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We would like to thank Susan Stephenson, David Owen and James Connelly for their comments and suggestions, as well as participants at the MANCEPT and ECPR conferences where a version of this paper was presented.
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N. Crosby, 'Citizen Juries: One Solution for Difficult Environmental Questions' in Renn et al., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation; 'Trustworthy democratic facilitation', manuscript. Minneapolis: Jefferson Center, 1996; 'Creating an authentic voice for the people', paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association (1996); Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries.
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N. Crosby, 'Citizen Juries: One Solution for Difficult Environmental Questions' in Renn et al., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation; 'Trustworthy democratic facilitation', manuscript. Minneapolis: Jefferson Center, 1996; 'Creating an authentic voice for the people', paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association (1996); Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries.
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N. Crosby, 'Citizen Juries: One Solution for Difficult Environmental Questions' in Renn et al., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation; 'Trustworthy democratic facilitation', manuscript. Minneapolis: Jefferson Center, 1996; 'Creating an authentic voice for the people', paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association (1996); Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries.
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P. Dienel, 'Contributing to Social Decision Methodology: Citizen Reports on Technology Projects'; P. Dienel, 'Das "Burgergutachten" und seine Nebenwirkungen' (transl. Corinne Wales as 'The "Citizens Report" and its wider effects'), Forum fur Interdisziplinare Forschung, 17 (1996), 113-35; P. Dienel and O. Renn, 'Planning Cells: a Gate to "Fractal" Mediation', in Renn et al., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation; J. Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries.
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P. Dienel, 'Contributing to Social Decision Methodology: Citizen Reports on Technology Projects'; P. Dienel, 'Das "Burgergutachten" und seine Nebenwirkungen' (transl. Corinne Wales as 'The "Citizens Report" and its wider effects'), Forum fur Interdisziplinare Forschung, 17 (1996), 113-35; P. Dienel and O. Renn, 'Planning Cells: a Gate to "Fractal" Mediation', in Renn et al., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation; J. Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries.
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For a discussion and evaluation of some of these pilots, see Coote and Lenaghan, Citizens' Juries: Theory into Practice; D. Hall and J. Stewart, Citizens' Juries in Local Government: Report from the LGMB on Pilot Projects. Luton: LGMB, 1997; S. McIver, An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme. Birmingham: Health Services Management Centre, 1997; R. Kuper, 'Deliberating waste: the Hertfordshire Citizens' Jury', Local Environment, 2 (1997), 139-53.
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Coote1
Lenaghan2
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Luton: LGMB
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For a discussion and evaluation of some of these pilots, see Coote and Lenaghan, Citizens' Juries: Theory into Practice; D. Hall and J. Stewart, Citizens' Juries in Local Government: Report from the LGMB on Pilot Projects. Luton: LGMB, 1997; S. McIver, An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme. Birmingham: Health Services Management Centre, 1997; R. Kuper, 'Deliberating waste: the Hertfordshire Citizens' Jury', Local Environment, 2 (1997), 139-53.
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Hall, D.1
Stewart, J.2
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Birmingham: Health Services Management Centre
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For a discussion and evaluation of some of these pilots, see Coote and Lenaghan, Citizens' Juries: Theory into Practice; D. Hall and J. Stewart, Citizens' Juries in Local Government: Report from the LGMB on Pilot Projects. Luton: LGMB, 1997; S. McIver, An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme. Birmingham: Health Services Management Centre, 1997; R. Kuper, 'Deliberating waste: the Hertfordshire Citizens' Jury', Local Environment, 2 (1997), 139-53.
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An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme
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McIver, S.1
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Deliberating waste: The Hertfordshire citizens' jury'
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For a discussion and evaluation of some of these pilots, see Coote and Lenaghan, Citizens' Juries: Theory into Practice; D. Hall and J. Stewart, Citizens' Juries in Local Government: Report from the LGMB on Pilot Projects. Luton: LGMB, 1997; S. McIver, An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme. Birmingham: Health Services Management Centre, 1997; R. Kuper, 'Deliberating waste: the Hertfordshire Citizens' Jury', Local Environment, 2 (1997), 139-53.
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Local Environment
, vol.2
, pp. 139-153
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Kuper, R.1
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85
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0001942895
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London: IPPR, So far, two pilot women's juries have been run
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Speech given by Joan Ruddock at the IPPR Symposium on citizens' juries and other methods of public involvement (July 1997). See C. Delap, Making Better Decisions. London: IPPR, 1998, pp. 20-1. So far, two pilot women's juries have been run.
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(1998)
Making Better Decisions
, pp. 20-21
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Delap, C.1
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90
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'The citizens' jury model of public participation: A critical evaluation
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Renn et al.
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A. Armour, 'The Citizens' Jury Model of Public Participation: A Critical Evaluation' in Renn et al., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation, p. 180.
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Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation
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Armour, A.1
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93
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New York: Basic
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J. Abramson, We, The Jury. New York: Basic, 1994, p. 141.
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We, The Jury
, pp. 141
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Abramson, J.1
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95
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0003775937
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Although Dienel does not use a quota system, random selection appears to generate a range of citizens quite similar in characteristics to those chosen by Crosby. See Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries, pp. 23-4. On this issue, deliberative opinion polling has an advantage over juries in that around 300 citizens are brought together to deliberate. However, citizens are not engaged in collective decision making - rather their post-deliberative votes are aggregated. See Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation and The Voice of the People.
