메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 129-142

The Use of Evidence in Presidential Debates: A Study of Evidence Levels and Types from 1960 to 1988

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0010754320     PISSN: 10511431     EISSN: 25768476     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00028533.1996.11977986     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (66)
  • 3
    • 84973003369 scopus 로고
    • An Analysis of Evidence in the First Ford/Carter Debate
    • Bryski, Bruce G., “An Analysis of Evidence in the First Ford/Carter Debate.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 6 (1978): 19–30.
    • (1978) Journal of Applied Communication Research , vol.6 , pp. 19-30
    • Bryski, B.G.1
  • 4
    • 85111582161 scopus 로고
    • Bush and Dukakis, Face to Face on Key Issues
    • Washington: Congressional Quarterly
    • “Bush and Dukakis, Face to Face on Key Issues.” Congressional Quarterly Almanac: 100th Congress: 2nd Session.… 1988 Washington: Congressional Quarterly, 1989. 91-A–101-A.
    • (1989) Congressional Quarterly Almanac: 100th Congress: 2nd Session.… 1988 , pp. 91-A-101-A
  • 5
    • 85111587570 scopus 로고
    • Bush and Dukakis: Few Sparks in Final Clash
    • Washington: Congressional Quarterly
    • “Bush and Dukakis: Few Sparks in Final Clash.” Congressional Quarterly Almanac: 100th Congress: 2nd Session.… 1988 Washington: Congressional Quarterly, 1989. 102-A–112-A.
    • (1989) Congressional Quarterly Almanac: 100th Congress: 2nd Session.… 1988 , pp. 102-A-112-A
  • 6
    • 0040156815 scopus 로고
    • A Defense of the ‘Debate’ in Presidential Debates
    • Carlin, Diana Prentice. “A Defense of the ‘Debate’ in Presidential Debates.” Journal of the American Forensic Association 25 (1989): 208–13.
    • (1989) Journal of the American Forensic Association , vol.25 , pp. 208-213
    • Carlin, D.P.1
  • 7
    • 84954763582 scopus 로고
    • Presidential Debates—Are They Helpful to Voters
    • Chaffee, Steven H., “Presidential Debates—Are They Helpful to Voters.” Communication Monographs 45 (1978): 330–46.
    • (1978) Communication Monographs , vol.45 , pp. 330-346
    • Chaffee, S.H.1
  • 8
    • 0011889894 scopus 로고
    • Presidential Debates: An Empirical Assessment
    • Ranney A., (ed), Washington: American Enterprise Institute, and
    • Chaffee, Steven H., and Jack, Dennis. “Presidential Debates: An Empirical Assessment.” The Past and Future of Presidential Debates. Ed. Austin, Ranney. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1979. 75–101.
    • (1979) The Past and Future of Presidential Debates. , pp. 75-101
    • Chaffee, S.H.1    Dennis, J.2
  • 9
    • 0011301757 scopus 로고
    • The 1976 Presidential Debates: A Republican Perspective
    • Ranney A., (ed), Washington: American Enterprise Institute
    • Cheney, Richard B., “The 1976 Presidential Debates: A Republican Perspective.” The Past and Future of Presidential Debates. Ed. Austin, Ranney. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1979. 107–30.
    • (1979) The Past and Future of Presidential Debates. , pp. 107-130
    • Cheney, R.B.1
  • 10
    • 85111613645 scopus 로고
    • A Man in Hiding
    • 16 Oct
    • Cohen, Richard. “A Man in Hiding.” Washington Post 16 Oct. 1988: C7.
    • (1988) Washington Post , pp. C7
    • Cohen, R.1
  • 11
    • 26444603683 scopus 로고
    • Let the People Speak: The Emergence of Public Space in the Richmond Presidential Debate
    • Carlin D.B., McKinney M.S., (eds), Westport: Praeger, and
    • Depoe, Stephen P., and Cady, Short-Thompson. “Let the People Speak: The Emergence of Public Space in the Richmond Presidential Debate.” The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus. Eds. Diana B., Carlin and Mitchell S., McKinney. Westport: Praeger, 1994. 85–98.
