Dosimetry of 125I and 103Pd COMS eye plaques for intraocular tumors: Report of Task Group 129 by the AAPM and ABS

Medical Physics

Volumn 39, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 6161-6184

  Chiu Tsao, Sou Tung ^a   Astrahan, Melvin A ^b   Finger, Paul T ^c   Followill, David S ^d   Meigooni, Ali S ^e   Melhus, Christopher S ^f   Mourtada, Firas ^g   Napolitano, Mary E ^h   Nath, Ravinder ⁱ   Rivard, Mark J ^f   Rogers, D W O ^j   Thomson, Rowan M ^j  

^a Quality MediPhys LLC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NEW YORK EYE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^e Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology   (United States)

^f TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g HELEN F GRAHAM CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^h Elekta AB   (Sweden)

ⁱ YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

brachytherapy; COMS; dosimetry; eye plaque; heterogeneities; Monte Carlo; TG 43

Indexed keywords

GOLD ALLOYS; MONTE CARLO METHODS; ONCOLOGY; QUALITY MANAGEMENT; RADIOTHERAPY; TUMORS;

BRACHYTHERAPY; COMS; EYE PLAQUE; HETEROGENEITIES; TG-43;

DOSIMETRY;

EID: 84867297556     PISSN: 00942405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1118/1.4749933     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. R. Moore, Choroidal sarcoma treated by the intraocular insertion of radon seeds., Br. J. Ophthalmol. 14, 145-156 (1930). 10.1136/bjo.14.4.145
2. H. B. Stallard, Radiotherapy for malignant melanoma of the choroid., Br. J. Ophthalmol. 50, 147-155 (1966). 10.1136/bjo.50.3.147
3. P. T. Finger, Radiation therapy for choroidal melanoma., Surv. Ophthalmol. 42, 215-232 (1997). 10.1016/S0039-6257(97)00088-X
4. K. Leonard, E. Bannon, J. Mignano, J. Duker, N. Gagne, and M. Rivard, Eye plaque brachytherapy for the treatment of uveal melanoma: The 2010 Tufts Medical Center experience., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol. Phys. 78S, S268 (2010). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.638
5. E. S. Gragoudas, M. Goitein, A. M. Koehler, L. Verhey, J. Tepper, H. D. Suit, R. Brockhurst, and I. J. Constable, Proton irradiation of small choroidal malignant melanomas., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 83, 665-673 (1977).
6. E. S. Gragoudas, M. Goitein, L. Verhey, J. Munzenreider, M. Urie, H. Suit, and A. Koehler, Proton beam irradiation of uveal melanomas. Results of 5 12-year study., Arch. Ophthalmol. 100, 928-934 (1982). 10.1001/archopht.1982. 01030030936007
7. E. S. Gragoudas, A. M. Lane, J. Munzenrider, K. M. Egan, and W. Li, Long-term risk of local failure after proton therapy for choroidalciliary body melanoma., Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 100, 43-48 (discussion 48-49) (2002).
8. J. L. Hungerford, A. J. Foss, I. Whelahan, R. D. Errington, A. Kacperek, and J. Kongerud, Side effects of photon and proton radiotherapy for ocular melanoma., Front. Radiat. Ther. Oncol. 30, 287-293 (1997).
9. M. W. Wilson and J. L. Hungerford, Comparison of episcleral plaque and proton beam radiation therapy for the treatment of choroidal melanoma., Ophthalmology 106, 1579-1587 (1999). 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90456-6
10. D. H. Char, S. M. Kroll, and J. Castro, Ten-year follow-up of helium ion therapy for uveal melanoma., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 125, 81-89 (1998). 10.1016/S0002-9394(99)80238-4
11. C. M. Schirmer, M. Chan, J. Mignano, J. Duker, C. S. Melhus, L. B. Williams, J. K. Wu, and K. C. Yao, Dose de-escalation with gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of choroidal melanoma., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 75, 170-176 (2009). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.10.077
12. P. T. Finger, K. J. Chin, G. P. Yu, and N. S. Patel, Risk factors for cataract after palladium-103 ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 80, 800-806 (2010). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.02.051
13. P. T. Finger, Tumour location affects the incidence of cataract and retinopathy after ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy., Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84, 1068-1070 (2000). 10.1136/bjo.84.9.1068
14. P. Finger and A. Murphree, Ophthalmic brachytherapy: Treatment of choroidal melanoma and retinoblastoma., in Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques, edited by, G. Peyman, S. Meffert, M. Conway, and, F. Chou, (Martin Dunitz, London, 2001), pp. 403-418.
15. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group, Design and methods of a clinical trial for a rare condition: The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study: COMS Report No. 3., Control Clin. Trials 14, 362-391 (1993). 10.1016/0197-2456(93)90052-F
16. B. S. Hawkins, The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) randomized trial of pre-enucleation radiation of large choroidal melanoma: IV. Ten-year mortality findings and prognostic factors: COMS Report No. 24., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 138, 936-951 (2004). 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.07.006
17. J. Earle, R. W. Kline, and D. M. Robertson, Selection of iodine 125 for the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study., Arch. Ophthalmol. 105, 763-764 (1987). 10.1001/archopht.1987.01060060049030
18. S. Packer, S. Stoller, M. L. Lesser, F. S. Mandel, and P. T. Finger, Long-term results of iodine 125 irradiation of uveal melanoma., Ophthalmology 99, 767-773 (discussion 774) (1992).
19. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group, The COMS randomized trial of iodine 125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma: V. Twelve-year mortality rates and prognostic factors: COMS Report No. 28., Arch. Ophthalmol. 124, 1684-1693 (2006). 10.1001/archopht.124.12.1684
20. R. W. Kline and J. Earle, Implications of TG-43 for dose prescription and calculation for I-125 eye plaques., Med. Phys. 23, 1054 (1996).
21. W. Hanson, Implementation of the new I-125 standard and TG-43 recommendations in a cooperative clinical trial., Med. Phys. 23, 1054 (1996).
22. S. K. Ray, R. Bhatnagar, W. F. Hartsell, and G. R. Desai, Review of eye plaque dosimetry based on AAPM Task Group 43 recommendations. American Association of Physicists in Medicine., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 41, 701-706 (1998). 10.1016/S0360-3016(97)00568-3
23. R. Nath, L. L. Anderson, G. Luxton, K. A. Weaver, J. F. Williamson, and A. S. Meigooni, Dosimetry of interstitial brachytherapy sources: Recommendations of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 43. American Association of Physicists in Medicine., Med. Phys. 22, 209-234 (1995) 10.1118/1.597458
24. R. Nath, L. L. Anderson, G. Luxton, K. A. Weaver, J. F. Williamson, and A. S. Meigooni, see comment: erratum appears in Med. Phys. 23 (9), 1579 (1996). 10.1118/1.597889
25. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group, Radiation therapy., in COMS Manual of Procedures PB95-179693, edited by, N. T. I. Service, (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1995), Chap. 12.
26. R. W. Kline and P. D. Yeakel, Ocular melanoma, I-125 plaques., Med. Phys. 14, 475 (1987).
27. 125I seed (model 6711) in eye plaques., Med. Phys. 20, 383-389 (1993). 10.1118/1.597164
28. M. J. Rivard, B. M. Coursey, L. A. DeWerd, W. F. Hanson, M. S. Huq, G. S. Ibbott, M. G. Mitch, R. Nath, and J. F. Williamson, Update of AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report: A revised AAPM protocol for brachytherapy dose calculations., Med. Phys. 31, 633-674 (2004) 10.1118/1.1646040
29. M. J. Rivard, B. M. Coursey, L. A. DeWerd, W. F. Hanson, M. S. Huq, G. S. Ibbott, M. G. Mitch, R. Nath, and J. F. Williamson, see comment: erratum appears in Med. Phys. 31 (12), 3532-3533 (2004). 10.1118/1.1812603
30. J. F. Williamson, B. M. Coursey, L. A. DeWerd, W. F. Hanson, R. Nath, and G. Ibbott, Guidance to users of Nycomed Amersham and North American Scientific, Inc., I-125 interstitial sources. Dosimetry and calibration changes: Recommendations of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee Ad Hoc Subcommittee on low-energy seed dosimetry., Med. Phys. 26, 570-573 (1999). 10.1118/1.598570
31. S. M. Seltzer, P. J. Lamperti, R. Loevinger, C. G. Soares, and J. T. Weaver, New NIST air-kerma strength standards for I-125 and Pd-103 brachytherapy seeds., Med. Phys. 25, A170 (1998).
32. M. J. Rivard, W. M. Butler, L. A. DeWerd, M. S. Huq, G. S. Ibbott, A. S. Meigooni, C. S. Melhus, M. G. Mitch, R. Nath, and J. F. Williamson, Supplement to the 2004 update of the AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report., Med. Phys. 34, 2187-2205 (2007). 10.1118/1.2736790
33. R. E. Taylor and D. W. Rogers, An EGSnrc Monte Carlo-calculated database of TG-43 parameters., Med. Phys. 35, 4228-4241 (2008). 10.1118/1.2965360
34. 125I brachytherapy seed., Med. Phys. 33, 4675-4684 (2006). 10.1118/1.2388158
35. J. I. Monroe and J. F. Williamson, Monte Carlo-aided dosimetry of the theragenics TheraSeed model 200 103Pd interstitial brachytherapy seed., Med. Phys. 29, 609-621 (2002). 10.1118/1.1460876
36. 125I brachytherapy sources., Med. Phys. 36, 486-491 (2009). 10.1118/1.3056463
37. 103Pd radial dose functions., Med. Phys. 35, 4242-4250 (2008). 10.1118/1.2964097
38. 125I interstitial brachytherapy., Med. Phys. 32, 1424-1439 (2005). 10.1118/1.1884925
39. 103Pd interstitial source calibration and dosimetry: Implications for dose specification and prescription., Med. Phys. 27, 634-642 (2000). 10.1118/1.598923
40. S. Nag, J. M. Quivey, J. D. Earle, D. Followill, J. Fontanesi, and P. T. Finger, The American Brachytherapy Society recommendations for brachytherapy of uveal melanomas., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 56, 544-555 (2003). 10.1016/S0360-3016(03)00006-3
41. 125I ophthalmic applicators in the treatment of choroidal melanoma., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 10 (2), 107-108 (1984). 10.1016/0360-3016(84)90717-X
42. C. Karolis, R. B. Frost, and F. A. Billson, A thin I-125 seed eye plaque to treat intraocular tumors using an acrylic insert to precisely position the sources., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 18, 1209-1213 (1990). 10.1016/0360-3016(90)90459-W
43. J. C. Hill, R. Sealy, D. Shackleton, C. Stannard, J. Korrubel, E. Hering, and C. Loxton, Improved iodine-125 plaque design in the treatment of choroidal malignant melanoma., Br. J. Ophthalmol. 76, 91-94 (1992). 10.1136/bjo.76.2.91
