PPARs signaling and cancer in the gastrointestinal system

PPAR Research

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Pazienza, Valerio ^a   Vinciguerra, Manlio ^b   Mazzoccoli, Gianluigi ^a  

^a CASA SOLLIEVO DELLA SOFFERENZA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b Institute of Hepatology   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; BEZAFIBRATE; GEMCITABINE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA AGONIST; PIOGLITAZONE; ROSIGLITAZONE; TROGLITAZONE;

CANCER THERAPY; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; PANCREAS CANCER; REVIEW;

EID: 84867344609     PISSN: 16874757     EISSN: 16874765     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/560846     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Issemann I., Green S., Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 1990 347 6294 645 650 2-s2.0-0025132245 10.1038/347645a0 (Pubitemid 20356241)
2. Dreyer C., Krey G., Keller H., Givel F., Helftenbein G., Wahli W., Control of the peroxisomal β -oxidation pathway by a novel family of nuclear hormone receptors. Cell 1992 68 5 879 887 2-s2.0-0026517010 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90031-7
3. Escher P., Wahli W., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Insight into multiple cellular functions. Mutation Research 2000 448 2 121 138 2-s2.0-0034678088 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00231-6 (Pubitemid 30139449)
4. Mangelsdorf D. J., Borgmeyer U., Heyman R. A., Yang Zhou J., Ong E. S., Oro A. E., Kakizuka A., Evans R. M., Characterization of three RXR genes that mediate the action of 9-cis retinoic acid. Genes and Development 1992 6 3 329 344 2-s2.0-0026597950
5. Panigrahy D., Kaipainen A., Kieran M. W., Huang S., PPARs: a double-edged sword in cancer yherapy? PPAR Research 2008 2008 2 2-s2.0-68149170011 10.1155/2008/350351 350351
6. Yu S., Reddy J. K., Transcription coactivators for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2007 1771 8 936 951 2-s2.0-34547604561 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.01.008 (Pubitemid 47198542)
7. Xu W., Charoensuksai P., PPARs in rhythmic metabolic regulation and implications in health and disease. PPAR Research 2010 2010 9 2-s2.0-77957964389 10.1155/2010/243643 243643
8. Eibl G., The role of PPAR- γ and its interaction with COX-2 in pancreatic cancer. PPAR Research 2008 2008 6 2-s2.0-47349128912 10.1155/2008/326915 326915 (Pubitemid 352000624)
9. Yang K., Fan K. H., Lamprecht S. A., Edelmann W., Kopelovich L., Kucherlapati R., Lipkin M., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist troglitazone induces colon tumors in normal C57BL/6J mice and enhances colonic carcinogenesis in Apc1638 N/+ Mlh1+/- double mutant mice. International Journal of Cancer 2005 116 4 495 499 2-s2.0-23244466054 10.1002/ijc.21018 (Pubitemid 41099183)
10. Pino M. V., Kelley M. F., Jayyosi Z., Promotion of colon tumors in C57BL/6J-APCmin/+ mice by thiazolidinedione PPAR γ agonists and a structurally unrelated PPAR γ agonist. Toxicologic Pathology 2004 32 1 58 63 2-s2.0-1342345118 10.1080/01926230490261320 (Pubitemid 38249992)
11. Voutsadakis I. A., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ) and colorectal carcinogenesis. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 2007 133 12 917 928 2-s2.0-35248869149 10.1007/s00432-007- 0277-y (Pubitemid 47561718)
12. Bassaganya-Riera J., Carter A. B., Misyak S. A., Hontecillas R., Dietary modulation of inflammation-induced colorectal cancer through PPAR γ PPAR Research 2009 2009 9 2-s2.0-65649097310 10.1155/2009/498352 498352
13. Peters J. M., Shah Y. M., Gonzalez F. J., The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Nature Reviews Cancer 2012 12 3 181 195
14. Robbins G. T., Nie D., PPAR gamma, bioactive lipids, and cancer progression. Frontiers in Bioscience 2012 17 1816 1834 10.2741/4021
