Nanosphere templated continuous PEDOT:PSS films with low percolation threshold for application in efficient polymer solar cells

ACS Nano

Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 7902-7909

  Kang, Dong Jin ^a   Kang, Hyunbum ^a   Kim, Ki Hyun ^a   Kim, Bumjoon J ^a  

^a Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)   (South Korea)

Author keywords

air stability; nanosphere; opal template; PEDOT:PSS; polymer solar cell

Indexed keywords

AIR STABILITY; ANODE BUFFER LAYERS; ENHANCED STABILITY; MONODISPERSE POLYSTYRENE; OPAL TEMPLATE; ORGANIC ELECTRONICS; PEDOT:PSS; PERCOLATION THRESHOLDS; PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE; POLY-3 ,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE; POLYMER SOLAR CELLS; POWER CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES; TEMPLATED;

CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; NANOSPHERES; POLYMER FILMS; POLYSTYRENES; SOLAR CELLS; TROPOSPHERE;

CONDUCTING POLYMERS;

NANOSPHERE; POLY(3,4 ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE) POLY(STYRENESULFONATE); POLY(3,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE)-POLY(STYRENESULFONATE); POLYSTYRENE DERIVATIVE; THIOPHENE DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANE; CHEMISTRY; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE ANALYSIS; INSTRUMENTATION; MOLECULAR IMPRINTING; POWER SUPPLY; SOLAR ENERGY; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE ANALYSIS; MEMBRANES, ARTIFICIAL; MOLECULAR IMPRINTING; NANOSPHERES; POLYSTYRENES; SOLAR ENERGY; THIOPHENES;