44. R. Sealy, P. L. le Roux, F. Rapley, E. Hering, D. Shackleton, and D. Sevel, The treatment of ophthalmic tumours with low-energy sources., Br. J. Radiol. 49, 551-554 (1976). 10.1259/0007-1285-49-582-551
45. M. A. Astrahan, G. Luxton, Q. Pu, and Z. Petrovich, Conformal episcleral plaque therapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 39, 505-519 (1997). 10.1016/S0360-3016(97)00118-1
46. W. G. Cross, J. Hokkanen, H. Jarvinen, F. Mourtada, P. Sipila, C. G. Soares, and S. Vynckier, Calculation of beta-ray dose distributions from ophthalmic applicators and comparison with measurements in a model eye., Med. Phys. 28, 1385-1396 (2001). 10.1118/1.1376442
47. C. G. Soares, S. Vynckier, H. Jarvinen, W. G. Cross, P. Sipila, D. Fluhs, B. Schaeken, F. A. Mourtada, G. A. Bass, and T. T. Williams, Dosimetry of beta-ray ophthalmic applicators: Comparison of different measurement methods., Med. Phys. 28, 1373-1384 (2001). 10.1118/1.1376441
48. 125I brachytherapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 56, 1373-1380 (2003). 10.1016/S0360-3016(03)00324-9
49. C. L. Shields, M. Naseripour, J. Cater, J. A. Shields, H. Demirci, A. Youseff, and J. Freire, Plaque radiotherapy for large posterior uveal melanomas (> or 8-mm thick) in 354 consecutive patients., Ophthalmology 109, 1838-1849 (2002). 10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01181-8
50. I. Puusaari, J. Heikkonen, and T. Kivela, Effect of radiation dose on ocular complications after iodine brachytherapy for large uveal melanoma: Empirical data and simulation of collimating plaques., Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 45, 3425-3434 (2004). 10.1167/iovs.04-0066
51. D. Granero, J. Perez-Calatayud, F. Ballester, E. Casal, and J. M. de Frutos, Dosimetric study of the 15 mm ROPES eye plaque., Med. Phys. 31, 3330-3336 (2004). 10.1118/1.1812605
52. M. A. Astrahan, A. Szechter, and P. T. Finger, Design and dosimetric considerations of a modified COMS plaque: The reusable seed-guide insert., Med. Phys. 32, 2706-2716 (2005). 10.1118/1.1993828
53. P. T. Finger, Fingers slotted eye plaque for radiation therapy: Treatment of juxtapapillary and circumpapillary intraocular tumours., Br. J. Ophthalmol. 91, 891-894 (2007). 10.1136/bjo.2007.114082
54. G. Luxton, M. A. Astrahan, P. E. Liggett, D. L. Neblett, D. M. Cohen, and Z. Petrovich, Dosimetric calculations and measurements of gold plaque ophthalmic irradiators using iridium-192 and iodine-125 seeds., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 15, 167-176 (1988). 10.1016/0360-3016(88)90362-8
55. 103Pd iris melanoma brachytherapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 78, 1261-1269 (2010). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.12.002
56. S. Packer and M. Rotman, Radiotherapy of choroidal melanoma with iodine-125., Ophthalmology 87, 582-590 (1980).
57. M. C. Schell, K. A. Weaver, T. L. Phillips, D. H. Char, J. M. Quivey, C. Barnett, and C. C. Ling, Design of iodine-125 eye plaques for radiation therapy., Endocurie Hypertherm Oncol. 5, 83-90 (1989).
58. A. K. Vine, R. K. Randall, K. TenHaken, R. F. Diaz, B. B. Maxson, and A. S. Lichter, A new inexpensive customized plaque for choroidal melanoma iodine-125 plaque therapy., Ophthalmology 96, 543-546 (1989).
59. P. T. Finger, K. J. Chin, and L. B. Tena, A five-year study of slotted plaque radiation therapy for choroidal melanoma: Near, touching or surrounding the optic nerve., Ophthalmology 119, 415-422 (2012). 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.08. 017
60. http://www.aapm.org/pubs/reports/RPT-129.pdf.
61. 103Pd eye plaque brachytherapy., Med. Phys. 35, 5530-5543 (2008). 10.1118/1.3002412
62. A. Wu and F. Krasin, Film dosimetry analyses on the effect of gold shielding for iodine-125 eye plaque therapy for choroidal melanoma., Med. Phys. 17, 843-846 (1990). 10.1118/1.596556
63. R. W. Kline, Notes regarding seed coordinates for COMS eye plaques., 2011, see http://rpc.mdanderson.org/rpc/credentialing/Notes-COMS Eye Plaques 2002.doc.
64. 125I eye plaque dose distribution including penumbra characteristics., Med. Phys. 23, 407-418 (1996). 10.1118/1.597803
65. K. A. Weaver, The dosimetry of 125I seed eye plaques., Med. Phys. 13, 78-83 (1986). 10.1118/1.595926
66. A. N. Harnett and E. S. Thomson, An iodine-125 plaque for radiotherapy of the eye: Manufacture and dosimetric considerations., Br. J. Radiol. 61, 835-838 (1988). 10.1259/0007-1285-61-729-835
67. W. Alberti, B. Pothmann, P. Tabor, K. Muskalla, K. P. Hermann, and D. Harder, Dosimetry and physical treatment planning for iodine eye plaque therapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 20, 1087-1092 (1991). 10.1016/0360-3016(91)90209-M
68. 125I seed at close range., Med. Phys. 15, 627-628 (1988). 10.1118/1.596218
69. 103Pd COMS eye plaque., Med. Phys. 22, 923 (1995).
