Chemicals of military deployments: Revisiting gulf war syndrome in light of new information

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

Volumn 112, Issue , 2012, Pages 209-230

  Brimfield, A A ^a  

^a US ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytochrome P450; Deployment related chemicals; Free radicals; Gulf War Syndrome; Pyridostigmine bromide; Sulfur mustard

Indexed keywords

EID: 84866535106     PISSN: 18771173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-415813-9.00007-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (61)

1. Committee on Toxicology, Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants, National Research Council Toxicity of military smokes and obscurants vol. 1 1997 National Academy Press Washington, D.C.
2. Committee on Toxicology, Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants, National Research Council Toxicity of military smokes and obscurants vol. 2 1997 National Academy Press Washington, D.C.
3. Committee on Toxicology, Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants, National Research Council Toxicity of military smokes and obscurants vol. 3 1997 National Academy Press Washington, D.C.
4. T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, and F.R. Sidell Chemical warfare agents 2nd ed. 2007 John Wiley and Sons Hoboken, NJ
5. J.A. Romano Jr., B.J. Lukey, and H. Salem Chemical warfare agents chemistry, pharmacology and therapeutics 2nd ed. 2008 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL
6. E.L. Lynch, and T.L. Thomas Pediatric considerations in chemical exposures: are we prepared? Pediatr Emerg Care 20 2004 198 208
7. S.D. Tourinsky Medical aspects of chemical warfare (textbooks of military medicine) 2008 Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, D.C.
8. R. Meyer, J. Kohler, and A. Homburg Explosives 6th ed. 2007 Wiley-VCH Weinheim, FRG
9. D.T. Bodeau Military energetic materials: explosives and propellants Occupational health: the soldier and the industrial base 2008 Borden Institute, U.S. Army Medical Department Washington, D.C [chapter 9]
10. D.B. Kirchner, J.C. Gaydos, and M.C. Battigelli Combustion products of propellants and ammunition Occupational health: the soldier and the industrial base 1993 Borden Institute, U.S. Army Medical Department Washington, D.C [chapter 10]
11. K. Kroenke, P. Koslow, and M. Roy Symptoms in 18,495 Persian Gulf War veterans: latency of onset and lack of association with self-reported exposures J Occup Environ Med 40 1998 520 528
12. B.A. Golomb A review of the scientific literature as it pertains to Gulf War illness: pyridostigmine bromide vol. 2 1999 RAND Santa Monica, CA http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph-reports/2005/MR1018.2-1.pdf
13. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses Gulf War illness and the health of Gulf War veterans, scientific findings and recommendations 2008 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C http://www.birthdefects.org/research/gwillness-report.pdf [p. 177. (Available at: Accessed 28 October 2011)]
14. C. Sine Farm chemicals handbook 1987 Meister Publishing Co. Willoughby, OH
15. Smoak, B. Medical threat assessment: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Communicable Disease Report (Special Edition), September 1990, US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, "Personal Protective Techniques Against Insects and Other Arthropods of Military Significance," Technical Guide No. 174; June 1,1991
16. Z. Syed, and W.S. Leal Mosquitoes smell and avoid the insect repellent DEET Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 2008 13598 13603
17. J.J. Gordon, L. Leadbeater, and M.P. Maidment The protection of animals against organophosphate poisoning by pretreatment with a carbamate Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 43 1978 207 218
18. B. Papirmeister, A.J. Feister, S.I. Robinson, and R.D. Ford Medical defense against mustard gas: toxic mechanisms and pharmacological implications 1991 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL
19. A.A. Brimfield, A.M. Mancebo, R.P. Mason, J.J. Jiang, A.G. Siraki, and M.J. Novak Free radical production from the interaction of 2-chloroethyl vesicants (Mustard Gas) with pyridine nucleotide-driven flavoprotein electron transport systems Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 234 2009 128 134
20. A.A. Brimfield, S.D. Soni, K.A. Trimmer, M.A. Zottola, R.E. Sweeney, and J.S. Graham Metabolic activation of sulfur mustard leads to oxygen free radical formation Free Radic Biol Med 52 2012 811 817
21. B.A. Golomb Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and Gulf War Illnesses Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 2008 4295 4300
22. Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness and Military Deployments. Case narrative, chemical warfare release at Muhammadiyat ammunition storage site; 2001. Available at: http://www.gulflink.osd.mil./muhammadiyat. Accessed 23 September 2011
23. U.S. General Accounting Office. Gulf war illness: DoD conclusions about U.S. troops' exposure cannot be adequately supported. GAO Report number GAO-04-159; 2004. Available at: http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-159. Accessed 23 September 2011
24. A.A. Brimfield, and E. Hodgson Observations on the interaction of sulfur mustard with cytochrome P450 44th Annual meeting of the society of toxicology. New Orleans, LA, March 6-10 2005
25. A.M. Mancebo, and A.A. Brimfield Interaction of sulfur mustard with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and various CYP isoforms 45th Annual meeting of the society of toxicology. San Diago, CA 2006
26. T. Omura, and R. Sato The carbon monoxide-binding pigment of liver microsomes. II. Solubilization, purification and properties J Biol Chem 239 1964 2379 2385
27. R.M. Black, K. Brewster, R.J. Clark, J.L. Hambrook, J.M. Harrison, and D.J. Howells Metabolism of thiodiglycol (2,2′-thiobis-ethanol): isolation and identification of urinary metabolites following intraperitoneal administration to rat Xenobiotica 23 1993 473 481
28. S.F. Muakkassah, W.R. Bidlack, and W.C.T. Yang Mechanism of the inhibitory action of isoniazid on microsomal drug metabolism Biochem Pharmacol 30 1981 1651 1658
29. M.A. Thrush, E.G. Mimnaugh, and T.E. Gram Activation of pharmaco-logical agents to radical intermediates Biochem Pharmacol 31 1982 3335 3346
30. I.P. Lee, and G.W. Lucier The potentiation of barbiturate-induced narcosis by procarbazine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 196 1976 586 593
31. B. Testa Reductions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 and other oxidoreductases B. Testa, J. Caldwell, The metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, biochemistry of redox reactions 1995 Academic Press New York, NY 434 437
32. B. Halliwell, and J.M.C. Gutteridge Free radicals in biology and medicine 2nd ed. 1989 Oxford University Press New York
33. Y.-C. Yang, L.L. Szanfraniec, W.T. Beaudry, and J.R. Ward Kinetics and mechanisms of hydrolysis of 2-chloroethyl sulfides J Org Chem 53 1988 3293 3297
34. F.D. Saeva, and B.P. Morgan Mechanism of one-electron electrochemical reductive cleavage reactions of sulfonium salts J Am Chem Soc 106 1984 4121 4125
35. J.Q. Chambers Organic sulfur compounds A.J. Bard, H. Lund, Encyclopedia of electrochemistry of the elements, organic section 1978 Dekker New York, NY 329 502
36. B. Halliwell, and J.M.C. Gutteridge Free radicals in biology and medicine 3rd ed. 1999 Oxford University Press New York [pp. 511-514]
37. J.P. Gray, V. Mishin, D.E. Heck, D.L. Laskin, and J.D. Laskin Inhibition of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase by the model sulfur mustard vesicant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 249 2010 76 82
38. F. Pons, J.-H. Calvet, M. Haag, V. Raeppel, T. Keravis, and N. Fossard Altered expression of lung cytochrome p450 3a1 in rat after exposure to sulfur mustard Pharmacol Toxicol 88 2001 40 44
39. H.W. Chambers Organophosphorus compounds: an overview J.E. Chambers, P.E. Levi, Organophosphates: chemistry, fate and effects 1992 Academic Press San Diego, CA 3 17
40. J. Tang, Y. Cao, R.L. Rose, A.A. Brimfield, D. Dai, and J.A. Goldstein Metabolism of chlorpyrifos by human cytochrome p450 isoforms and human, mouse and rat microsomes Drug Metab Dispos 29 2001 1021 1204