15. Lu Y. L., Li G. L., Huang H. L., Zhong J., Dai L. C., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ 34C>G polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010 16 17 2170 2175 2-s2.0-77952513134 10.3748/wjg.v16.i17.2170
16. Capaccio D., Ciccodicola A., Sabatino L., Casamassimi A., Pancione M., Fucci A., Febbraro A., Merlino A., Graziano G., Colantuoni V., A novel germline mutation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ gene associated with large intestine polyp formation and dyslipidemia. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2010 1802 6 572 581 2-s2.0-77952240564 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.01.012
17. Dai Y., Qiao L., Kwok W. C., Yang M., Ye J., Ma J., Zou B., Gu Q., Wang J., Pang R., Lan H. Y., Wong B. C. Y., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ contributes to the inhibitory effects of embelin on colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Research 2009 69 11 4776 4783 2-s2.0-66349089835 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4754
18. Qiao L., Zou B., Wong B. C. Y., Current understanding of the role of PPAR γ in gastrointestinal cancers. PPAR Research 2009 2009 8 2-s2.0-72449162567 10.1155/2009/816957 816957
19. Girnun G. D., Smith W. M., Drori S., Sarraf P., Mueller E., Eng C., Nambiar P., Rosenberg D. W., Bronson R. T., Edelmann W., Kucherlapati R., Gonzalez F. J., Spiegelman B. M., APC-dependent suppression of colon carcinogenesis by PPAR γ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002 99 21 13771 13776 2-s2.0-0037109043 10.1073/pnas.162480299 (Pubitemid 35215456)
20. Wang W., Wang R., Zhang Z., Li D., Yu Y., Enhanced PPAR- γ expression may correlate with the development of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Oncology Research 2011 19 3-4 141 147 2-s2.0-79952390934 10.3727/096504011X12935427587849
21. Ma X. M., Yu H., Huai N., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ is essential in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009 15 31 3874 3883 2-s2.0-70350518970 10.3748/wjg.15.3874
22. Yao L., Liu F., Sun L., Wu H., Guo C., Liang S., Liu L., Liu N., Han Z., Zhang H., Wu K., Fan D., Upregulation of PPAR γ in tissue with gastric carcinoma. Hybridoma 2010 29 4 341 343 2-s2.0-77955902983 10.1089/hyb.2010.0013
23. Sato H., Ishihara S., Kawashima K., Moriyama N., Suetsugu H., Kazumori H., Okuyama T., Rumi M. A. K., Fukuda R., Nagasue N., Kinoshita Y., Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ in gastric cancer and inhibitory effects of PPAR γ agonists. British Journal of Cancer 2000 83 10 1394 1400 2-s2.0-0033741281
24. Dai Y., Wang W. H., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and colorectal cancer. The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2010 2 3 159 164 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i3.159
25. Konstantinopoulos P. A., Vandoros G. P., Sotiropoulou-Bonikou G., Kominea A., Papavassiliou A. G., NF- κ B/PPAR γ and/or AP-1/PPAR γ 'on/off' switches and induction of CBP in colon adenocarcinomas: correlation with COX-2 expression. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 2007 22 1 57 68 2-s2.0-33750987072 10.1007/s00384-006-0112-y (Pubitemid 44742340)
26. Pancione M., Sabatino L., Fucci A., Carafa V., Nebbioso A., Forte N., Febbraro A., Parente D., Ambrosino C., Normanno N., Altucci L., Colantuoni V., Epigenetic silencing of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ is a biomarker for colorectal cancer progression and adverse patients' outcome. PLoS One 2010 5 12 2-s2.0-78649953952 10.1371/journal.pone.0014229 e14229
27. Sabatino L., Fucci A., Pancione M., Carafa V., Nebbioso A., Pistore C., Babbio F., Votino C., Laudanna C., Ceccarelli M., Altucci L., Bonapace I. M., Colantuoni V., UHRF1 coordinates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) epigenetic silencing and mediates colorectal cancer progression. Oncogene. In press 10.1038/onc.2012.3
