studies, 51(1):161-79.
297. Saward, Michael (2003b). 'The Representative Claim'. Paper presented at European Consortium of Political Research Joint Sessions:27 March-2 April 2003, University of Edinburgh.
298. Scalmer, Sean (2002). Dissent Events: Protest, the Media and the Political Gimmick in Australia. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
299. Schaar, John H. (1984). 'Legitimacy in the Modern State', in Legitimacy and the State, W. Connolly (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
300. Schick, Allen (1996). The Spirit of Reform: Managing the New Zealand State Sector in a Time of Change. Wellington: State Services Commission.
301. Schlosberg, David (1995). 'Communicative Action in Practice: Intersubjectivity and New Social Movements', Political Studies, 43:291-311.
302. Schlosberg, David (1999). Environmental Justice and the New Pluralism: The Challenge of Difference for Environmentalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
303. Schön, Donald and Martin Rein (1994). Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies. New York: Basic Books.
304. Schratz, Michael and Rob Walker (1995). Research as Social Change: New Opportunities for Qualitative Research. London: Routledge.
305. Schudson, Michael (1996). 'The Sociology of News Production Revisited', in Mass Media and Society, J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds.). London: Arnold.
306. Schudson, Michael (1999). The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
307. Schultze, Charles (1977). The Public Use of Private Interest. Washington: Brookings Institution.
308. SCPR (1998). Deliberative Poll: The Future of the National Health Service-Project Instructions. London: Social and Community Planning Research.
309. Secretary of State for Health (1997). The New NHS: Modern, Dependable. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
310. Secretary of State for Health (2000a). Have Your Say on a Better NHS: Creating a 21st Century NHS (postcard). London: Department of Health.
311. Secretary of State for Health (2000b). The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, a Plan for Reform. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
312. Shackley, Phil and Mandy Ryan (1994). 'What Is the Role of the Consumer in Health Care?' Journal of Social Policy, 23(4):517-41.
313. Shakespeare, Tom (1993). 'Disabled People's Self-organisation: A New Social Movement?' Disability, Handicap and Society, 8(3):249-64.
314. Shapiro, Ian (1999). 'Enough of Deliberation: Politics is about Interests and Power', in Deliberative Politics: Essays on 'Democracy and Disagreement', S. Macedo (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
315. Shapiro, Ian (2003). The State of Democratic Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
316. Smith, Graham and Corinne Wales (1999). 'Citizenship and Locality: The Theory and Practice of Citizens' Juries', Policy and Politics, 27(3):295-308.
317. Smith, Graham (2000). 'Citizens' Juries and Deliberative Democracy', Political Studies 48(1):51-65.
318. Spragens, Thomas A. (1990). Reason and Democracy. Durham: Duke University Press.
319. Squires, Judith (1999). 'Group Representation, Deliberation and the Displacement of Dichtomies'. Paper presented at Innovation in Democratic Theory: European Consortium of Political Research Annual Joint Sessions, 26-31 March 1999, Mannheim.
320. Squires, Judith (2003). 'Representation and the Knowledge Economy'. Paper Presented at European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions, 27 March-2 April 2003, University of Edinburgh.
321. Staff reporter (2000). 'Community Health Council Replacement "is Undemocratic"', Daily Telegraph, 28 December 2000.
322. Stewart, John, Elizabeth Kendall, and Anna Coote (1994). Citizens' Juries. London:Institute for Public Policy Research.
323. Stokes, Geoffrey (ed.) (1997). The Politics of Identity in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
324. Stokes, Susan C. (1998). 'Pathologies of Deliberation', in Deliberative Democracy, J. Elster (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
325. Stone, Douglas, Bruce Patton, and Sheila Heen (2000). Difficult Conversations. Harmondsworth: Penguin/Harvard Negotiation Project.
326. Street, John (2001). Mass Media, Politics and Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
327. Sunstein, Cass (2001). Republic.com. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
328. Tenbensel, Tim (2002). 'Interpreting Public Input into Priority-setting: The Role of Mediating Institutions', Health Policy, 62(2):173-94.
329. Thompson, Dennis F. (2002). Just Elections: Creating a Fair Electoral Process in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
330. Threkeld, Simon (1998). 'A Blueprint for Democratic Law-making: Give Citizen Juries the Final Say', Social Policy, 28(4):5-9.
331. Tiffen, Rodney (1989). News and Power. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
332. Tilly, Charles (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. New York: Random House.
333. Truman, David (1955). The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion. New York: Knopf.
334. Uhr, John (1998). Deliberative Democracy in Australia: The Changing Place of Parliament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
335. Urbinati, Nadia (2000). 'Representation as Advocacy: A Study of Democratic Deliberation', Political Theory, 28(6):758-86.
336. van Eijck, Koen, and Kees van Rees (2000). 'Media Orientation and Media Use: Television Viewing Behavior of Specific Reader Types from 1975 to 1995', Communication Research, 27(5):574-616.
337. Verba, Sidney, and Norman Nie (1972). Participation in America. New York: Harper & Row.
338. Walzer, Michael (1981). 'Philosophy and Democracy', Political Theory, 9(3):379-99.
339. Walzer, Michael (1999). 'Deliberation, and What Else?' in Deliberative Politics: Essays on 'Democracy and Disagreement', S. Macedo (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
340. Weale, Albert (1999). Democracy. New York: St Martin's Press.
341. Weber, Max, Guenther Roth, and Claus Wittich (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
342. Webler, Thomas (1995). ' "Right" Discourse in Citizen Participation: An Evaluative Yardstick', in Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse, O. Renn, T. Webler and P. M. Wiedemann (eds.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
343. Webster, Charles (1988). Problems of Health Care: The National Health Service before 1957, Peacetime History. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
344. Webster, Charles (2002). The National Health Service: A Political History, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
345. Wilcox, Louise (2000). Community Consultation: Reconfiguration of Acute Services in Leicester. Leicester: Centre for Social Action, De Montfort University, commissioned by the Leicestershire Community Health Council.
346. Williams, Melissa S. (1998). Voice, Trust and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
347. Wood, Bruce (2000). Patient Power? The Politics of Patients' Associations in Britain and America. Buckingham: Open University Press.
348. Wright, Katharine (1998). The NHS White Papers. London: Social Policy Section, House of Commons Library.
349. Yin, Robert K. (1984). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
350. Young, Iris Marion (1996). 'Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy', in Democracy and Difference, S. Benhabib (ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
351. Young, Iris Marion (1999). 'Justice, Inclusion, and Deliberative Democracy', in Deliberative Politics: Essays on 'Democracy and Disagreement', S. Macedo (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
352. Young, Iris Marion (2000). Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
353. Young, Iris Marion (2001). 'Activist Challenges to Deliberative Democracy', Political Theory, 29(5):670-90.
354. Zaller, John (2003). 'A New Standard for Judging News Quality: Burglar Alarms for the Monitorial Citizen', Political Communication, 20(2):109-30.