Production, composition and toxicology studies of Enzogenol® Pinus radiata bark extract

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 50, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 4316-4324

  Frevel, Mathias A E ^a   Pipingas, Andrew ^b   Grigsby, Warren J ^c   Frampton, Chris M ^d   Gilchrist, Nigel L ^e  

^a ENZO Nutraceuticals Limited   (New Zealand)

^b SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^c SCION   (New Zealand)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^e PRINCESS MARGARET HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Food safety; Pine bark extract; Proanthocyanidins; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; CARBOHYDRATE; ENZOGENOL; FLAVONOID; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PHENOLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PINUS RADIATA EXTRACT; PLANT EXTRACT; PROANTHOCYANIDIN; TAXIFOLIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ARTICLE; BARK; BLOOD CHEMISTRY; BLOOD TOXICITY; BODY WEIGHT; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DIARRHEA; DOG; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD INTAKE; HEMATOLOGY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LIVER TOXICITY; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; ORGAN WEIGHT; PINE; PINUS RADIATA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); VOMITING;

AGED; ANIMALS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOGS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; FLAVONOIDS; HUMANS; HYDROXYBENZOATES; KIDNEY; LIVER; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUTAGENS; NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL; ORGAN SIZE; PINUS; PLANT BARK; PLANT EXTRACTS; PROANTHOCYANIDINS; QUERCETIN; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; TOXICITY TESTS;

CANIS FAMILIARIS; PINUS RADIATA; RATTUS;

EID: 84867044329     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: 18736351     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.051     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. American Botanical Council, 2010. Scientific and clinical monograph for Pycnogenol®. http://abc.herbalgram.org.
2. Ames B.N., McCann J., Yamasaki E. Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test. Mutat. Res. 1975, 31:347-364.
3. Aron P.M., Kennedy J.A. Flavan-3-ols: nature, occurrence and biological activity. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008, 52:79-104.
4. Bentivegna S.S., Whitney K.M. Subchronic 3-month oral toxicity study of grape seed and grape skin extracts. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002, 40:1731-1743.
5. Chayasirisobhon S. Use of a pine bark extract and antioxidant vitamin combination product as therapy for migraine in patients refractory to pharmacologic medication. Headache 2006, 46:788-793.
6. Cho K.J., Yun C.H., Packer L., Chung A.S. Inhibition mechanisms of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2001, 928:141-156.
7. Erexson G.L. Lack of in vivo clastogenic activity of grape seed and grape skin extracts in a mouse micronucleus assay. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2003, 41:347-350.
8. Evans G.O. Animal Clinical Chemistry 2009, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, Appendix C, pp. 322. second ed.
9. Feigin, V., 2012. Personal communication, submitted for publication.
10. Grimm T., Skrabala R., Chovanova Z., Muchova J., Sumegova K., Liptakova A., Durackova Z., Hogger P. Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) after oral administration to healthy volunteers. BMC Clin. Pharmacol. 2006, 6:4.
11. Gu L., Kelm M.A., Hammerstone J.F., Beecher G., Holden J., Haytowitz D., Gebhardt S., Prior R.L. Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption. J. Nutr. 2004, 134:613-617.
12. Guri A., Kefelas P., Roussis V. Antioxidant potential of six pine species. Phytother. Res. 2006, 20:263-266.
13. Jerez M., Tourino S., Sineiro J., Torres J.L., Nunez M.J. Procyanidins from pine bark: relationships between structure, composition and antiradical activity. Food Chem. 2007, 104:518-527.
14. Ku C.S., Mun S.P. Characterization of proanthocyanidin in hot water extract isolated from Pinus radiata bark. Wood Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:235-247.
15. Markham K.R., Porter L.J. Extractives of Pinus radiata bark. N.Z. J. Sci. 1973, 16:751-761.
16. Maron D.M., Ames B.N. Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat. Res. 1983, 113:173-215.
17. Packer L., Rimbach G., Virgili F. Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radical Biol. Med. 1999, 27:704-724.
18. Peng Z., Hayasaka Y., Iland P.G., Sefton M., Hoj P., Waters E.J. Quantitative analysis of polymeric procyanidins (tannins) from grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49:26-31.
19. Pipingas A., Silberstein R.B., Vitetta L., Rooy C.V., Harris E.V., Young J.M., Frampton C.M., Sali A., Nastasi J. Improved cognitive performance after dietary supplementation with a Pinus radiata bark extract formulation. Phytother. Res. 2008, 22:1168-1174.
20. Porter L.J. Extractives of Pinus radiata bark. N.Z. J. Sci. 1974, 17:213-218.
21. Prior R.L., Gu L. Occurrence and biological significance of proanthocyanidins in the American diet. Phytochemistry 2005, 66:2264-2280.
22. Ray S., Bagchi D., Lim P.M., Bagchi M., Gross S.M., Kothari S.C., Preuss H.G., Stohs S.J. Acute and long-term safety evaluation of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. 2001, 109:165-197.
23. Rohdewald P. A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002, 40:158-168.
24. Santos-Buelga C., Scalbert A. Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds - nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2000, 80:1094-1117.
25. Senthilmohan S.T., Zhang J., Stanley R.A. Effects of flavonoid extract Enzogenol® with vitamin C on protein oxidation and DNA damage in older human subjects. Nutr. Res. 2003, 23:1199-1210.
26. Shand B., Strey C., Scott R., Morrison Z., Gieseg S. Pilot study on the clinical effects of dietary supplementation with Enzogenol®, a flavonoid extract of pine bark and vitamin C. Phytother. Res. 2003, 17:490-494.
27. Wang Y., Chung S.J., Song W.O., Chun O.K. Estimation of daily proanthocyanidin intake and major food sources in the U.S. diet. J. Nutr. 2011, 141:447-452.
28. Wood J.E., Senthilmohan S.T., Peskin A.V. Antioxidant activity of procyanidin-containing plant extracts at different pHs. Food Chem. 2002, 77:155-161.
29. Wren A.F., Cleary M., Frantz C., Melton S., Norris L. 90-day oral toxicity study of a grape seed extract (ih636) in rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50:2180-2192.
30. Yamakoshi J., Saito M., Kataoka S., Kikuchi M. Safety evaluation of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002, 40:599-607.
31. Young J.M., Shand B.I., McGregor P.M., Scott R.S., Frampton C.M. Comparative effects of Enzogenol® and vitamin C supplementation versus vitamin C alone on endothelial function and biochemical markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic smokers. Free Radical Res. 2006, 40:85-94.