28. Ban J. O., Kwak D. H., Oh J. H., Park E. J., Cho M. C., Song H. S., Song M. J., Han S. B., Moon D. C., Kang K. W., Hong J. T., Suppression of NF- κ B and GSK-3 β is involved in colon cancer cell growth inhibition by the PPAR agonist troglitazone. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2010 188 1 75 85 2-s2.0-77956172120 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.001
29. Papi A., Rocchi P., Ferreri A. M., Orlandi M., RXR γ and PPAR γ ligands in combination to inhibit proliferation and invasiveness in colon cancer cells. Cancer Letters 2010 297 1 65 74 2-s2.0-77956229623 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.04.026
30. Tsukahara T., Hanazawa S., Kobayashi T., Iwamoto Y., Murakami-Murofushi K., Cyclic phosphatidic acid decreases proliferation and survival of colon cancer cells by inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators 2010 93 3-4 126 133 2-s2.0-78149416565 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2010.09.002
31. Röhrl C., Kaindl U., Koneczny I., Hudec X., Baron D. M., König J. S., Marian B., Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors γ and β / δ mediate vascular endothelial growth factor production in colorectal tumor cells. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 2011 137 1 29 39 2-s2.0-78751632480 10.1007/s00432-010-0856-1
32. Peters J. M., Foreman J. E., Gonzalez F. J., Dissecting the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- β / δ (PPAR β / δ) in colon, breast, and lung carcinogenesis. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 2011 30 3-4 619 640 10.1007/s10555-011-9320-1
33. Foreman J. E., Chang W. C. L., Palkar P. S., Zhu B., Borland M. G., Williams J. L., Kramer L. R., Clapper M. L., Gonzalez F. J., Peters J. M., Functional characterization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- β / δ expression in colon cancer. Molecular Carcinogenesis 2011 50 11 884 900 2-s2.0-79953254901 10.1002/mc.20757
34. Yang L., Zhang H., Zhou Z. G., Yan H., Adell G., Sun X. F., Biological function and prognostic significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ in rectal cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 2011 17 11 3760 3770 2-s2.0-79957887976 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2779
35. Yang L., Olsson B., Pfeifer D., Jönsson J. I., Zhou Z. G., Jiang X., Fredriksson B. A., Zhang H., Sun X. F., Knockdown of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- β induces less differentiation and enhances cell-fibronectin adhesion of colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2010 29 4 516 526 2-s2.0-75749150060 10.1038/onc.2009.370
36. Wang D., Ning W., Xie D., Guo L., DuBois R. N., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ confers resistance to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ -induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Oncogene 2012 31 8 1013 1023 2-s2.0-79960298051 10.1038/onc.2011.299
37. Yoshinaga M., Taki K., Somada S., Sakiyama Y., Kubo N., Kaku T., Tsuruta S., Kusumoto T., Sakai H., Nakamura K., Takayanagi R., Muto Y., The expression of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and cyclooxygenase-2 in tissues is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2011 56 4 1194 1200 2-s2.0-79955632705 10.1007/s10620-010-1389-9
38. Rageul J., Mottier S., Jarry A., Shah Y., Théoleyre S., Masson D., Gonzalez F. J., Laboisse C. L., Denis M. G., KLF4-dependent, PPAR γ -induced expression of GPA33 in colon cancer cell lines. International Journal of Cancer 2009 125 12 2802 2809 2-s2.0-72449151427 10.1002/ijc.24683
39. Ripoli M., Pazienza V., Impact of HCV genetic differences on pathobiology of disease. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 2011 9 9 747 759 10.1586/eri.11.94