    • (1994) The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus. , pp. 85-98
    • Depoe, S.P.1    Short-Thompson, C.2
  • 12
    • 84958358311 scopus 로고
    • Media Coverage of Presidential Debates
    • Swerdlow J.L., (ed), Washington: Congressional Quarterly Inc., and
    • Diamond, Edwin, and Kathleen, Friery. “Media Coverage of Presidential Debates.” Presidential Debates: 1988 and Beyond. Ed. Joel L., Swerdlow. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1987. 43–51.
    • (1987) Presidential Debates: 1988 and Beyond. , pp. 43-51
    • Diamond, E.1    Friery, K.2
  • 13
    • 85111555602 scopus 로고
    • Candidate Briefings
    • Kraus S., (ed), Bloomington: Indiana UP, and,. 1976
    • Eizenstat, Stuart, and Michael, Raoul-Duval. “Candidate Briefings.” The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford, 1976. Ed. Sidney, Kraus. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1979. 105–9.
    • (1979) The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford , pp. 105-109
    • Eizenstat, S.1    Raoul-Duval, M.2
  • 14
    • 85055765236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rationality and Campaigning: A Content Analysis of the 1960 Presidential Campaign Debates
    • Ellsworth, John W., “Rationality and Campaigning: A Content Analysis of the 1960 Presidential Campaign Debates.” Western Political Quarterly 18 (1965): 794–802.
    • Western Political Quarterly , vol.18 , Issue.1965 , pp. 794-802
    • Ellsworth, J.W.1
  • 15
  • 16
    • 85111608129 scopus 로고
    • The First Ford-Carter Debate: Walnut Street Theater, Philadelphia: September 23, 1976, 9:30 p.m
    • Bloomington: Indiana UP, Ed
    • “The First Ford-Carter Debate: Walnut Street Theater, Philadelphia: September 23, 1976, 9:30 p.m.” The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford, 1976. Ed. Sidney, Kraus. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1979. 453–75.
    • (1979) The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford , pp. 453-475
    • Kraus, S.1
  • 17
    • 84948511123 scopus 로고
    • An Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Ego-Involvement and Different Types of Evidence in Persuasion
    • Fisher, Jack Lawler. “An Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Ego-Involvement and Different Types of Evidence in Persuasion.” Diss. Louisiana State U, 1972.
    • (1972) Diss. Louisiana State U
    • Fisher, J.L.1
  • 18
    • 84925897964 scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Evidence in Persuasive Communication
    • Harte, Thomas B., “The Effects of Evidence in Persuasive Communication.” Central States Speech Journal 27 (1976): 42–46.
    • (1976) Central States Speech Journal , vol.27 , pp. 42-46
    • Harte, T.B.1
  • 19
    • 85064802153 scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Initial Attitude and Evidence in Persuasive Communications
    • Harte, Thomas B., “The Effects of Initial Attitude and Evidence in Persuasive Communications.” Thesis. U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1972.
    • (1972) Thesis. U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
    • Harte, T.B.1
  • 23
    • 85111585747 scopus 로고
    • The Relative Persuasiveness of Evidential Matter
    • Howe, Keith R., “The Relative Persuasiveness of Evidential Matter.” Diss. Arizona State U, 1979.
    • (1979) Diss. Arizona State U
    • Howe, K.R.1
  • 25
    • 58149417364 scopus 로고
    • On the Psychology of Prediction
    • Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos, Tversky. “On the Psychology of Prediction.” Psychological Review 80 (1973): 237–51.
    • (1973) Psychological Review , vol.80 , pp. 237-251
    • Kahneman, D.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 26
    • 85033963290 scopus 로고
    • The Case for Permanent Presidential Debates
    • Ranney A., (ed), Washington: American Enterprise Institute
    • Karayn, James. “The Case for Permanent Presidential Debates.” The Past and Future of Presidential Debates. Ed. Austin, Ranney. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1979. 155–68.
