Is There a Visual Dominance in Political Communication? How Verbal, Visual, and Vocal Communication Shape Viewers' Impressions of Political Candidates

Journal of Communication

Volumn 62, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 833-850

  Nagel, Friederike ^a   Maurer, Marcus ^b   Reinemann, Carsten ^c  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNICATION; ELECTION; NATIONAL POLITICS; PUBLIC ATTITUDE;

EID: 84867297783     PISSN: 00219916     EISSN: 14602466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01670.x     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Apple, W., Streeter, L. A., & Krauss, R. M. (1979). Effects of pitch and speech rate on personal attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(5), 715-727. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.37.5.715
2. Areni, C., & Sparks, J. R. (2005). Language power and persuasion. Psychology & Marketing, 22(6), 507-525. doi: 10.1002/mar.20071
3. Barry, A. M. (2005). Perception theory. In K. L. Smith, S. Moriarty, G. Barbatsis & K. Kenney (Eds.), Handbook of visual communication: Theory, methods, and media (pp. 45-62). Mahwah, NJ: Routledge.
4. Benoit, W. L. (2007). Communication in political campaigns. London, England: Praeger.
5. Box, G. E. P., Jenkins, G. M., & Reinsel, G. C. (2008). Time series analysis: Forecasting and control (Vol. 4). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
6. Burgoon, J. K., Dunbar, N. E., & Segrin, C. (2002). Nonverbal influence. In P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 445-473). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
7. Druckman, J. N. (2003). The power of television images: The first Kennedy-Nixon debate revisited. Journal of Politics, 65(2), 559-571. doi: 10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00015
8. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Social cognition: From brains to culture. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
9. Frey, S. (1999). Die Macht des Bildes. Der Einfluß der nonverbalen Kommunikation auf Kultur und Politik. Bern, Switzerland: Huber.
10. Gélinas-Chebat, C., Chebat, J.-C., & Vaninsky, A. (1996). Voice and advertising: Effects of intonation and intensity of voice on source credibility, attitudes toward the advertised service and the intent to buy. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 243-262. doi: 10.2466/PMS.83.5.243-262
11. Gélinas-Chebat, C., & Chebat, J.-C. (1992). Effect of two voice characteristics on the attitudes toward advertising messages. The Journal of Social Psychology, 132(4), 447-459. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1992.9924724
12. Grabe, M. E., & Bucy, E. P. (2009). Image bite politics: News and the visual framing of elections. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
13. Gregory, S.W., & Gallagher, T.J. (2002). Spectral analysis of candidates' nonverbal vocal communication: Predicting U.S. presidential election outcomes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 65(3), 298-308.
14. Haumer, F., & Donsbach, W. (2009). The rivalry of nonverbal cues on the perception of politicians by television viewers. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53, 262-279. doi: 10.1080/08838150902907918
15. Holtz-Bacha, C., Roessler, P., & Lessinger, E.-M. (2005). Do pictures make a difference? The myth of the two debate audiences. In P. Roessler & F. Krotz (Eds.), Mythen der Mediengesellschaft: The media society and its myths (pp. 303-319). Konstanz, Germany: UVK.
16. Hosman, L. A. (2002). Language and persuasion. In P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 371-390). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17. Imada, A. S., & Hakel, M. D. (1977). Influence of nonverbal communication and rater proximity on impressions and decisions in simulated employment interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(3), 295-300. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.62.3.295
18. Kellermann, K. (1989). The negativity effect in interaction: It's all your point of view. Human Communication Research, 16(2), 147-183. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00208.x
19. Krauss, R. M., Apple, W., Morency, N., Wenzel, C., & Winton, W. (1981). Verbal, vocal, and visible factors in judgements of another's affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), 312-320. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.312
20. Levasseur, D., & Dean, K. W. (1996). The use of evidence in presidential debates: A study of evidence levels and types from 1960 to 1988. Argumentation and Advocacy, 32(3), 129-142.
21. Libet, B. (1991). Concious vs. neural time. Nature, 352(6330), 27-28. doi: 10.1038/352027a0
22. Maier, J., Maurer, M., Reinemann, C., & Faas, T. (2007). Reliability and validity of real-time response measurement. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19, 53-73. doi: 10.1093/ijpor/edl002
23. Maurer, M. (2009). Sagen Bilder mehr als tausend Worte? Die Relevanz verbaler und visueller Informationen für die Urteilsbildung über Personen im Fernsehen. Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft, 57, 198-216.
24. McKinnon, L. M., Tedesco, J. C., & Kaid, L. L. (1993). The third 1992 presidential debate: Channel effects. Argumentation and Advocacy, 30, 106-118.
25. Mehrabian, A., & Ferris, S. R. (1967). Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31(3), 248-252. doi: 10.1037/h0024648
26. Mehrabian, A., & Williams, M. (1969). Nonverbal concomitants of perceived and intended persuasiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(1), 37-58. doi: 10.1037/h0027993
27. Nabi, R. L. (2002). Discrete emotions and persuasion. In P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook (pp. 289-308). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Paivio, A. (2007). Mind and its evolution: A dual coding theoretical approach. Mahwah, NJ: Psychology Press.
29. Patterson, M. L., Churchill, M. E., Burger, G. K., & Powell, J. L. (1992). Verbal and nonverbal modality effects on impressions of political candidates: Analysis from the 1984 Presidential Debates. Communication Monographs, 59(3), 231-242. doi: 10.1080/03637759209376267
30. Petrocik, J. R., Benoit, W. L., & Hansen, G. J. (2004). Issue ownership and presidential campaigning 1952-2000. Political Science Quarterly, 118(4), 599-626.
31. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10(2), 135-146.
32. Reinard, J. C. (1988). The empirical study of the persuasive effects of evidence: The status after fifty years of research. Human Communication Research, 15(1), 3-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1988.tb00170.x
33. Reinemann, C., & Maurer, M. (2005). Unifying or polarizing? Short-term effects and post-debate consequences of different rhetorical strategies in televised political debates. Journal of Communication, 55, 775-794. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03022.x
34. Reinemann, C., & Maurer, M. (2009). Is RTR biased towards verbal message components? An experimental test of the external validity of RTR-measurements. In J. Maier, M. Maier, M. Maurer, C. Reinemann & V. Meyer, RTR-measurement in the social sciences (pp. 27-44). Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang.
35. Schubert, E. (2004). Modeling perceived emotion with continuous musical features. Music Perception, 21(4), 561-585. doi: 10.1525/mp.2004.21.4.561
36. Sopory, P., & Dillard, J. P. (2002). The persuasive effects of metaphor: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 382-419. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00813.x
37. Sullivan, D. G., & Masters, R. D. (1988). "Happy warriors": Leaders' facial displays, viewers' emotions, and political support. American Journal of Political Science, 32(2), 345-368.
38. Thayer, S. (1969). The effect of interpersonal looking duration on dominance judgements. Journal of Social Psychology, 79, 285-286.
39. Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., & Spence, C. (2009). Is visual dominance modulated by the threat value of visual and auditory stimuli? Experimental Brain Research, 193, 197-204. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1608-1
40. Williams, M. L. (1980). The effect of deliberate vagueness on receiver recall and agreement. Central States Speech Journal, 31, 30-41.
41. Zillmann, D. (1972). Rhetorical elicitation of agreement in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 159-165. doi: 10.1037/h0032316