40. Romero-Gómez M., Del Mar Viloria M., Andrade R. J., Salmerón J., Diago M., Fernández-Rodríguez C. M., Corpas R., Cruz M., Grande L., Vázquez L., Muoz-De-Rueda P., López-Serrano P., Gila A., Gutiérrez M. L., Pérez C., Ruiz-Extremera A., Suárez E., Castillo J., Insulin resistance impairs sustained response rate to peginterferon plus ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients. Gastroenterology 2005 128 3 636 641 2-s2.0-15744381704 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.12.049 (Pubitemid 40585366)
41. Pazienza V., Vinciguerra M., Andriulli A., Mangia A., Hepatitis C virus core protein genotype 3a increases SOCS-7 expression through PPAR- γ in Huh-7 cells. Journal of General Virology 2010 91 7 1678 1686 2-s2.0-77954168704 10.1099/vir.0.020644-0
42. Dharancy S., Lemoine M., Mathurin P., Serfaty L., Dubuquoy L., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in HCV-related infection. PPAR Research 2009 2009 5 2-s2.0-65349175993 10.1155/2009/357204 357204
43. Tsujie M., Nakamori S., Okami J., Hayashi N., Hiraoka N., Nagano H., Dono K., Umeshita K., Sakon M., Monden M., Thiazolidinediones inhibit growth of gastrointestinal, biliary, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma/retinoid X receptor alpha pathway. Experimental Cell Research 2003 289 1 143 151 2-s2.0-0043163884 10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00263-5 (Pubitemid 36993844)
44. Yu H., Jove R., The stats of cancernew molecular targets come of age. Nature Reviews Cancer 2004 4 2 97 105 2-s2.0-1042302005 (Pubitemid 38198738)
45. Pazienza V., Tavano F., Benegiamo G., Vinciguerra M., Burbaci F. P., Copetti M., di Mola F. F., Andriulli A., di Sebastiano P., Correlations among PPAR γ DNMT1, and DNMT3B expression levels and pancreatic cancer. PPAR Research 2012 2012 7 461784 10. 1155/2012/461784
46. Patterson A. D., Maurhofer O., Beyoglu D., Lanz C., Krausz K. W., Pabst T., Gonzalez F. J., Dufour J. F., Idle J. R., Aberrant lipid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma revealed by plasma metabolomics and lipid profiling. Cancer Research 2011 71 21 6590 6600 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0885
47. Vacca M., Degirolamo C., Mariani-Costantini R., Palasciano G., Moschetta A., Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine 2011 3 5 562 587 2-s2.0-79961239382 10.1002/wsbm.137
48. Li G., Guo G. L., Role of class II nuclear receptors in liver carcinogenesis. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2011 11 6 529 542 2-s2.0-79959287496
49. Matsusue K., Kusakabe T., Noguchi T., Takiguchi S., Suzuki T., Yamano S., Gonzalez F. J., Hepatic steatosis in leptin-deficient mice is promoted by the PPAR γ target gene Fsp27. Cell Metabolism 2008 7 4 302 311 2-s2.0-41449098953 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.03.003 (Pubitemid 351455219)
50. van der Meer D. L. M., Degenhardt T., Väisänen S., de Groot P. J., Heinäniemi M., de Vries S. C., Müller M., Carlberg C., Kersten S., Profiling of promoter occupancy by PPAR α in human hepatoma cells via ChIP-chip analysis. Nucleic Acids Research 2010 38 9 2839 2850 2-s2.0-77953246434 10.1093/nar/gkq012 gkq012
51. Guyton K. Z., Chiu W. A., Bateson T. F., Jinot J., Scott C. S., Brown R. C., Caldwell J. C., A reexamination of the PPAR- α activation mode of action as a basis for assessing human cancer risks of environmental contaminants. Environmental Health Perspectives 2009 117 11 1664 1672 2-s2.0-74949126713 10.1289/ehp.0900758
52. Corton J. C., Evaluation of the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR α in mouse liver tumor induction by trichloroethylene and metabolites. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 2008 38 10 857 875 2-s2.0-56449124307 10.1080/10408440802209796
