Opposition to antiracism laws across swiss municipalities: A multilevel analysis

Political Psychology

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 659-681

  Sarrasin, Oriane ^a   Green, Eva G T ^a   Fasel, Nicole ^a   Christ, Oliver ^b   Staerklé, Christian ^a   Clémence, Alain ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^b PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Ideological climate; Immigration; Intergroup contact; Multilevel; Perceived threat; Switzerland

Indexed keywords

EID: 84866528534     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00895.x     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Bar-Tal, D. (2000). Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3. Billiet, J. (2003). Cross-cultural equivalence with structural equation modeling. In J. A. Harkness, F. J. R. Van de Vijver, & P. P. Mohler (Eds.), Cross-cultural survey methods (pp. 247-264). New York: John Wiley.
4. Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations New York: Capricorn Books.
5. Bornschier, S. (2010). Integrating the defence of traditional communities into the libertarian-authoritarian divide: The role of the Swiss People's Party in the redefinition of cultural conflicts. In S. Hug & H. Kriesi (Eds.), Value change in Switzerland (pp. 121-141). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
6. Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 37, pp. 255-343). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
7. Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: A review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 309-328.
8. Chryssochoou, X. (2004). Cultural diversity: Its social psychology Oxford: Blackwell.
9. Clémence, A. (2001). Social positioning and social representations. In K. Deaux & G. Philogène (Eds.), Representations of the social: Bridging theoretical traditions (pp. 83-95). Oxford: Blackwell.
10. Cornelis, I., Van Hiel, A., Roets, A., & Kossowska, M. (2009). Age differences in conservatism: Evidence on the mediating effects of personality and cognitive style. Journal of Personality, 77, 51-88.
11. Dandy, J., & Pe-Pua, R. (2010). Attitudes to multiculturalism, immigration and cultural diversity: Comparison of dominant and non-dominant groups in three Australian states. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 34-46.
12. Dardanelli, P. (2008). Debate: Communicative nation and multi-nationalism multi-national Switzerland? A comment on Ipperciel. Swiss Political Science Review, 14, 551-561.
13. Davidov, E., Meuleman, B., Billiet, J., & Schmidt, P. (2008). Values and support for immigration: A cross-country comparison. European Sociological Review, 24, 583-599.
14. Doise, W., Clémence, A., & Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1993). The quantitative analysis of social representations. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
15. Elcheroth, G., Doise, W., & Reicher, S. (2011). On the knowledge of politics and the politics of knowledge: How a social representations approach helps us rethink the subject of political psychology. Political Psychology, 32, 729-758.
16. Espenshade, T. J., & Calhoun, C. A. (1993). An analysis of public opinion toward undocumented immigration. Population Research and Policy Review, 12, 189-224.
17. Esses, V. M., Jackson, L. M., Dovidio, J. F., & Hodson, G. (2005). Instrumental relations among groups: Group competition, conflict and prejudice. In J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 227-243). Oxford: Blackwell.
18. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) (2009). Statement by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance on the ban of the construction of minarets in Switzerland. Retrieved from http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/activities/35-Declaration_minarets/Declaration_en.asp
19. Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., Muñoz-Rojas, D., Invernizzi, F., & Mugny, G. (2004). Perceived in-group threat as a factor moderating the influence of in-group norms on discrimination against foreigners. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 135-153.
20. Federal Department of Justice and Police (2007). Hearing concernant la norme pénale sur le racisme [Hearing on the penal norm against racism]. Retrieved from http://www.ejpd.admin.ch/ejpd/fr/home/dokumentation/mi/2007-05-23.html
21. Federal Statistical Office (2010a). Le paysage linguistique en Suisse [The linguistic landscape in Switzerland]. Retrieved from http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/01/22/publ.html?publicationID=1738
22. Federal Statistical Office (2010b). Revenus et dépenses de l'ensemble des ménages [Household income and expenses]. Retrieved from http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/20/02/blank/key/einkommen0/niveau.html
23. Federal Statistical Office (2010c). Population résidante étrangère [Foreign resident population]. Retrieved from: http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/lexikon/bienvenue___login/blank/zugang_lexikon.Document.67228.xls
24. Federal Statistical Office (2010d). Disparités socioculturelles: les 4 indices [Sociocultural disparities: the 4 indices]. Retrieved from: http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/03/dos/gesellschaft_und_kultur/02.html
25. Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2007). Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. New York: Cambridge University Press.