EID: 84866672173     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn3022926     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Thompson, B. C.; Fréchet, J. M. J. Polymer-Fullerene Composite Solar Cells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 58-77
2. Zhu, W.; Mo, Y.; Yuan, M.; Yang, W.; Cao, Y. Highly Efficient Electrophosphorescent Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers Doped with Iridium Complexes Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2045-2047
3. Sary, N.; Richard, F.; Brochon, C.; Leclerc, N.; Lévêque, P.; Audinot, J.-N.; Berson, S.; Heiser, T.; Hadziioannou, G.; Mezzenga, R. A New Supramolecular Route for Using Rod-Coil Block Copolymers in Photovoltaic Applications Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 763-768
4. Arias, A. C.; MacKenzie, J. D.; McCulloch, I.; Rivnay, J.; Salleo, A. Materials and Applications for Large Area Electronics: Solution-Based Approaches Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 3-24
5. Ku, S. Y.; Liman, C. D.; Cochran, J. E.; Toney, M. F.; Chabinyc, M. L.; Hawker, C. J. Solution-Processed Nanostructured Benzoporphyrin with Polycarbonate Binder for Photovoltaics Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 2289-2289
6. Krebs, F. C. Fabrication and Processing of Polymer Solar Cells: A Review of Printing and Coating Techniques Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93, 394-412
7. Facchetti, A. φ-Conjugated Polymers for Organic Electronics and Photovoltaic Cell Applications Chem. Mater. 2010, 23, 733-758
8. Cho, C.-H.; Kang, H.; Kang, T. E.; Cho, H.-H.; Yoon, S. C.; Jeon, M.-K.; Kim, B. J. Controlling Side-Chain Density of Electron Donating Polymers for Improving Their Packing Structure and Photovoltaic Performance Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 3577-3579
9. Cheng, Y.-J.; Yang, S.-H.; Hsu, C.-S. Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cell Applications Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5868-5923
10. Groenendaal, L.; Jonas, F.; Freitag, D.; Pielartzik, H.; Reynolds, J. R. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 481-494
11. Ha, Y. H.; Nikolov, N.; Pollack, S. K.; Mastrangelo, J.; Martin, B. D.; Shashidhar, R. Towards a Transparent, Highly Conductive Poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 615-622
12. Zhang, F. L.; Gadisa, A.; Inganas, O.; Svensson, M.; Andersson, M. R. Influence of Buffer Layers on the Performance of Polymer Solar Cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 3906-3908
13. Carter, S. A.; Angelopoulos, M.; Karg, S.; Brock, P. J.; Scott, J. C. Polymeric Anodes for Improved Polymer Light-Emitting Diode Performance Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997, 70, 2067-2069
14. Snaith, H. J.; Kenrick, H.; Chiesa, M.; Friend, R. H. Morphological and Electronic Consequences of Modifications to the Polymer Anode 'PEDOT:PSS' Polymer 2005, 46, 2573-2578
15. de Jong, M. P.; van Ijzendoorn, L. J.; de Voigt, M. J. A. Stability of the Interface between Indium-Tin-Oxide and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/ Poly(styrenesulfonate) in Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 2255-2257
16. Reese, M. O.; Morfa, A. J.; White, M. S.; Kopidakis, N.; Shaheen, S. E.; Rumbles, G.; Ginley, D. S. Pathways for the Degradation of Organic Photovoltaic P3HT:PCBM Based Devices Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 92, 746-752
17. 2/Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Heterojunction Solar Cell Thin Solid Films 2005, 483, 358-366
18. Şahin, Y.; Alem, S.; de Bettignies, R.; Nunzi, J.-M. Development of Air Stable Polymer Solar Cells Using an Inverted Gold on Top Anode Structure Thin Solid Films 2005, 476, 340-343
19. 3 on the Polymeric Semiconductor Poly(dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 3746-3752
20. Hains, A. W.; Liu, J.; Martinson, A. B. F.; Irwin, M. D.; Marks, T. J. Anode Interfacial Tuning via Electron-Blocking/Hole-Transport Layers and Indium Tin Oxide Surface Treatment in Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 595-606
21. Lu, G.; Tang, H.; Huan, Y.; Li, S.; Li, L.; Wang, Y.; Yang, X. Enhanced Charge Transportation in Semiconducting Polymer/Insulating Polymer Composites: The Role of an Interpenetrating Bulk Interface Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 1714-1720
22. Kumar, A.; Baklar, M. A.; Scott, K.; Kreouzis, T.; Stingelin-Stutzmann, N. Efficient, Stable Bulk Charge Transport in Crystalline/Crystalline Semiconductor-Insulator Blends Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 4447-4451
23. Hansen, T. S.; West, K.; Hassager, O.; Larsen, N. B. Highly Stretchable and Conductive Polymer Material Made from Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Polyurethane Elastomers Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 3069-3073
24. Wang, H. L.; Fernandez, J. E. Conducting Polymer Blends: Polypyrrole and Poly(vinyl methyl ketone) Macromolecules 1992, 25, 6179-6184
25. Qiu, L.; Lee, W. H.; Wang, X.; Kim, J. S.; Lim, J. A.; Kwak, D.; Lee, S.; Cho, K. Organic Thin-Film Transistors Based on Polythiophene Nanowires Embedded in Insulating Polymer Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1349-1353
26. Kietzke, T.; Neher, D.; Landfester, K.; Montenegro, R.; Guntner, R.; Scherf, U. Novel Approaches to Polymer Blends Based on Polymer Nanoparticles Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 408-412
27. Macosko, C. W.; Guégan, P.; Khandpur, A. K.; Nakayama, A.; Marechal, P.; Inoue, T. Compatibilizers for Melt Blending: Premade Block Copolymers Macromolecules 1996, 29, 5590-5598
28. Kwon, T.; Kim, T.; Ali, F. b.; Kang, D. J.; Yoo, M.; Bang, J.; Lee, W.; Kim, B. J. Size-Controlled Polymer-Coated Nanoparticles as Efficient Compatibilizers for Polymer Blends Macromolecules 2011, 44, 9852-9862
29. Mezzenga, R.; Ruokolainen, J.; Fredrickson, G. H.; Kramer, E. J.; Moses, D.; Heeger, A. J.; Ikkala, O. Templating Organic Semiconductors via Self-Assembly of Polymer Colloids Science 2003, 299, 1872-1874