53. Tanaka N., Moriya K., Kiyosawa K., Koike K., Gonzalez F. J., Aoyama T., PPAR α activation is essential for HCV core protein-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2008 118 2 683 694 2-s2.0-38849184816 10.1172/JCI33594 (Pubitemid 351206557)
54. Tanaka N., Moriya K., Kiyosawa K., Koike K., Aoyama T., Hepatitis C virus core protein induces spontaneous and persistent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in transgenic mice: Implications for HCV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. International Journal of Cancer 2008 122 1 124 131 2-s2.0-36749083957 10.1002/ijc.23056 (Pubitemid 350209986)
55. Maggiora M., Oraldi M., Muzio G., Canuto R. A., Involvement of PPAR α and PPAR γ in apoptosis and proliferation of human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Cell Biochemistry and Function 2010 28 7 571 577 2-s2.0-78650458633 10.1002/cbf.1691
56. Yu J., Shen B., Chu E. S. H., Teoh N., Cheung K. F., Wu C. W., Wang S., Lam C. N. Y., Feng H., Zhao J., Cheng A. S. L., To K. F., Chan H. L. Y., Sung J. J. Y., Inhibitory role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in hepatocarcinogenesis in mice and in vitro. Hepatology 2010 51 6 2008 2019 2-s2.0-77952731389 10.1002/hep.23550
57. Zhou Y. M., Wen Y. H., Kang X. Y., Qian H. H., Yang J. M., Yin Z. F., Troglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of HepG2 human liver cancer cells. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008 14 14 2168 2173 2-s2.0-49249094597 10.3748/wjg.14.2168
58. Yamamoto Y., Ono T., Dhar D. K., Yamanoi A., Tachibana M., Tanaka T., Nagasue N., Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR γ) during liver regeneration in rats. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2008 23 6 930 937 2-s2.0-44949102554 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05370.x (Pubitemid 351806580)
59. MartíNez-LóPez N., Varela-Rey M., FernáNdez-Ramos D., Woodhoo A., VáZquez-Chantada M., Embade N., Espinosa-Hevia L., Bustamante F. J., Parada L. A., Rodriguez M. S., Lu S. C., Mato J. M., MartíNez-Chantar M. L., Activation of LKB1-Akt pathway independent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase plays a critical role in the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2010 52 5 1621 1631 2-s2.0-78049497993 10.1002/hep.23860
60. Vara D., Salazar M., Olea-Herrero N., Guzmán M., Velasco G., Díaz-Laviada I., Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy. Cell Death and Differentiation 2011 18 7 1099 1111 2-s2.0-79958809001 10.1038/cdd.2011.32
61. Bhalla K., Hwang B. J., Dewi R. E., Twaddel W., Goloubeva O. G., Wong K. K., Saxena N. K., Biswal S., Girnun G. D., Metformin prevents liver tumorigenesis by inhibiting pathways driving hepatic lipogenesis. Cancer Prevention Research 2012 5 4 544 552 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0228
62. Sozio M. S., Lu C., Zeng Y., Liangpunsakul S., Crabb D. W., Activated AMPK inhibits PPAR- α and PPAR- γ transcriptional activity in hepatoma cells. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2011 301 4 G739 G747 10.1152/ajpgi.00432.2010
63. Mueller K. M., Kornfeld J. W., Friedbichler K., Blaas L., Egger G., Esterbauer H., Hasselblatt P., Schlederer M., Haindl S., Wagner K. U., Engblom D., Haemmerle G., Kratky D., Sexl V., Kenner L., Kozlov A. V., Terracciano L., Zechner R., Schuetz G., Casanova E., Pospisilik J. A., Heim M. H., Moriggl R., Impairment of hepatic growth hormone and glucocorticoid receptor signaling causes steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Hepatology 2011 54 4 1398 1409 10.1002/hep.24509
64. Wunderlich F. T., Luedde T., Singer S., Schmidt-Supprian M., Baumgartl J., Schirmacher P., Pasparakis M., Brüning J. C., Hepatic NF- κ B essential modulator deficiency prevents obesity-induced insulin resistance but synergizes with high-fat feeding in tumorigenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 105 4 1297 1302 2-s2.0-39549101229 10.1073/pnas.0707849104 (Pubitemid 351397047)