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Citizens' Juries
, pp. 23-24
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Stewart1
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96
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0001722467
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Although Dienel does not use a quota system, random selection appears to generate a range of citizens quite similar in characteristics to those chosen by Crosby. See Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries, pp. 23-4. On this issue, deliberative opinion polling has an advantage over juries in that around 300 citizens are brought together to deliberate. However, citizens are not engaged in collective decision making -rather their post-deliberative votes are aggregated. See Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation and The Voice of the People.
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Democracy and Deliberation and The Voice of the People
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Fishkin1
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97
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0004289224
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Fishkin contends that: 'Amazingly little serious work in political theory has been done on this problem'. See Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation, p. 78.
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Democracy and Deliberation
, pp. 78
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Fishkin1
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99
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0004343502
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In the UK, one of the major critics of citizens' juries, the Association for Community Health Councils for England and Wales, has argued that health authorities may well manipulate the process, 'where questions are set and witnesses chosen … in order to influence the jury's decision'
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Crosby, Trustworthy democratic facilitation', p. 161. In the UK, one of the major critics of citizens' juries, the Association for Community Health Councils for England and Wales, has argued that health authorities may well manipulate the process, 'where questions are set and witnesses chosen … in order to influence the jury's decision'. See McIver, An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme, p. 69.
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Trustworthy Democratic Facilitation'
, pp. 161
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Crosby1
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100
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Crosby, Trustworthy democratic facilitation', p. 161. In the UK, one of the major critics of citizens' juries, the Association for Community Health Councils for England and Wales, has argued that health authorities may well manipulate the process, 'where questions are set and witnesses chosen … in order to influence the jury's decision'. See McIver, An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme, p. 69.
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An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme
, pp. 69
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McIver1
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102
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0002369988
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May the sheep safely graze? A reflexive view of the expert-lay knowledge divide
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S. Lash, B. Szerszynski and B. Wynne (eds), London: Sage, See also Hunold and Young, 'Justice, democracy and hazardous siting' - they argue that such problems can be countered if the deliberative criteria of inclusiveness and equality of resources are respected
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B. Wynne, 'May the Sheep Safely Graze? A Reflexive View of the Expert-Lay Knowledge Divide' in S. Lash, B. Szerszynski and B. Wynne (eds), Risk, Environment and Modernity: towards a New Ecology. London: Sage, 1996. See also Hunold and Young, 'Justice, democracy and hazardous siting' - they argue that such problems can be countered if the deliberative criteria of inclusiveness and equality of resources are respected.
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(1996)
Risk, Environment and Modernity: Towards A New Ecology
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Wynne, B.1
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103
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0003414310
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In the pilots run by the King's Fund all the charges put to lay people for consideration were changed in some way
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McIver, An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme, p. 68. In the pilots run by the King's Fund all the charges put to lay people for consideration were changed in some way.
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An Evaluation of the King's Fund Citizens' Juries Programme
, pp. 68
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McIver1
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104
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This freedom can create tensions between juries, moderators and the sponsoring body. See Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries, p. 22.
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Citizens' Juries
, pp. 22
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Stewart1
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105
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85018085566
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note
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Noted by Jo Lenaghan after the ABI jury (14-19 November 1997).
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106
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0004263055
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(manuscript). London: King's Fund Policy Institute
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S. Davies and B. Sang, 'Perfect strangers' (manuscript). London: King's Fund Policy Institute, 1997, p. 15.
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Perfect Strangers
, pp. 15
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Davies, S.1
Sang, B.2
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107
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0001714440
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The publicity principle
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R. E. Goodin (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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On the importance of publicity in the design of democratic institutions, see D. Luban, 'The Publicity Principle' in R. E. Goodin (ed.), The Theory of Institutional Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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(1996)
The Theory of Institutional Design
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Luban, D.1
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112
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0003775937
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Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries, p. 10. See also Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation, pp. 92-3.
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Citizens' Juries
, pp. 10
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Stewart1
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116
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85018088155
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note
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The drive toward some notion of consensus or at least a decision outcome by strong moderation was clearly evident in a jury observed by one of the authors. The subsequent evaluation report of one black juror, who throughout the proceedings had tried to express some misgivings, conveys her feelings of marginalization: 'I would have liked to hear other ethnic minorities' views in the Jury. As I am the only black female it was hard to get my views across … the minorities have no significant [voice] in the final decisions' (from juror evaluation form, ITC Jury, 1997). In the Camden Jury, the evaluation reports revealed that some jurors felt they were being 'pushed towards an agreement' (Camden Jury evaluation form, 1997).
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117
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0000365342
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Communication and the other: Beyond deliberative democracy
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Benhabib
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I. M. Young, 'Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy' in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference, p. 126: Mansbridge, Beyond Adversarial Democracy, p. 5.
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Democracy and Difference
, pp. 126
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Young, I.M.1
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118
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I. M. Young, 'Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy' in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference, p. 126: Mansbridge, Beyond Adversarial Democracy, p. 5.
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Beyond Adversarial Democracy
, pp. 5
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Mansbridge1
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122
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Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries, p. 25. For similar findings in deliberative opinion polling, see Fishkin, The Voice of the People, p. 168.
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Citizens' Juries
, pp. 25
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Stewart1
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123
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0003392376
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Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries, p. 25. For similar findings in deliberative opinion polling, see Fishkin, The Voice of the People, p. 168.
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The Voice of the People
, pp. 168
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Fishkin1
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128
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85018076518
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This practice was originally developed by Dienel. See Stewart et al., Citizens' Juries, pp. 47.
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Citizens' Juries
, pp. 47
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