    • (1979) The Past and Future of Presidential Debates. , pp. 155-168
    • Karayn, J.1
  • 27
    • 0001986019 scopus 로고
    • The Debates in the Light of Research: A Survey of Surveys
    • Kraus S., (ed), Bloomington: Indiana UP, and
    • Katz, Elihu, and Jacob J., Feldman. “The Debates in the Light of Research: A Survey of Surveys.” The Great Debates: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960: A Reissue. Ed. Sidney, Kraus. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1962. 173–223.
    • (1962) The Great Debates: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960: A Reissue. , pp. 173-223
    • Katz, E.1    Feldman, J.J.2
  • 29
    • 84965781555 scopus 로고
    • Candidates, Parties and Issues in the American Electorate: Two Decades of Change
    • Kirkpatrick, Samuel A., William, Lyons, and Michael R., Fitzgerald. “Candidates, Parties and Issues in the American Electorate: Two Decades of Change.” American Politics Quarterly 3 (1975): 247–83.
    • (1975) American Politics Quarterly , vol.3 , pp. 247-283
    • Kirkpatrick, S.A.1    Lyons, W.2    Fitzgerald, M.R.3
  • 30
    • 24944486573 scopus 로고
    • Presidential Debates in 1964
    • Kraus, Sidney. “Presidential Debates in 1964.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 50 (1964): 19–23.
    • (1964) Quarterly Journal of Speech , vol.50 , pp. 19-23
    • Kraus, S.1
  • 31
    • 0011369699 scopus 로고
    • Political Debates
    • Burgoon M., (ed), Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, and
    • Kraus, Sidney, and Dennis K., Davis. “Political Debates.” Communication Yearbook 6. Ed. Michael, Burgoon. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982. 273–96.
    • (1982) Communication Yearbook , vol.6 , pp. 273-296
    • Kraus, S.1    Davis, D.K.2
  • 34
    • 26444557675 scopus 로고
    • Differences in Impact Between Local and National Televised Political Candidates' Debates
    • Lichtenstein, Allen. “Differences in Impact Between Local and National Televised Political Candidates' Debates.” The Western Journal of Speech Communication 46 (1982): 291–98.
    • (1982) The Western Journal of Speech Communication , vol.46 , pp. 291-298
    • Lichtenstein, A.1
  • 35
  • 36
    • 84952393930 scopus 로고
    • Debate Preparation in the Reagan Camp: An Insider's View
    • Martel, Myles. “Debate Preparation in the Reagan Camp: An Insider's View.” Speaker and Gavel 18.2 (1981): 34–46.
    • (1981) Speaker and Gavel , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 34-46
    • Martel, M.1
  • 38
    • 2442498210 scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Evidence in Persuasive Communication
    • McCroskey, James C., “The Effects of Evidence in Persuasive Communication.” Western Journal of Speech Communication 31 (1967): 189–99.
    • (1967) Western Journal of Speech Communication , vol.31 , pp. 189-199
    • McCroskey, J.C.1
  • 39
    • 79959797826 scopus 로고
    • A Summary of Experimental Research on the Effects of Evidence in Persuasive Communication
    • McCroskey, James C., “A Summary of Experimental Research on the Effects of Evidence in Persuasive Communication.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 55 (1969): 169–76.
    • (1969) Quarterly Journal of Speech , vol.55 , pp. 169-176
    • McCroskey, J.C.1
  • 40
    • 85111571779 scopus 로고
    • The Duke Didn't Do It
    • 16 Oct
    • McGrory, Mary. “The Duke Didn't Do It.” Washington Post 16 Oct. 1988: C1+.
    • (1988) Washington Post , pp. C1
    • McGrory, M.1
  • 42
    • 0039565641 scopus 로고
    • A Comparative Perspective on Presidential Debates: Issue Evolution in 1960 and 1976
    • Bishop G.F., Robert G., (eds), New York: Praeger, and
    • Meadow, Robert G., and Marilyn, Jackson-Beeck. “A Comparative Perspective on Presidential Debates: Issue Evolution in 1960 and 1976. The Presidential Debates: Media, Electoral, and Policy Perspectives. Ed. George F., Bishop, Robert G., Meadow and Marilyn Jackson-Beeck. New York: Praeger, 1978. 33–58.