65. Shim J., Kim B. H., Kim Y. I., Kim K. Y., Hwangbo Y., Jang J. Y., Dong S. H., Kim H. J., Chang Y. W., Chang R., The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands, pioglitazone and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2, have antineoplastic effects against hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma cells. International Journal of Oncology 2010 36 1 223 231 2-s2.0-74549184686 10.3892/ijo-00000493
66. Yamasaki D., Kawabe N., Nakamura H., Tachibana K., Ishimoto K., Tanaka T., Aburatani H., Sakai J., Hamakubo T., Kodama T., Doi T., Fenofibrate suppresses growth of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell via PPAR α -independent mechanisms. European Journal of Cell Biology 2011 90 8 657 664 2-s2.0-79955076655 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.02.005
67. Galli A., Ceni E., Mello T., Polvani S., Tarocchi M., Buccoliero F., Lisi F., Cioni L., Ottanelli B., Foresta V., Mastrobuoni G., Moneti G., Pieraccini G., Surrenti C., Milani S., Thiazolidinediones inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis B virus-transgenic mice by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ -independent regulation of nucleophosmin. Hepatology 2010 52 2 493 505 2-s2.0-77955685379 10.1002/hep.23669
68. Saito I., Miyamura T., Ohbayashi A., Harada H., Katayama T., Kikuchi S., Watanabe Y., Koi S., Onji M., Ohta Y., Choo Q. L., Houghton M., Kuo G., Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990 87 17 6547 6549 2-s2.0-0025166005
69. Dharancy S., Lemoine M., Mathurin P., Serfaty L., Dubuquoy L., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in HCV-related infection. PPAR Research 2009 2009 5 2-s2.0-65349175993 10.1155/2009/357204 357204
70. Cheng Y., Dharancy S., Malapel M., Desreumaux P., Hepatitis C virus infection down-regulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and carnitine palmitoyl acyl-CoA transferase 1A. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005 11 48 7591 7596 2-s2.0-31644451456 (Pubitemid 43168421)
71. Dharancy S., Malapel M., Perlemuter G., Roskams T., Cheng Y., Dubuquoy L., Podevin P., Conti F., Canva V., Philippe D., Gambiez L., Mathurin P., Paris J. C., Schoonjans K., Calmus Y., Pol S., Auwerx J., Desreumaux P., Impaired expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha during hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology 2005 128 2 334 342 2-s2.0-14944374003 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.016 (Pubitemid 40431087)
72. De Gottardi A., Pazienza V., Pugnale P., Bruttin F., Rubbia-Brandt L., Juge-Aubry C. E., Meier C. A., Hadengue A., Negro F., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- α and-γ mRNA levels are reduced in chronic hepatitis C with steatosis and genotype 3 infection. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006 23 1 107 114 2-s2.0-33644882808 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02729.x (Pubitemid 43381173)
73. Pazienza V., Clément S., Pugnale P., Conzelman S., Foti M., Mangia A., Negro F., The hepatitis C virus core protein of genotypes 3a and 1b downregulates insulin receptor substrate 1 through genotype-specific mechanisms. Hepatology 2007 45 5 1164 1171 2-s2.0-34248671715 10.1002/hep.21634 (Pubitemid 46775778)
74. Elgouhari H. M., Cesario K. B., Lopez R., Zein N. N., Pioglitazone improves early virologic kinetic response to PEG IFN/RBV combination therapy in hepatitis C genotype 1 naive pts. Hepatology 2008 48 article 383
75. Overbeck K., Genné D., Golay A., Negro F., Pioglitazone in chronic hepatitis C not responding to pegylated interferon- α and ribavirin. Journal of Hepatology 2008 49 2 295 298 2-s2.0-46349099383 10.1016/j.jhep.2008. 03.033