70. 125I seed., Med. Phys. 17, 172-178 (1990). 10.1118/1.596588
71. 125I seeds., Med. Phys. 20, 1251-1256 (1993). 10.1118/1.597166
72. S. Knutsen, R. Hafslund, O. R. Monge, H. Valen, L. P. Muren, B. L. Rekstad, J. Krohn, and O. Dahl, Dosimetric verification of a dedicated 3D treatment planning system for episcleral plaque therapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51, 1159-1166 (2001). 10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01768-0
73. M. P. Casebow, The calculation and measurement of exposure distributions from 60 Co ophthalmic applicators., Br. J. Radiol. 44, 618-624 (1971). 10.1259/0007-1285-44-524-618
74. G. Taccini, F. Cavagnetto, G. Coscia, S. Garelli, and A. Pilot, The determination of dose characteristics of ruthenium ophthalmic applicators using radiochromic film., Med. Phys. 24, 2034-2037 (1997). 10.1118/1.598117
75. A. Krintz, W. F. Hanson, G. S. Ibbott, and D. S. Followill, Verification of plaque simulator dose distributions using radiochromic film., Med. Phys. 29, 1220-1221 (2002, abstract). 10.1118/1.1496319
76. A. L. Krintz, W. F. Hanson, G. S. Ibbott, and D. S. Followill, A reanalysis of the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Medium Tumor Trial eye plaque dosimetry., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 56, 889-898 (2003). 10.1016/S0360-3016(03)00211-6
77. H. Acar, Verification of Plaque Simulator dose distributions using GAFCHROMIC® EBT film., Türk Onkoloji Dergisi 25, 150-156 (2010).
78. D. Fluhs, M. Heintz, F. Indenkampen, and C. Wieczorek, Direct reading measurement of absorbed dose with plastic scintillators: The general concept and applications to ophthalmic plaque dosimetry., Med. Phys. 23, 427-304 (1996). 10.1118/1.597736
79. 106Ru eye plaque applicator., Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 3063-3081 (2005). 10.1088/0031-9155/50/13/007
80. M. F. Chan, A. Y. Fung, Y. C. Hu, C. S. Chui, H. Amols, M. Zaider, and D. Abramson, The measurement of three dimensional dose distribution of a ruthenium-106 ophthalmological applicator using magnetic resonance imaging of BANG polymer gels., J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 2, 85-89 (2001). 10.1120/1.1351776
81. M. A. Astrahan, Improved treatment planning for COMS eye plaques., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 61, 1227-1242 (2005). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.09. 062
82. J. Hokkanen, J. Heikkonen, and P. Holmberg, Theoretical calculations of dose distributions for beta-ray eye applicators., Med. Phys. 24, 211-213 (1997). 10.1118/1.597927
83. 60Co ophthalmic applicators., Radiology 103, 705-707 (1972).
84. 131Cs., Med. Phys. 35, 3364-3371 (2008). 10.1118/1.2940604
85. 103Pd eye plaque brachytherapy with various seed models., Med. Phys. 37, 368-376 (2010). 10.1118/1.3271104
86. 60Co in eye plaque therapy., Med. Phys. 13, 678-682 (1986). 10.1118/1.595949
87. 106Rh plaque and proton radiotherapy for ocular melanoma: A comparative dosimetric study., Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 116, 454-460 (2005). 10.1093/rpd/nci266
88. 125I brachytherapy sources for COMS eye plaque implant., Brachytherapy 9, 362-372 (2010). 10.1016/j.brachy.2009.07.007
89. 125I brachytherapy source via a multi-group discrete ordinates., Med. Phys. 34, 2550 (2007). 10.1118/1.2761355
90. J. Bristol, Comparison of eye plaque dosimetry using deterministic and Monte Carlo methods., M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, 2010.
91. 131Cs., Brachytherapy 7, 327-335 (2008). 10.1016/j.brachy.2008.05.002
92. M. J. Rivard, S.-T. Chiu-Tsao, P. T. Finger, A. S. Meigooni, C. S. Melhus, F. Mourtada, M. E. Napolitano, D. W. O. Rogers, R. M. Thomson, and R. Nath, Comparison of dose calculation methods for brachytherapy of intraocular tumors., Med. Phys. 38, 306-316 (2011). 10.1118/1.3523614
93. 125I for opthalmic plaque dosimetry., Med. Phys. 15, 397-400 (1988). 10.1118/1.596238
94. M. J. Rivard, C. S. Melhus, D. Granero, J. Perez-Calatayud, and F. Ballester, An approach to using conventional brachytherapy software for clinical treatment planning of complex, Monte Carlo-based brachytherapy dose distributions., Med. Phys. 36, 1968-1975 (2009). 10.1118/1.3121510
95. M. J. Rivard, L. Beaulieu, and F. Mourtada, Enhancements to commissioning techniques and quality assurance of brachytherapy treatment planning systems that use model-based dose calculation algorithms., Med. Phys. 37, 2645-2658 (2010). 10.1118/1.3429131
96. A. Carlsson Tedgren and A. Ahnesjo, Optimization of the computational efficiency of a 3D, collapsed cone dose calculation algorithm for brachytherapy., Med. Phys. 35, 1611-1618 (2008). 10.1118/1.2889777
97. A. K. Tedgren and A. Ahnesjo, Accounting for high Z shields in brachytherapy using collapsed cone superposition for scatter dose calculation., Med. Phys. 30, 2206-2217 (2003). 10.1118/1.1587411
98. B. R. Thomadsen, J. F. Williamson, M. J. Rivard, and A. S. Meigooni, Anniversary paper: Past and current issues, and trends in brachytherapy physics., Med. Phys. 35, 4708-4723 (2008). 10.1118/1.2981826
99. M. J. Rivard, J. L. Venselaar, and L. Beaulieu, The evolution of brachytherapy treatment planning., Med. Phys. 36, 2136-2153 (2009). 10.1118/1.3125136
100. M. J. Rivard, W. M. Butler, P. M. Devlin, J. K. Hayes Jr., R. A. Hearn, E. P. Lief, A. S. Meigooni, G. S. Merrick, and J. F. Williamson, American Brachytherapy Society recommends no change for prostate permanent implant dose prescriptions using iodine-125 or palladium-103., Brachytherapy 6, 34-37 (2007). 10.1016/j.brachy.2006.11.001
101. http://rpc.mdanderson.org/RPC/BrachySeeds/Source-Registry.htm.