    • (1978) Meadow and Marilyn Jackson-Beeck , pp. 33-58
    • Meadow, R.G.1    Jackson-Beeck, M.2
  • 43
    • 0000440969 scopus 로고
    • Informing the Electorate: A National Study
    • Kraus S., (ed), Bloomington: Indiana UP, and
    • Miller, Arthur H., and Michael, MacKuen. “Informing the Electorate: A National Study.” The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford, 1976. Ed. Sidney, Kraus. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1979. 269–97.
    • (1979) The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford , pp. 269-297
    • Miller, A.H.1    MacKuen, M.2
  • 44
    • 85111574985 scopus 로고
    • Evidence Usage in Persuasion
    • Nadler, Marjorie Ann. “Evidence Usage in Persuasion.” Diss. U of Kansas, 1982.
    • (1982) Diss. U of Kansas
    • Nadler, M.A.1
  • 48
    • 0011301393 scopus 로고
    • Debatable Thoughts on Presidential Debates
    • Ranney A., (ed), Washington: American Enterprise Institute
    • Polsby, Nelson W., “Debatable Thoughts on Presidential Debates.” The Past and Future of Presidential Debates. Ed. Austin, Ranney. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1979. 175–86.
    • (1979) The Past and Future of Presidential Debates. , pp. 175-186
    • Polsby, N.W.1
  • 49
    • 85111581927 scopus 로고
    • Reagan-Mondale Debate on Domestic Issues
    • “Reagan-Mondale Debate on Domestic Issues.” Congressional Quarterly 42 (1984): 2656–66.
    • (1984) Congressional Quarterly , vol.42 , pp. 2656-2666
  • 50
    • 84986409591 scopus 로고
    • The Empirical Study of the Persuasive Effects of Evidence: The Status After Fifty Years of Research
    • Reinard, John C., “The Empirical Study of the Persuasive Effects of Evidence: The Status After Fifty Years of Research.” Human Communication Research 15 (1988): 3–59.
    • (1988) Human Communication Research , vol.15 , pp. 3-59
    • Reinard, J.C.1
  • 51
    • 0040750985 scopus 로고
    • The 1980 Presidential Debates: A Content Analysis of the Issues and Arguments
    • Riley, Patricia, and Thomas A., Hollihan. “The 1980 Presidential Debates: A Content Analysis of the Issues and Arguments.” Speaker and Gavel 18.2 (1981): 47–59.
    • (1981) Speaker and Gavel , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 47-59
    • Riley, P.1    Hollihan, T.A.2
  • 52
    • 0039190668 scopus 로고
    • The 1980 Reagan-Carter Presidential Debate
    • Friedenberg R.V., (ed), New York: Praeger, and
    • Ritter, Kurt, and David, Henry. “The 1980 Reagan-Carter Presidential Debate.” Rhetorical Studies of National Political Debates. Ed. Robert V., Friedenberg. New York: Praeger, 1990. 69–94.
    • (1990) Rhetorical Studies of National Political Debates. , pp. 69-94
    • Ritter, K.1    Henry, D.2
  • 53
    • 37949044340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Substance of the 1980 Carter-Reagan Debate
    • Rowland, Robert. “The Substance of the 1980 Carter-Reagan Debate.” Southern Speech Communication Journal 51 (1986): 142–65.
    • Southern Speech Communication Journal , vol.51 , Issue.1986 , pp. 142-165
    • Rowland, R.1
  • 54
    • 85111557968 scopus 로고
    • Information Input and Performance in Small Decision Making Groups
    • Ryland, Edwin Holman. “Information Input and Performance in Small Decision Making Groups.” Diss. Louisiana State U, 1972.