41. J.E. Chambers, and H.W. Chambers Oxidative desulfuration of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos methyl and leptophos by rat brain and liver J Biochem Toxicol 4 1989 201 203
42. R.J. Foxenberg, B.P. McGarrigle, J.B. Knaak, P.J. Kostanyiak, and J.R. Olsen Human hepatic cytochrome P450-specific metabolism of parathion and chlorpyrifos Drug Metab Dispos 35 2007 189 193
43. C. Timchalk, R.J. Nolan, A.R. Mandrala, D.A. Dittenber, K.A. Brzak, and J.L. Mattsson A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and humans Toxicol Sci 66 2002 34 53
44. D.M. Soderlund, L.P. Clark, L.S. Sheets, P.J. Mullen, D. Piccirillo, and J.T. Sargeant Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: implications for cumulative risk assessment Toxicology 17 2002 3 59
45. A.A. Brimfield, J.C. Street, J. Futrell, and D.A. Chatfield Identification of products arising from the metabolism of cis- and trans-chlordane in rat liver microsomes in vitro: outline of a possible metabolic pathway Pestic Biochem Physiol 9 1978 84 95
46. J.E. Casida, D.W. Gammon, A.H. Glickman, and L.J. Lawrence Mechanisms of selective action of pyrethroid insecticides Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 23 1983 413 438
47. J.E. Casida, K. Ueda, L.C. Gaughan, L.T. Jao, and D.M. Soderlund Structure-biodegradability relationships in pyrethroid insecticides Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 3 1976 491 500
48. J. Choi, R.L. Rose, and E. Hodgson In vitro metabolism of permethrin: the role of human alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases Pestic Biochem Physiol 73 2002 117 128
49. A.A. Brimfield, L.M. Zweig, M.J. Novak, and D.M. Maxwell In vitro oxidation of the hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard J Biochem Mol Toxicol 12 1998 361 369
50. A.A. Brimfield, M.J. Novak, and E. Hodgson Thiodiglycol, the hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard: analysis of in vitro biotransformation by mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases using nuclear magnetic resonance Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 213 2006 207 215
51. B.F. Dudley, A.A. Brimfield, and G.W. Winston Oxidation of 2,2′-thiodiethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase: comparison of human isozymes J Biochem Mol Toxicol 14 2000 244 251
52. K.A. Usmani, R.L. Rose, J.A. Goldstein, W.G. Taylor, A.A. Brimfield, and E. Hodgson In vitro human metabolism and interactions of repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide Drug Metab Dispos 30 2002 289 294
53. A.W. Abu-Qare, and M.B. Abou-Donia In vitro metabolism and interactions of pyridostigmine bromide, N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, and permethrin in human plasma and liver microsomal enzymes Xenobiotica 38 2008 294 313
54. Leo KU. Metabolism of proposed nerve agent pretreatment pyridostigmine bromide. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Report No. NTIS/AD-A323 848/2; 1997. Available from NTIS at 800-553-6847, Washington, D.C.
55. K.A. Usmani, E. Hodgson, and R.L. Rose In vitro human metabolism of pyridostigmine; 2004 Drug Metab Rev 1 2005 1 39 In vitro human metabolism of pyridostigmine; 2004. Unpublished studies cited in Hodgson E, Rose RL
56. 14 C labeled pyridostigmine in myasthenia gravis. Evidence for multiple metabolites Neurology (Minneap) 20 1970 634 641
57. S.M. Somani, J.B. Roberts, and A. Wilson Pyridostigmine metabolism in man Clin Pharmacol Ther 13 1972 393 399
58. L. Li, Y. Shau, J.L. Borowitz, and G.E. Isom Reactive oxygen species mediate pyridostigmine-induced neuronal apoptosis: involvement of muscarinic and NMDA receptors Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 177 2001 17 25
59. A.H. Conney, R.A. Welch, R. Kuntzman, and J.J. Burns Effects of pesticides on drug and steroid metabolism Clin Pharmacol Ther 8 1967 2 10
60. B.C. Fine, and J.O. Molloy Effects of insecticide synergists on duration of sleep induced in mice by barbiturates Nature (Lond) 204 1964 789 791
61. K.T. Olkkola, and J. Ahonen Midazolam and other benzodiazepines Handb Exp Pharmacol 182 2008 335 360