102. http://www.estro.org/estroactivities/Pages/GEC- BRACHYTHERAPYCOMMITTEEACTIVITY.aspx.
103. http://www.physics.carleton.ca/clrp/seed-database.
104. M. D. Evans, M. A. Astrahan, and R. Bate, Tumor localization using fundus view photography for episcleral plaque therapy., Med. Phys. 20, 769-775 (1993). 10.1118/1.597031
105. A. G. Kepka, P. M. Johnson, and R. W. Kline, The generalized geometry of eye plaque therapy., Med. Phys. 15, 375-379 (1988). 10.1118/1.596234
106. M. A. Astrahan, G. Luxton, G. Jozsef, T. D. Kampp, P. E. Liggett, M. D. Sapozink, and Z. Petrovich, An interactive treatment planning system for ophthalmic plaque radiotherapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 18, 679-687 (1990). 10.1016/0360-3016(90)90077-W
107. S. Chiu-Tsao, Episcleral eye plaques for treatment of intraocular malignancies., in Brachytherapy Physics, edited by, B. Thomadsen, M. Rivard, and, W. Butler, (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, WI, 2005), pp. 673-705.
108. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group, Echography (ultrasound) procedures for the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Report No. 12., J. Ophthalmic Nurs. Technol. 18, 219-232 (1999).
109. J. M. Romero, P. T. Finger, R. B. Rosen, and R. Iezzi, Three-dimensional ultrasound for the measurement of choroidal melanomas., Arch. Ophthalmol. 119, 1275-1282 (2001). 10.1001/archopht.119.9.1275
110. P. Schueller, A. Dogan, J. E. Panke, O. Micke, and N. Willich, Does the imaging method have an influence on the measured tumor height in ruthenium plaque therapy of uveal melanoma Strahlenther. Onkol. 181, 320-325 (2005). 10.1007/s00066-005-1342-6
111. P. V. Houdek, J. G. Schwade, A. J. Medina, C. A. Poole, K. R. Olsen, D. H. Nicholson, S. Byrne, R. Quencer, R. S. Hinks, and V. Pisciotta, MR technique for localization and verification procedures in episcleral brachytherapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 17, 1111-1114 (1989). 10.1016/0360-3016(89) 90165-X
112. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group, Examination procedures., in COMS manual of Procedures PB95-179693, edited by, N. T. I. Service, (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1995), Chap. 9.
113. T. A. Rice, personal communication. (1987).
114. R. W. Kline, personal communication. (1987).
115. R. W. Kline, 2011, see http://rpc.mdanderson.org/rpc/credentialing/ Coordinate Localization.doc.
116. M. M. Goodsitt, P. L. Carson, S. Witt, D. L. Hykes, and J. M. Kofler Jr., Real-time B-mode ultrasound quality control test procedures: Report of AAPM Ultrasound Task Group No. 1., Med. Phys. 25, 1385-1406 (1998). 10.1118/1.598404
117. W. M. Butler, W. S. Bice Jr., L. A. DeWerd, J. M. Hevezi, M. S. Huq, G. S. Ibbott, J. R. Palta, M. J. Rivard, J. P. Seuntjens, and B. R. Thomadsen, Third-party brachytherapy source calibrations and physicist responsibilities: Report of the AAPM Low Energy Brachytherapy Source Calibration Working Group., Med. Phys. 35, 3860-3865 (2008). 10.1118/1.2959723
118. J. F. Williamson, B. M. Coursey, L. A. DeWerd, W. F. Hanson, R. Nath, M. J. Rivard, and G. Ibbott, On the use of apparent activity (Aapp) for treatment planning of 125I and 103Pd interstitial brachytherapy sources: Recommendations of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine radiation therapy committee subcommittee on low-energy brachytherapy source dosimetry., Med. Phys. 26, 2529-2530 (1999). 10.1118/1.598789
119. G. J. Kutcher, Comprehensive QA for radiation oncology: Report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 40., Med. Phys. 21, 581-618 (1994). 10.1118/1.597316
120. B. Fraass, K. Doppke, M. Hunt, G. Kutcher, G. Starkschall, R. Stern, and J. Van Dyke, American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 53: Quality assurance for clinical radiotherapy treatment planning., Med. Phys. 25, 1773-1829 (1998). 10.1118/1.598373
121. A. Beiki-Ardakani, J. Jezioranski, D. A. Jaffray, and I. Young, Improving quality assurance for assembled COMS eye plaques using a pinhole gamma camera., Med. Phys. 35, 4318-4323 (2008). 10.1118/1.2975152
122. A. Almony, S. Breit, H. Zhao, J. Garcia-Ramirez, D. B. Mansur, and J. W. Harbour, Tilting of radioactive plaques after initial accurate placement for treatment of uveal melanoma., Arch. Ophthalmol. 126, 65-70 (2008). 10.1001/archophthalmol.2007.9
123. J. W. Harbour, T. G. Murray, S. F. Byrne, J. R. Hughes, E. K. Gendron, F. J. Ehlies, and A. M. Markoe, Intraoperative echographic localization of iodine 125 episcleral radioactive plaques for posterior uveal melanoma., Retina 16, 129-134 (1996). 10.1097/00006982-199616020-00008
124. P. T. Finger, J. M. Romero, R. B. Rosen, R. Iezzi, R. Emery, and A. Berson, Three-dimensional ultrasonography of choroidal melanoma: Localization of radioactive eye plaques., Arch. Ophthalmol. 116, 305-312 (1998).
