Aberrant first fixations when looking at inverted faces in various poses: The result of the centre-of-gravity effect?

British Journal of Psychology

Volumn 103, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 520-538

  Hills, Peter J ^a   Sullivan, Anthony J ^a   Pake, J Michael ^a  

^a ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; EYE FIXATION; EYE MOVEMENT; FACE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHYSIOLOGY; RECOGNITION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; EYE MOVEMENTS; FACE; FEMALE; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84867134516     PISSN: 00071269     EISSN: 20448295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02091.x     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Althoff, R., & Cohen, N. (1999). Eye-movement-based memory effect: A reprocessing effect in face perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 997-1010. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.4.997
2. Barton, J., Deepak, S., & Malik, N. (2003). Attending to faces: Change detection, familiarization, and inversion effects. Perception, 32, 15-28. doi:10.1068/p3460
3. Barton, J. J. S., Radcliffe, N., Cherkasova, M. V., Edelman, J., & Intriligator, J. M. (2006). Information processing during face recognition: The effects of familiarity, inversion, and morphing on scanning fixations. Perception, 35, 1089-1105. doi:10.1068/p5547
4. Bindemann, M., Burton, A. M., & Langton, S. R. H. (2008). How do eye gaze and facial expression interact? Visual Cognition, 16, 708 - 733. doi:10.1080/13506280701269318
5. Bindemann, M., Scheepers, C., & Burton, A. M. (2009). Viewpoint and center of gravity affect eye movements to human faces. Journal of Vision, 9, 1-16. doi:10.1167/9.2.7
6. Bruce, V. (1988). Recognizing faces . Hove, UK: Erlbaum.
7. Bruce, V., Valentine, T., & Baddeley, A. (1987). The basis of the 3/4 view advantage in face recognition. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1, 109-120. doi:10.1002/acp.2350010204
8. Bruce, V., & Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305-327. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1986.tb02199.x
9. Chiroro, P., & Valentine, T. (1995). An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48A, 879-894. doi:10.1080/14640749508401421
10. Conway, C. A., Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., & Little, A. C. (2008). Evidence for adaptive design in human gaze preference. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275, 63-69. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1073
11. Coren, S., & Hoeing, P. (1972). Effect of non-target stimuli upon length of voluntary saccades. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 34, 499-508. doi:10.2466/pms.1972.34.2.499
12. Dal Martello, M. F., & Maloney, L. T. (2006). Where are kin recognition signals in the human face? Journal of Vision, 6, 1356-1366. doi:10.1167/6.12.2
13. Davies, G. M., Ellis, H. D., & Shepherd, J. W. (1977). Cue saliency in faces as assessed by the Photofit technique. Perception, 6, 263-269. doi:10.1068/p060263
14. Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107-117. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.115.2.107
15. Doty, N. (1998). The influence of nationality on accuracy of face and voice recognition. American Journal of Psychology, 111, 191-214. doi:10.2307/1423486
16. Ellis, H. D., Deregowski, J. B., & Shepherd, J. W. (1975). Descriptions of White and Black faces by White and Black subjects. International Journal of Psychology, 10, 119-123. doi:10.1080/00207597508247325
17. Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W., & Davies, G. M. (1979). Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: Some implications for theories of face recognition. Perception, 8, 431-439. doi:10.1068/p080431
18. Findlay, J. M., & Gilchrist, I. D. (1997). Spatial scale and saccade programming. Perception, 26, 1159-1167. doi:10.1068/p261159
19. Fletcher-Watson, S., Findlay, J. M., Leekam, S. R., & Benson, V. (2008). Rapid detection of person information in a naturalistic scene. Perception, 37, 571-583. doi:10.1068/p5705
20. Golarai, G., Ghahremani, D., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Reiss, A., Eberhardt, J. L., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Grill-Spector, K. (2007). Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 512-522. doi:10.1038/nn1865
21. Goldinger, S. D., He, Y., & Papesh, M. H. (2009). Deficits in cross-race face learning: Insights from eye movements and pupillometry. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 1105-1122. doi:10.1037/a0016548
22. Goldstein, A. G. (1965). Learning of inverted and normally oriented faces in children and adults. Psychonomic Science, 3, 447-448.
23. Gosselin, F., & Schyns, P. G. (2001). Bubbles: A technique to reveal the use of information in recognition tasks. Vision Research, 41, 2261-2271. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00097-9
24. Groner, R., Walder, F., & Groner, M. (1984). Looking at faces: Local and global aspects of scanpaths. In A. G. Gale & F. Johnson (Eds.), Theoretical and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 523-527). New York: Elsevier.