76. Negro F., Correction of insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C patients not responding to the standard of care: more questions than answers. Journal of Hepatology 2009 50 6 1271 1272 2-s2.0-67349130279 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.02.015
77. Kim K. H., Shin H. J., Kim K., Choi H. M., Rhee S. H., Moon H. B., Kim H. H., Yang U. S., Yu D. Y., Cheong J., Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Induces Hepatic Steatosis Via Transcriptional Activation of SREBP1 and PPAR γ Gastroenterology 2007 132 5 1955 1967 2-s2.0-34247637220 10.1053/j.gastro.2007. 03.039 (Pubitemid 46677949)
78. Guidotti L. G., Eggers C. M., Raney A. K., Chi S. Y., Peters J. M., Gonzalez F. J., McLachlan A., In vivo regulation of hepatitis B virus replication by peroxisome proliferators. Journal of Virology 1999 73 12 10377 10386 2-s2.0-0032710927
79. Wakui Y., Inoue J., Ueno Y., Fukushima K., Kondo Y., Kakazu E., Obara N., Kimura O., Shimosegawa T., Inhibitory effect on hepatitis B virus in vitro by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- β ligand, rosiglitazone. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2010 396 2 508 514 2-s2.0-77952743760 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.128
80. Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., Hao Y., Xu J., Thun M. J., Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2009 59 4 225 249 2-s2.0-67650874081 10.3322/caac.20006
81. Kristiansen G., Jacob J., Buckendahl A. C., Grützmann R., Alldinger I., Sipos B., Klöppel G., Bahra M., Langrehr J. M., Neuhaus P., Dietel M., Pilarsky C., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer and is associated with shorter overall survival times. Clinical Cancer Research 2006 12 21 6444 6451 2-s2.0-33751303104 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0834 (Pubitemid 44799717)
82. Hashimoto K., Farrow B. J., Evers B. M., Activation and Role of MAP Kinases in 15d-PGJ2-Induced Apoptosis in the Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line MIA PaCa-2. Pancreas 2004 28 2 153 159 2-s2.0-1442304433 10.1097/00006676- 200403000-00006 (Pubitemid 38269775)
83. Galli A., Ceni E., Crabb D. W., Mello T., Salzano R., Grappone C., Milani S., Surrenti E., Surrenti C., Casini A., Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones inhibit invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells via PPAR γ independent mechanisms. Gut 2004 53 11 1688 1697 2-s2.0-7244234089 10.1136/gut.2003.031997 (Pubitemid 39434116)
84. Motomura W., Nagamine M., Tanno S., Sawamukai M., Takahashi N., Kohgo Y., Okumura T., Inhibition of cell invasion and morphological change by troglitazone in human pancreatic cancer cells. Journal of Gastroenterology 2004 39 5 461 468 2-s2.0-3042569217 10.1007/s00535-003-1324-3 (Pubitemid 38811730)
85. Vitale G., Zappavigna S., Marra M., Dicitore A., Meschini S., Condello M., Arancia G., Castiglioni S., Maroni P., Bendinelli P., Piccoletti R., Van Koetsveld P. M., Cavagnini F., Budillon A., Abbruzzese A., Hofland L. J., Caraglia M., The PPAR- γ agonist troglitazone antagonizes survival pathways induced by STAT-3 in recombinant interferon- β treated pancreatic cancer cells. Biotechnology Advances 2012 30 1 169 184 2-s2.0-84855746824 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.001
86. Koga H., Selvendiran K., Sivakumar R., Yoshida T., Torimura T., Ueno T., Sata M., PPAR γ potentiates anticancer effects of gemcitabine on human pancreatic cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology 2012 40 3 679 685 10.3892/ijo.2011.1237
87. Shah P., Mudaliar S., Pioglitazone: side effect and safety profile. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 2010 9 2 347 354 2-s2.0-77649144555 10.1517/14740331003623218
88. Rizos C. V., Elisaf M. S., Mikhailidis D. P., Liberopoulos E. N., How safe is the use of thiazolidinediones in clinical practice? Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 2009 8 1 15 32 2-s2.0-65649099536 10.1517/14740330802597821