125. NRC Regulatory Guide NUREG-1556, Consolidated guidance about materials licenses: Program-specific guidance about medical licenses., Vol. 9, Rev. 2, 2008, see http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1556/v9/ r2/.
126. T. W. Kaulich and M. Bamberg, Radiation protection of persons living close to patients with radioactive implants. Strahlenther. Onkol. 186, 107-112 (2010). 10.1007/s00066-010-2073-x
127. P. T. Finger, K. J. Chin, and G. Duvall, Palladium-103 ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy for choroidal melanoma: 400 treated patients., Ophthalmology 116, 790-796 (2009). 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.027
128. A. Aizman, P. T. Finger, U. Shabto, A. Szechter, and A. Berson, Palladium 103 (103Pd) plaque radiation therapy for circumscribed choroidal hemangioma with retinal detachment., Arch. Ophthalmol. 122, 1652-1656 (2004). 10.1001/archopht.122.11.1652
129. P. A. Saconn, C. J. Gee, C. M. Greven, T. P. McCoy, K. E. Ekstrand, and K. M. Greven, Alternative dose for choroidal melanoma treated with an iodine-125 radioactive plaque: A single-institution retrospective study., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 78, 844-848 (2009). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.08.059
130. S. Edge, D. Byrd, C. Compton, A. Fritz, F. Greene, and A. Trotti, Malignant melanoma of the uvea., in Ophthalmic Sites: Part X, The AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (Springer, New York, 2009), pp. 547-559.
131. N. L. Gagne, K. L. Leonard, K. E. Huber, J. E. Mignano, J. S. Duker, N. V. Laver, and M. J. Rivard, BEDVH-A method for evaluating biologically effective dose volume histograms: Application to eye plaque brachytherapy implants., Med. Phys. 39, 976-983 (2012). 10.1118/1.3679010
132. N. L. Gagne, K. L. Leonard, and M. J. Rivard, Radiobiology for eye plaque brachytherapy and evaluation of implant duration and radionuclide choice using an objective function., Med. Phys. 39, 3332-3342 (2012). 10.1118/1.4718683
133. U. Schneider, F. Gelisken, W. Inhoffen, and I. Kreissig, Indocyanine green videoangiography of malignant melanomas of the choroid using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope., Ger. J. Ophthalmol. 5, 6-11 (1996).
134. T. H. Pettit, A. Barton, R. Y. Foos, and R. E. Christensen, Fluorescein angiography of choroidal melanomas., Arch. Ophthalmol. 83, 27-38 (1970). 10.1001/archopht.1970.00990030029006
135. H. Newman, K. J. Chin, and P. T. Finger, Subfoveal choroidal melanoma: Pretreatment characteristics and response to plaque radiation therapy., Arch. Ophthalmol. 129, 892-898 (2010). 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.161
136. P. T. Finger, K. J. Chin, and G. P. Yu, Risk factors for radiation maculopathy after ophthalmic plaque radiation for choroidal melanoma., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 149, 608-615 (2010). 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.11.006
137. H. Newman, P. T. Finger, K. J. Chin, and A. C. Pavlick, Systemic bevacizumab (Avastin) for exudative retinal detachment secondary to choroidal melanoma., Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 21 (6), 796-801 (2011). 10.5301/EJO.2011.6477
138. P. T. Finger and M. Kurli, Laser photocoagulation for radiation retinopathy after ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy., Br. J. Ophthalmol. 89 (6), 730-738 (2005). 10.1136/bjo.2004.052159
139. P. T. Finger, Anti-VEGF bevacizumab (Avastin) for radiation optic neuropathy., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143, 335-338 (2007). 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.09.014
140. P. T. Finger, Radiation retinopathy is treatable with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor bevacizumab (Avastin)., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 70, 974-977 (2008). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.11.045
141. P. T. Finger and K. J. Chin, Intravitreous ranibizumab (lucentis) for radiation maculopathy., Arch. Ophthalmol. 128, 249-252 (2010). 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.376
142. P. T. Finger and K. Chin, Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor bevacizumab (avastin) for radiation retinopathy., Arch. Ophthalmol. 125 (6), 751-756 (2007). 10.1001/archopht.125.6.751
143. P. T. Finger and K. J. Chin, Antivascular endothelial growth factor bevacizumab for radiation optic neuropathy: Secondary to plaque radiotherapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 82, 789-798 (2012). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010. 11.075
144. P. K. Lommatzsch and R. Lommatzsch, Treatment of juxtapapillary melanomas., Br. J. Ophthalmol. 75, 715-717 (1991). 10.1136/bjo.75.12.715
145. P. K. Lommatzsch, C. Werschnik, and E. Schuster, Long-term follow-up of Ru-106Rh-106 brachytherapy for posterior uveal melanoma., Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 238, 129-137 (2000). 10.1007/PL00007880
146. J. Fontanesi, D. Meyer, S. Xu, and D. Tai, Treatment of choroidal melanoma with I-125 plaque., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 26, 619-623 (1993). 10.1016/0360-3016(93)90278-4
147. P. T. Finger, D. Lu, A. Buffa, D. S. DeBlasio, and J. L. Bosworth, Palladium-103 versus iodine-125 for ophthalmic plaque radiotherapy., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 27, 849-854 (1993). 10.1016/0360-3016(93)90459-9
148. P. T. Finger, D. M. Moshfeghi, and T. K. Ho, Palladium 103 ophthalmic plaque radiotherapy., Arch. Ophthalmol. 109, 1610-1613 (1991). 10.1001/archopht.1991.01080110148053
149. S. Packer, M. Rotman, R. G. Fairchild, D. M. Albert, H. L. Atkins, and B. Chan, Irradiation of choroidal melanoma with iodine 125 ophthalmic plaque., Arch. Ophthalmol. 98, 1453-1457 (1980). 10.1001/archopht.1980.01020040305019
150. D. M. Robertson, K. S. Fountain, J. A. Anderson, and G. W. Posthumus, Radioactive iodine-125 as a therapeutic radiation source for management of intraocular tumors., Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 79, 294-306 (1981).