    • (1972) Diss. Louisiana State U
    • Ryland, E.H.1
  • 55
    • 0040750979 scopus 로고
    • Ambiguity and Unequivocation in the Kennedy-Nixon Television Debates: A Rhetorical Analysis
    • Samovar, Larry A., “Ambiguity and Unequivocation in the Kennedy-Nixon Television Debates: A Rhetorical Analysis.” Western Journal of Speech Communication 29 (1965): 211–18.
    • (1965) Western Journal of Speech Communication , vol.29 , pp. 211-218
    • Samovar, L.A.1
  • 56
    • 0001980989 scopus 로고
    • Uses and Effects of the 1976 Debates: An Overview of Empirical Studies
    • Kraus S., (ed), Bloomington: Indiana UP, and
    • Sears, David O., and Steven H., Chaffee. “Uses and Effects of the 1976 Debates: An Overview of Empirical Studies” The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford, 1976. Ed. Sidney, Kraus. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1979. 223–59.
    • (1979) The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford , pp. 223-259
    • Sears, D.O.1    Chaffee, S.H.2
  • 57
    • 84895622819 scopus 로고
    • A Bush Edge in the Final Conflict
    • 14 Oct
    • Shales, Tom. “A Bush Edge in the Final Conflict.” Washington Post 14 Oct. 1988: B1+.
    • (1988) Washington Post , pp. B1+
    • Shales, T.1
  • 58
    • 85111569887 scopus 로고
    • Presidential Debate Scored Low Rating in a Cleveland Bar
    • late ed., 25 Sep
    • Stevens, William K., “Presidential Debate Scored Low Rating in a Cleveland Bar.” New York Times 25 Sep. 1976, late ed.: A9.
    • (1976) New York Times , pp. A9
    • Stevens, W.K.1
  • 59
    • 0002083898 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive Processing of Persuasive Message Cues: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Supporting Information on Attitudes
    • Stiff, James B., “Cognitive Processing of Persuasive Message Cues: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Supporting Information on Attitudes.” Communication Monographs 53 (1986): 75–89.
    • (1986) Communication Monographs , vol.53 , pp. 75-89
    • Stiff, J.B.1
  • 60
    • 0000339408 scopus 로고
    • The Agenda-Setting Function of the First Ford-Carter Debate
    • Swanson, Linda L., and David L., Swanson. “The Agenda-Setting Function of the First Ford-Carter Debate.” Communication Monographs 45 (1978): 347–53.
    • (1978) Communication Monographs , vol.45 , pp. 347-353
    • Swanson, L.L.1    Swanson, D.L.2
  • 61
    • 33845612580 scopus 로고
    • Stalking the Elusive ‘Vividness’ Effect
    • Taylor, Shelley E., and Suzanne C., Thompson. “Stalking the Elusive ‘Vividness’ Effect.” Psychological Review 89 (1982): 155–81.
    • (1982) Psychological Review , vol.89 , pp. 155-181
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Thompson, S.C.2
  • 63
    • 0011350761 scopus 로고
    • Winning Presidential Debates: An Analysis of Criteria Influencing Audience Response
    • Vancil, David L., and Sue D., Pendell. “Winning Presidential Debates: An Analysis of Criteria Influencing Audience Response.” The Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984): 62–74.
    • (1984) The Western Journal of Speech Communication , vol.48 , pp. 62-74
    • Vancil, D.L.1    Pendell, S.D.2
  • 65
    • 84950645364 scopus 로고
    • The Presidential Debates in their Political Context: The Issue-Image Interface in the 1980 Campaign
    • Weiss, Robert O., “The Presidential Debates in their Political Context: The Issue-Image Interface in the 1980 Campaign.” Speaker and Gavel 18.2 (1981): 22–27.
    • (1981) Speaker and Gavel , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 22-27
    • Weiss, R.O.1
  • 66
    • 85111600765 scopus 로고
    • When Their Power Failed
    • 4 Oct
    • “When Their Power Failed.” Time 4 Oct. 1976: 14–18.
    • (1976) Time , pp. 14-18


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.