26. Glaveanu, V.-P. (2009). What differences make a difference? A discussion of hegemony, resistance and representation. Papers on Social Representations, 18, 2.1-2.22.
27. Green, E. G. T. (2009). Who can enter? A multilevel analysis on public support for immigration criteria across 20 European countries. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12, 41-60.
28. Green, E. G. T., Fasel, N., & Sarrasin, O. (2010). The more the merrier? The effects of type of diversity on immigration attitudes in Switzerland. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4, 177-190.
29. Green, E. G. T., Sarrasin, O., Fasel, N., & Staerklé, C. (2011). Nationalism and patriotism as predictors of immigration attitudes in Switzerland: A municipality-level analysis. Swiss Political Science Review, 17, 369-393.
30. Helbling, M. (2009). Citizenship, right-wing populism and the direct democratic dilemma. In M. A. Niggli (Ed.), Right-wing extremism in Switzerland-National and international perspectives (pp. 102-112). Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomo.
31. Helbling, M. (2010). Islamophobia in Switzerland: A new phenomenon or a new name for xenophobia. In S. Hug & H. Kriesi (Eds.), Value change in Switzerland (pp. 65-80). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
32. Helbling, M. (2011). Why Swiss-Germans dislike Germans. European Societies, 13, 5-27.
33. Hermann, M. (2006). Werte, Wandel und Raum. Theoretische Grundlage und empirische Evidenzen zum Wandel regionaler Mentalitäten in der Schweiz [Values, change and space: Theoretical bases and empirical evidence of change in regional mentalities in Switzerland] Zurich: University of Zurich.
34. Hjerm, M. (2009). Anti-immigrant attitudes and cross-municipal variation in the proportion of immigrants. Acta Sociologica, 52, 47-62.
35. Horber-Papazian, K. (2007). The municipalities. In W. Linder, Y. Papadopoulos, H. Kriesi, P. Knoepfel, U. Klöti, & P. Sciarini (Eds.), Handbook of Swiss Politics (pp. 227-252). Zurich: NZZ Publishing.
36. Hox, J. (2010). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications. New York: Routledge.
37. Islam, M. R., & Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived outgroup variability, and outgroup attitudes: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 700-710.
38. Joffe, H., & Staerklé, C. (2007). The centrality of the self-control ethos in Western aspersions regarding outgroups: A social representational analysis of common stereotype content. Culture and Psychology, 13, 395-418.
39. Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A.W., & Sulloway, F. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339-375.
40. Jost, J. T., Krochik, M., Gaucher, D., & Hennes, E. P. (2009). Can a political theory of ideological differences explain contextual variability in the contents of political attitudes? Psychological Inquiry, 20, 183-188.
41. Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, C. D. (2008). Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 171-186.
42. Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998). Introducing multilevel modeling. London: Sage.
43. Kriesi, H., Wernli, B., Sciarini, P., & Gianni, M. (1996). Le clivage linguistique. Problèmes de compréhension entre les communautés linguistiques en Suisse [The linguistic cleavage: Comprehension difficulties between the Swiss linguistic communities]. Bern, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office.
44. Krull, J. L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001). Multilevel modeling of individual and group level mediated effects. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 249-277.
45. Kuhn, J.-T., & Holling, H. (2009). Gender, reasoning ability, and scholastic achievement: A multilevel mediation analysis. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 229-233.
46. Lahav, G. (1997). Ideological and party constraints on immigration attitudes in Europe. Journal of Common Market Studies, 35, 377-406.
47. Lahav, G. (2004). Immigration and politics in the new Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48. Leuthold, H., Hermann, M., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2007). Making the political landscape visible: mapping and analyzing voting patterns in an ideological space. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 34, 785-807.