151. B. R. Garretson, D. M. Robertson, and J. D. Earle, Choroidal melanoma treatment with iodine 125 brachytherapy., Arch. Ophthalmol. 105, 1394-1397 (1987). 10.1001/archopht.1987.01060100096035
152. H. C. Boldt, B. M. Melia, J. C. Liu, and S. M. Reynolds, I-125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma photographic and angiographic abnormalities: The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study: COMS Report No. 30., Ophthalmology 116, 106-115 (2009). 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.013
153. M. Melia, C. S. Moy, S. M. Reynolds, J. A. Hayman, T. G. Murray, K. R. Hovland, J. D. Earle, N. Kurinij, L. M. Dong, P. H. Miskala, C. Fountain, D. Cella, and C. M. Mangione, Quality of life after iodine 125 brachytherapy vs enucleation for choroidal melanoma: 5-year results from the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study: COMS QOLS Report No. 3., Arch. Ophthalmol. 124, 226-238 (2006). 10.1001/archopht.124.2.226
154. L. Bergman, B. Nilsson, G. Lundell, M. Lundell, and S. Seregard, Ruthenium brachytherapy for uveal melanoma, 1979-2003: Survival and functional outcomes in the Swedish population., Ophthalmology 112, 834-840 (2005). 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.11.038
155. 106Ru brachytherapy of choroidal melanoma., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 63, 385-391 (2005). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005. 02.017
156. B. Damato, I. Patel, I. R. Campbell, H. M. Mayles, and R. D. Errington, Visual acuity after Ruthenium(106) brachytherapy of choroidal melanomas., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 63, 392-400 (2005). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.02.059
157. B. F. Fernandes, H. Krema, E. Fulda, C. J. Pavlin, D. G. Payne, H. D. McGowan, and E. R. Simpson, Management of iris melanomas with 125Iodine plaque radiotherapy., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 149, 70-76 (2010). 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.08.007
158. R. Potter, K. Janssen, F. J. Prott, J. Widder, U. Haverkamp, H. Busse, and R. P. Muller, Ruthenium-106 eye plaque brachytherapy in the conservative treatment of uveal melanoma: Evaluation of 175 patients treated with 150 Gy from 1981-1989., Front. Radiat. Ther. Oncol. 30, 143-149 (1997).
159. S. Seregard, Long-term survival after ruthenium plaque radiotherapy for uveal melanoma: A meta-analysis of studies including 1066 patients., Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 77, 414-417 (1999). 10.1034/j.1600-0420.1999.770411.x
160. 106RuRh brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma., Acta Oncol. 45, 285-293 (2006). 10.1080/02841860500468950
161. P. T. Finger, Plaque radiation therapy for malignant melanoma of the iris and ciliary body., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 132, 328-335 (2001). 10.1016/S0002- 9394(01)01007-8
162. P. T. Finger, S. Reddy, and K. Chin, High-frequency ultrasound characteristics of 24 iris and iridociliary melanomas: Before and after plaque brachytherapy., Arch. Ophthalmol. 125, 1051-1058 (2007). 10.1001/archopht.125.8. 1051
163. F. A. Marigo, P. T. Finger, S. A. McCormick, R. Iezzi, K. Esaki, H. Ishikawa, J. M. Liebmann, and R. Ritch, Iris and ciliary body melanomas: Ultrasound biomicroscopy with histopathologic correlation., Arch. Ophthalmol. 118, 1515-1521 (2000). 10.1001/archopht.118.11.1515
164. F. A. Marigo and P. T. Finger, Anterior segment tumors: Current concepts and innovations., Surv. Ophthalmol. 48, 569-593 (2003). 10.1016/j.survophthal. 2003.08.001
165. J. P. Garcia Jr., L. Spielberg, and P. T. Finger, High-frequency ultrasound measurements of the normal ciliary body and iris., Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging 42 (4), 321-327 (2011). 10.3928/15428877-20110603-03
166. C. Shields, M. Naseripour, J. Shields, J. Freir, and J. Cater, Custom-designed plaque radiotherapy for nonresectable iris melanoma in 38 patients: Tumor control and ocular complications., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 135, 648-656 (2003). 10.1016/S0002-9394(02)02241-9
167. F. E. Kruse, K. Rohrschneider, and H. E. Volcker, Transplantation of amniotic membrane for reconstruction of the eye surface., Ophthalmologe 95, 114-119 (1998). 10.1007/s003470050247
168. P. T. Finger, Fingers amniotic membrane buffer technique: Protecting the cornea during radiation plaque therapy., Arch. Ophthalmol. 126, 531-534 (2008). 10.1001/archopht.126.4.531
169. J. P. Garcia Jr., P. T. Garcia, R. B. Rosen, and P. T. Finger, A 3-dimensional ultrasound C-scan imaging technique for optic nerve measurements., Ophthalmology 111, 1238-1243 (2004). 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.10.026