25. Haig, N. D. (1986a). Exploring recognition with interchanged facial features. Perception, 15, 235-247. doi:10.1068/p150235
26. Haig, N. D. (1986b). High-resolution facial feature saliency mapping. Perception, 15, 373-386. doi:10.1068/p150373
27. Hancock, P. J. B., Bruce, V., & Burton, A. M. (2000). Recognition of unfamiliar faces. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 330-337. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01519-9
28. He, P. Y., & Kowler, E. (1989). The role of location probability of saccades: Implications for 'centre-of-gravity' tendencies. Vision Research, 29, 1165-1181. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(89)90063-1
29. Heisz, J. J., & Shore, D. I. (2008). More efficient scanning for familiar faces. Journal of Vision, 8, 1-10. doi:10.1167/8.1.9
30. Henderson, J. M., Williams, C. C., & Falk, R. J. (2005). Eye movements are functional during face learning. Memory & Cognition, 33, 98-106. doi:10.3758/BF03195300
31. Hill, H., Schyns, P. G., & Akamatsu, S. (1997). Information and viewpoint dependence in face recognition. Cognition, 62, 201-222. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(96)00785-8
32. Hills, P. J., & Lewis, M. B. (2006). Reducing the own-race bias in face recognition by shifting attention. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 996-1002. doi:10.1080/17470210600654750
33. Hills, P. J., Ross, D. A., & Lewis, M. B. (2011). Attention misplaced: The role of diagnostic features in the face-inversion effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37, 1396-1406. doi:10.1037/a0024247
34. Hochberg, J., & Galper, R. E. (1967). Recognition of faces. 1. An exploratory study. Psychonomic Science, 9, 619-620.
35. Hosie, J. A., Ellis, H. D., & Haig, N. D. (1988). The effect of feature displacement on the perception of well-known faces. Perception, 17, 461-474. doi:10.1068/p170461
36. Janik, S. W., Wellens, A. R., Goldberg, M. L., & Dell'Osso, L. F. (1978). Eyes as the centre of focus in the visual examination of human faces. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47, 857-858.
37. Jenkins, R., & Burton, A. M. (2008). 100% accuracy in automatic face recognition. Science, 319, 435. doi:10.1126/science.1149656
38. Jones, B. C., Main, J. C., DeBruine, L. M., Little, A. C., & Welling, L. L. M. (2010). Reading the look of love: Sexually dimorphic cues in opposite-sex faces influence gaze categorization. Psychological Science, 21, 796-798. doi:10.1177/0956797610370756
39. Joseph, R. M., & Tanaka, J. (2002). Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 1-14. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00142
40. Kemp, R., McManus, C., & Pigott, T. (1990). Sensitivity to the displacement of facial features in negative and inverted images. Perception, 19, 531-543. doi:10.1068/p190531
41. Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The 'Trier Social Stress Test'- a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28, 76-81. doi:10.1159/000119004
42. Kleinke, C. L. (1986). Gaze and eye contact: A research review. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 78-100. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.1.78
43. Krouse, F. L. (1981). Effects of pose, pose change, and delay on face recognition performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 651-654. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.66.5.651
44. Leder, H., & Bruce, V. (1998). Local and relational aspects of face distinctiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, A, 51, 449-473. doi:10.1080/027249898391486
45. Leder, H., & Bruce, V. (2000). When inverted faces are recognized: The role of configural information in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, A, 53, 513-536. doi:10.1080/713755889
46. Leonards, U., & Scott-Samuel, N. E. (2005). Idiosyncratic initiation of saccadic face exploration in humans. Vision Research, 45, 2677-2684. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.03.009
47. Li, S. Z., & Zhang, Z. Q. (2004). FloatBoost learning and statistical face detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 26, 1112-1123. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2004.68
48. Light, L. L., Kayra-Stuart, F., & Hollander, S. (1979). Recognition memory for typical and unusual faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5(3), 212-228. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.5.3.212
49. Liu, C.-H., & Chaudhuri, A. (2002). Reassessing the 3/4 view effect in face recognition. Cognition, 83, 31-48. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00164-0
50. Logie, R. H., Baddeley, A. D., & Woodhead, M. M. (1987). Face recognition, pose and ecological validity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1, 53-69. doi:10.1002/acp.2350010108
51. Luria, S., & Strauss, M. (1978). Comparison of eye movements over faces in photographic positives and negatives. Perception, 7, 349-358. doi:10.1068/p070349
52. MacMillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2005). Detection theory: A user's guide . New York: Cambridge University Press.