49. Lorenzi-Cioldi, F., & Clémence, A. (2001). Group processes and the construction of social representations. In M. Hogg & R. Tindale (Eds.), Blackwell handbook in social psychology, Vol. 3: Group processes (pp. 311-333). Oxford: Blackwell.
50. Lubbers, M., Coenders, M., & Scheepers, P. (2006). Objections to asylum seeker centres: Individual and contextual determinants of resistance to small and large centres in the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 22, 243-257.
51. Lubbers, M., Gijsberts, M., & Scheepers, P. (2002). Extreme right-wing voting in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 41, 345-378.
52. Lüdtke, O., Marsh, H. W., Robitzsch, A., Trautwein, U., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2008). The multilevel latent covariate model: A new, more reliable approach to group-level effects in contextual studies. Psychological Methods, 13, 203-229.
53. Luo, X., Rindfleisch, A., & Tse, D. K. (2007). Working with rivals: The impact of competitor alliances on financial performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 44, 73-83.
54. Maas, C. J. M., & Hox, J. J. (2005). Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling. Methodology, 1, 86-92.
55. Masso, A. (2009). A readiness to accept immigrants in Europe? Individual and country-level characteristics. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35, 251-270.
56. McLaren, L. M. (2003). Anti-immigrant prejudice in Europe: Contact, threat perception, and preferences for the exclusion of migrants. Social Forces, 81, 909-936.
57. Meuleman, B. (2010). Perceived economic threat and anti-immigration attitudes: Effects of immigrant group size and economic conditions revisited. In E. Davidov, P. Schmidt, & J. Billiet (Eds.), Cross-cultural methods and applications (pp. 283-312). New York: Routledge.
58. Miller, N. (2002). Personalization and the promise of contact theory. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 387-410.
59. Moscovici, S. (2000). Social representations: Explorations in social psychology Cambridge: Polity Press.
60. Nicolet, S., & Sciarini, P. (2006). When do issue opinions matter, and to whom? The determinants of long-term stability and change in party choice in the 2003 Swiss elections. Swiss Political Science Review, 12, 159-190.
61. Oliver, J. E., & Wong, J. (2003). Intergroup prejudice in multiethnic settings. American Journal of Political Science, 47, 567-582.
62. Pettigrew, T. F. (1958). Personality and sociocultural factors in intergroup attitudes: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 29-42.
63. Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 173-185.
64. Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85.
65. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751-783.
66. Philogène, G., & Deaux, K. (2001). Introduction. In K. Deaux & G. Philogène (Eds.), Representations of the social: Bridging theoretical traditions (pp. 3-7). Oxford: Blackwell.
67. Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437-448.
68. Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15, 209-233.
69. Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60, 586-611.
70. Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 336-353.
71. Royston, P. (2005). Multiple imputation of missing values: Update. The Stata Journal, 5, 188-201.
72. Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M., & Coenders, M. (2002). Ethnic exclusion in European countries: Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 18, 17-34.
73. Schlueter, E., & Scheepers, P. (2010). The relationship between outgroup size and anti-outgroup attitudes: A theoretical synthesis and empirical test of group threat- and intergroup contact theory. Social Science Research, 39, 285-295.
74. Schlueter, E., & Wagner, U. (2008). Regional differences matter: Examining the dual influence of the regional size of the immigrant population on derogation of immigrants in Europe. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 49, 153-173.
75. Schmid, K., Tausch, N., Hewstone, M., Hughes, J., & Cairns, E. (2008). The effects of living in segregated vs. mixed areas in Northern Ireland: A simultaneous analysis of contact and threat effects in the context of micro-level neighbourhoods. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 2, 56-71.
76. Schneider, S. L. (2008). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24, 53-67.
77. Sciarini, P., & Tresch, A. (2009). A two-level analysis of the determinants of direct democratic choices in European, immigration and foreign policy in Switzerland. European Union Politics, 10, 456-481.
78. Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2003). The origins of symbolic racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 259-275.