30. Mezzenga, R.; Ruokolainen, J.; Fredrickson, G. H.; Kramer, E. J. High Internal Phase Polymeric Emulsions by Self-Assembly of Colloidal Systems Macromolecules 2003, 36, 4466-4471
31. Kang, D. J.; Kwon, T.; Kim, M. P.; Cho, C.-H.; Jung, H.; Bang, J.; Kim, B. J. Creating Opal-Templated Continuous Conducting Polymer Films with Ultralow Percolation Thresholds Using Thermally Stable Nanoparticles Acs Nano 2011, 5, 9017-9027
32. Colard, C. A. L.; Cave, R. A.; Grossiord, N.; Covington, J. A.; Bon, S. A. F. Conducting Nanocomposite Polymer Foams from Ice-Crystal-Templated Assembly of Mixtures of Colloids Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2894-2898
33. Bartlett, P. N.; Birkin, P. R.; Ghanem, M. A.; Toh, C.-S. Electrochemical Syntheses of Highly Ordered Macroporous Conducting Polymers Grown around Self-Assembled Colloidal Templates J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 849-853
34. Wang, D.; Caruso, F. Fabrication of Polyaniline Inverse Opals via Templating Ordered Colloidal Assemblies Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 350-354
35. Cassagneau, T.; Caruso, F. Semiconducting Polymer Inverse Opals Prepared by Electropolymerization Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 34-38
36. Friedel, B.; Keivanidis, P. E.; Brenner, T. J. K.; Abrusci, A.; McNeill, C. R.; Friend, R. H.; Greenham, N. C. Effects of Layer Thickness and Annealing of PEDOT:PSS Layers in Organic Photodetectors Macromolecules 2009, 42, 6741-6747
37. Kim, Y. H.; Sachse, C.; Machala, M. L.; May, C.; Müller-Meskamp, L.; Leo, K. Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Electrode with Optimized Solvent and Thermal Post-treatment for ITO-Free Organic Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 1076-1081
38. Rutgers, M. A.; Dunsmuir, J. H.; Xue, J. Z.; Russel, W. B.; Chaikin, P. M. Measurement of the Hard-Sphere Equation of State Using Screened Charged Polystyrene Colloids Phys. Rev. B 1996, 53, 5043-5046
39. Woo, C. H.; Thompson, B. C.; Kim, B. J.; Toney, M. F.; Fréchet, J. M. J. The Influence of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Regioregularity on Fullerene-Composite Solar Cell Performance J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 16324-16329
40. Kim, H. J.; Han, A. R.; Cho, C.-H.; Kang, H.; Cho, H.-H.; Lee, M. Y.; Fréchet, J. M. J.; Oh, J. H.; Kim, B. J. Solvent-Resistant Organic Transistors and Thermally Stable Organic Photovoltaics Based on Cross-Linkable Conjugated Polymers Chem. Mater. 2011, 24, 215-221
41. Li, G.; Shrotriya, V.; Huang, J.; Yao, Y.; Moriarty, T.; Emery, K.; Yang, Y. High-Efficiency Solution Processable Polymer Photovoltaic Cells by Self-Organization of Polymer Blends Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 864-868
42. Ma, W.; Yang, C.; Gong, X.; Lee, K.; Heeger, A. J. Thermally Stable, Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with Nanoscale Control of the Interpenetrating Network Morphology Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1617-1622
43. Kim, K.-H.; Kang, H.; Nam, S. Y.; Jung, J.; Kim, P. S.; Cho, C.-H.; Lee, C.; Yoon, S. C.; Kim, B. J. Facile Synthesis of o -Xylenyl Fullerene Multiadducts for High Open Circuit Voltage and Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 5090-5095
44. Kim, K.-H.; Kang, H.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, P. S.; Yoon, S. C.; Kim, B. J. Effects of Solubilizing Group Modification in Fullerene Bis-Adducts on Normal and Inverted Type Polymer Solar Cells Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 2373-2381
45. Voroshazi, E.; Vasseur, K.; Aernouts, T.; Heremans, P.; Baumann, A.; Deibel, C.; Xue, X.; Herring, A. J.; Athans, A. J.; Lada, T. A. et al. Novel bis-C60 Derivative Compared to Other Fullerene bis-Adducts in High Efficiency Polymer Photovoltaic Cells J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 17345-17352
46. Sangeeth, C. S. S.; Manu, J.; Reghu, M. Correlation of Morphology and Charge Transport in Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Polystyrenesulfonic Acid (PEDOT-PSS) Films J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 2009, 21, 072101
47. Mihailetchi, V. D.; Xie, H. X.; de Boer, B.; Koster, L. J. A.; Blom, P. W. M. Charge Transport and Photocurrent Generation in Poly(3-hexylthiophene): Methanofullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 699-708
48. Kang, H.; Cho, C.-H.; Cho, H.-H.; Kang, T. E.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, K.-H.; Yoon, S. C.; Kim, B. J. Controlling Number of Indene Solubilizing Groups in Multiadduct Fullerenes for Tuning Optoelectronic Properties and Open-Circuit Voltage in Organic Solar Cells ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 4, 110-116
49. Dante, M.; Peet, J.; Nguyen, T.-Q. Nanoscale Charge Transport and Internal Structure of Bulk Heterojunction Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells by Scanning Probe Microscopy J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 7241-7249
50. Li, Z.; Ming, T.; Wang, J.; Ngai, T. High Internal Phase Emulsions Stabilized Solely by Microgel Particles Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 8490-8493
51. Kim, B. J.; Fredrickson, G. H.; Bang, J.; Hawker, C. J.; Kramer, E. J. Tailoring Core-Shell Polymer-Coated Nanoparticles as Block Copolymer Surfactants Macromolecules 2009, 42, 6193-6201
52. Cameron, N. R. High Internal Phase Emulsion Templating as a Route to Well-Defined Porous Polymers Polymer 2005, 46, 1439-1449
53. Bamnolker, H.; Margel, S. Dispersion Polymerization of Styrene in Polar Solvents: Effect of Reaction Parameters on Microsphere Surface Composition and Surface Properties, Size and Size Distribution, and Molecular Weight J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1996, 34, 1857-1871
54. Du, X.; He, J. Facile Size-Controllable Syntheses of Highly Monodisperse Polystyrene Nano- and Macrospheres by Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Mediated Emulsifier-free Emulsion Polymerization J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008, 108, 1755-1760