53. Malcolm, G., Leung, C., & Barton, J. (2004). Regional variation in the inversion effect for faces: Different patterns for feature shape, spatial relations, and external contour. Perception, 33, 1221-1231. doi:10.1068/p5372
54. Mertens, I., Siegmund, H., & Grüsser, O. (1993). Gaze motor asymmetries in the perception of faces during a memory task. Neuropsychologia, 31, 989-998. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90154-R
55. Morrison, D. J., Bruce, V., & Burton, A. M. (2001). Understanding provoked overt recognition in prosopagnosia. Visual Cognition, 8, 47-65. doi:10.1080/13506280042000027
56. Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & Behrmann, M. (1997). What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 555-604. doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.555
57. O'Toole, A. J., Edelman, S., & Bülthoff, H. H. (1998). Stimulus-specific effects in face recognition over changes in viewpoint. Vision Research, 38, 2351-2363. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00042-X
58. Raynor, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 372-422. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
59. Reingold, E. M., Charness, N., Pomplun, M., & Stampe, D. M. (2001). Visual span in expert chess players: Evidence from eye movements. Psychological Science, 12, 48-55.
60. Rossion, B. (2008). Picture-plane inversion leads to qualitative changes of face perception. Acta Psychologica, 128, 274-289. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.003
61. Rossion, B. (2009). Distinguishing the cause and consequence of face inversion: The perceptual field hypothesis. Acta Psychologica, 132, 300-312. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.08.002
62. Rossion, B., Delvenne, J.-F., Debatisse, D., Goffaux, V., Bruyer, R., Crommelinck, M., & Guerit, J. M. (1999). Spatio-temporal localization of the face inversion effect: An event-related potentials study. Biological Psychology, 50, 173-189. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00013-7
63. Schyns, P. G. & Bülthoff, H. H. (1994). Viewpoint dependence and face recognition. In A. Ram & K. Eiselt (Eds.), Proceedings of the XVI meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Georgia Institute of Technology (pp. 789-793). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
64. Searcy, J., & Bartlett, J. (1996). Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 904-915. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.4.904
65. Sergent, J. (1984). An investigation into component and configurational processes underlying face perception. British Journal of Psychology, 75, 221-242. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1984.tb01895.x
66. Sergent, J. (1986). Methodological constraint in neuropsychological studies of face perception in normals. In R. L. Bruyer (Ed.), The neuropsychology or of face perception and facial expression (pp. 91-124). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
67. Shepherd, J. W., Davies, G. M., & Ellis, H. D. (1981). Studies of cue saliency. In G. M. Davies, H. D. Ellis, & J. W. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces (pp. 105-131). London: Academic Press.
68. Sinha, P., Balas, B., Ostrovsky, Y., & Russell, R. (2006). Face recognition by humans: Nineteen results all computer vision researchers should know about. Proceedings of the IEEE, 94, 1948-1962. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2006.884093
69. Stacey, P. C., Walker, S., & Underwood, J. D. M. (2005). Face processing and familiarity: Evidence from eye-movement data. British Journal of Psychology, 96, 407-422. doi:10.1348/000712605X47422
70. Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection and recognition by human observers. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
71. Valentine, T. (1988). Upside-down faces: A review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 471-491. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02747.x
72. van Belle, G., De Graef, P., Verfaillie, K., Rossion, B., & Lefèvre, P. (2010). Face inversion impairs holistic perception: Evidence from gaze-contingent stimulation. Journal of Vision, 10, 1-13. doi:10.1167/10.5.10
73. van Belle, G., Ramon, M., Lefèfre, P., & Rossion, B. (2010). Fixation patterns during recognition of personally familiar and unfamiliar faces. Frontiers in Psychology: Cognitive Science, 1, 20. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00020
74. van der Linde, I., & Watson, T. (2010). A combinatorial study of pose effects in unfamiliar face recognition. Vision Research, 50, 522-533. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.12.012
75. Vickers, J. N. (1996). Visual control when aiming at a far target. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 342-354. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.2.342
76. Walker-Smith, G., Gale, A., & Findlay, J. (1977). Eye movement strategies involved in face perception. Perception, 6, 313-326. doi:10.1068/p060313
77. Wenger, M. J., & Townsend, J. T. (2000). Spatial frequencies in short-term memory for faces: A test of three frequency-dependent hypotheses. Memory & Cognition, 28, 125-142. doi:10.3758/BF03211581
78. Williams, C. C., & Henderson, J. M. (2007). The face inversion effect is not a consequence of aberrant eye movements. Memory & Cognition, 35(8), 1977-1985. doi:10.3758/BF03192930
79. Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141-145. doi:10.1037/h0027474