170. J. W. Harbour, T. A. Meredith, P. A. Thompson, and M. E. Gordon, Transpupillary thermotherapy versus plaque radiotherapy for suspected choroidal melanomas., Ophthalmology 110, 2207-2214; discussion 2215 (2003). 10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00858-3
171. N. M. Radcliffe and P. T. Finger, Eye cancer related glaucoma: Current concepts.. Surv. Ophthalmol. 54 (1), 47-73 (2009). 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008. 10.002
172. I. Puusaari, J. Heikkonen, and T. Kivela, Ocular complications after iodine brachytherapy for large uveal melanomas., Ophthalmology 111, 1768-1777 (2004). 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.03.027
173. R. M. Conway, A. M. Poothullil, I. K. Daftari, V. Weinberg, J. E. Chung, and J. M. O'Brien, Estimates of ocular and visual retention following treatment of extra-large uveal melanomas by proton beam radiotherapy., Arch. Ophthalmol. 124, 838-843 (2006). 10.1001/archopht.124.6.838
174. J. Sisterson, Ion beam therapy in 2004., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 241, 713-716 (2005). 10.1016/j.nimb.2005.07.121
175. A. Courdi, J. P. Caujolle, J. D. Grange, L. Diallo-Rosier, J. Sahel, F. Bacin, C. Zur, P. Gastaud, N. Iborra-Brassart, J. Herault, and P. Chauvel, Results of proton therapy of uveal melanomas treated in Nice., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 45, 5-11 (1999). 10.1016/S0360-3016(99)00147-9
176. E. Egger, L. Zografos, A. Schalenbourg, D. Beati, T. Bohringer, L. Chamot, and G. Goitein, Eye retention after proton beam radiotherapy for uveal melanoma., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 55, 867-880 (2003). 10.1016/S0360-3016(02)04200-1
177. O. Pastyr, G. H. Hartmann, W. Schlegel, S. Schabbert, H. Treuer, W. J. Lorenz, and V. Sturm, Stereotactically guided convergent beam irradiation with a linear accelerator: Localization-technique., Acta Neurochir. 99, 61-64 (1989). 10.1007/BF01407778
178. K. Muller, P. J. Nowak, C. de Pan, J. P. Marijnissen, D. A. Paridaens, P. Levendag, and G. P. Luyten, Effectiveness of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for uveal melanoma., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 63, 116-122 (2005). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.01.058
179. K. Dieckmann, J. Bogner, D. Georg, M. Zehetmayer, G. Kren, and R. Potter, A linac-based stereotactic irradiation technique of uveal melanoma., Radiother. Oncol. 61, 49-56 (2001). 10.1016/S0167-8140(01)00413-3
180. R. Dunavoelgyi, K. Dieckmann, A. Gleiss, S. Sacu, K. Kircher, M. Georgopoulos, D. Georg, M. Zehetmayer, and R. Poetter, Local tumor control, visual acuity, and survival after hypofractionated stereotactic photon radiotherapy of choroidal melanoma in 212 patients treated between 1997 and 2007., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 81, 199-205 (2011). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.04.035
181. P. E. Carvounis and B. Katz, Gamma knife radiosurgery in neuro-ophthalmology., Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 14, 317-324 (2003). 10.1097/00055735-200312000-00001
182. R. Liscak and V. Vladyka, Radiosurgery in ocular disorders: Clinical applications., Prog. Neurol. Surg. 20, 324-339 (2007).
183. S. Logani, T. K. Helenowski, H. Thakrar, and B. Pothiawala, Gamma Knife radiosurgery in the treatment of ocular melanoma., Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 61 (Suppl. 1), 38-44 (1993). 10.1159/000100658
184. G. Marchini, Stereotactic radiosurgery of uveal melanomas: Preliminary results with Gamma Knife treatment., Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 64 (Suppl. 1), 72-79 (1995).
185. P. Pochop, J. Pilbauer, J. Krepelkova, V. Vladyka, R. Liscak, J. Sach, and G. Simonova, Two years' experience with treatment of uveal melanoma using the Leksell gamma knife., Cesk. Slov. Oftalmol. 54, 222-234 (1998).
186. G. Modorati, E. Miserocchi, L. Galli, P. Picozzi, and P. Rama, Gamma knife radiosurgery for uveal melanoma: 12 years of experience., Br. J. Ophthalmol. 93, 40-44 (2009). 10.1136/bjo.2008.142208
187. S. Trichter, H. Amols, G. N. Cohen, D. Lewis, T. LoSasso, and M. Zaider, Accurate dosimetry of Ru-106 ophthalmic applicators using GafChromic film in a solid water phantom., Med. Phys. 29, 1349 (2002). 10.1118/1.1496319
188. S. Trichter, M. Zaider, D. Nori, A. Sabbas, F. Kulidzhanov, D. Lewis, and C. Soares, Clinical dosimetry of 106Ru eye plaques in accordance with the forthcoming ISO beta dosimetry standard using specially designed GAFCHROMIC® Film., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 69, S665-S666 (2007). 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.2019
189. M. A. Astrahan, A patch source model for treatment planning of ruthenium ophthalmic applicators., Med. Phys. 30, 1219-1228 (2003). 10.1118/1.1573971
190. ISO 21439, Clinical Dosimetry-Beta Radiation sources for Brachytherapy (International Organization for Standardization, 2009).