79. Semyonov, M., & Glikman, A. (2009). Ethnic residential segregation, social contacts, and anti-minority attitudes in European societies. European Sociological Review, 25, 693-708.
80. Semyonov, M., Raijman, R., & Gorodzeisky, A. (2006). The rise of anti-foreigner sentiment in European societies, 1988-2000. American Sociological Review, 71, 426-449.
81. Semyonov, M., Raijman, R., & Gorodzeisky, A. (2007). On the relations between right-wing parties and anti-foreigner sentiment. A reply to Wilkes, Guppy, and Farris. American Sociological Review, 72, 841-849.
82. Semyonov, M., Raijman, R., Yom-Tov, A., & Schmidt, P. (2004). Population size, perceived threat, and exclusion: A multiple-indicators analysis of attitudes toward foreigners in Germany. Social Science Research, 33, 681-701.
83. Sidanius, J., Feshbach, S., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (1997). The interface between ethnic and national attachment: Ethnic pluralism or ethnic dominance? Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 102-133.
84. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
85. Sides, J., & Citrin, J. (2007). European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests and information. British Journal of Political Science, 37, 477-504.
86. Sniderman, P. M., Hagendoorn, L., & Prior, M. (2004). Predisposing factors and situational triggers: Exclusionary reactions to immigrant minorities. American Political Science Review, 98, 35-49.
87. Spini, D., & Doise W. (2005). Human rights and duties as normative social representations. In N. J. Finkel & F. Moghaddam (Eds.), The psychology of human rights and duties: Empirical contributions and normative comments (pp. 21-48). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
88. Staerklé, C. (2009). Policy attitudes, ideological values and social representations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 1069-1112.
89. Staerklé, C., Clémence, A., & Spini, D. (2011). Social representations: A normative and dynamic intergroup approach. Political Psychology, 32, 759-768.
90. Staerklé, C., Sidanius, J., Green, E. G. T., & Molina, L. (2010). Ethnic minority-majority asymmetry in national attitudes around the world: A multilevel analysis. Political Psychology, 31, 491-519.
91. Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1998). Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 25, 78-90.
92. Stephan, W. G., & Renfro, C. L. (2003). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 191-207). New York: Psychology Press.
93. Tausch, N., Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J., & Cairns, E. (2007). Individual-level and group-level mediators of contact effects in Northern Ireland: The moderating role of social identification. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 541-556.
94. Thorisdottir, H., Jost, J. T., Liviatan, I., & Shrout, P. E. (2007). Psychological needs and values underlying left-right political orientation: Cross-national evidence from Eastern and Western Europe. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71, 175-203.
95. Trechsel, A. H. (2007). Popular votes. In U. Klöti, P. Knoepfel, H. Kriesi, W. Linder, Y. Papadopoulos, & P. Sciarini (Eds.), Handbook of Swiss politics (pp. 435-461). Zurich: NZZ Publishing.
96. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2007). Reducing explicit and implicit prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 369-388.
97. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Paolini, S., & Christ, O. (2007). Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 212-255.
98. Van de Vijver, F. J. R., Van Hemert, D. A., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2008). Conceptual issues in multilevel models. In F. J. R. Van de Vijver, D. A. Van Hemert, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Multilevel analysis of individuals and cultures (pp. 3-26). New York: Erlbaum.
99. Wagner, U., Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., Stellmacher, J., & Wolf, C. (2006). Prejudice and minority proportion: Contact instead of threat effects. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69, 380-390.
100. Wagner, U., van Dick, R., Pettigrew, T. F., & Christ, O. (2003). Ethnic prejudice in East and West Germany: The explanatory power of intergroup contact. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6, 22-36.
101. Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84-136.
102. Wilkes, R., & Corrigall-Brown, C. (2011). Explaining time trends in public opinion: Attitudes towards immigration and immigrants. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 52, 79-99.
103. Wilkes, R., Guppy, N., & Farris, L. (2007). Right-wing parties and anti-foreigner sentiment in Europe. Comment on Semyonov, Raijman and Gorodzeisky. American Sociological Review, 72, 831-840.