메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 2-9

Rater cognition: Implications for validity

Author keywords

Automated scoring; Rater cognition; Scoring; Validity argument

Indexed keywords


EID: 84866452407     PISSN: 07311745     EISSN: 17453992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3992.2012.00238.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (87)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 0003600480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, amp; National Council on Measurement in Education. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Organization.
    • American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (1999). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Organization.
    • (1999) Standards for educational and psychological testing
  • 3
    • 84866459553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Research Report No. RR-07-02/TOEFL iBT 02). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service (downloadable from
    • Baldwin, D., Fowles, M., & Livingston, S. (2008). Guidelines for constructed-responses and other performance assessments (Research Report No. RR-07-02/TOEFL iBT 02). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service (downloadable from http://www.ets.org/Media/About_ETS/pdf/8561_ConstructedResponse_guidelines.pdf).
    • (2008) Guidelines for constructed-responses and other performance assessments
    • Baldwin, D.1    Fowles, M.2    Livingston, S.3
  • 4
    • 79961058822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A validity-based approach to quality control and assurance of automated scoring
    • Bejar, I. I. (2011). A validity-based approach to quality control and assurance of automated scoring. Assessment in Education, 18, 319-341.
    • (2011) Assessment in Education , vol.18 , pp. 319-341
    • Bejar, I.I.1
  • 8
    • 79961044954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rule-based methods for automatic scoring: Application in a licensing context
    • D. M. Williamson, R. J. Mislevy, amp; I. I. Bejar (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • Braun, H., Bejar, I. I., & Williamson, D. M. (2006). Rule-based methods for automatic scoring: Application in a licensing context. In D. M. Williamson, R. J. Mislevy, & I. I. Bejar (Eds.), Automated scoring for complex constructed response tasks in computer-based testing (pp. 83-122). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (2006) Automated scoring for complex constructed response tasks in computer-based testing , pp. 83-122
    • Braun, H.1    Bejar, I.I.2    Williamson, D.M.3
  • 10
    • 79954560582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does a rater's familiarity with a candidate's pronunciation affect the rating in oral proficiency interviews?
    • Carey, M. D., Mannell, R. H., & Dunn, P. K. (2011). Does a rater's familiarity with a candidate's pronunciation affect the rating in oral proficiency interviews? Language Testing, 28, 201-219.
    • (2011) Language Testing , vol.28 , pp. 201-219
    • Carey, M.D.1    Mannell, R.H.2    Dunn, P.K.3
  • 11
    • 0036960581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity issues for performance-based tests scored with computer-automated scoring systems
    • Clauser, B. E., Kane, M. T., & Swanson, D. B. (2002). Validity issues for performance-based tests scored with computer-automated scoring systems. Applied Measurement in Education, 15, 413-432.
    • (2002) Applied Measurement in Education , vol.15 , pp. 413-432
    • Clauser, B.E.1    Kane, M.T.2    Swanson, D.B.3
  • 12
    • 0002512639 scopus 로고
    • Essay examinations
    • R. L. Thorndike (Ed.), 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
    • Coffman, W. E. (1971). Essay examinations. In R. L. Thorndike (Ed.), Educational Measurement (2nd ed., pp. 271-302). Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
    • (1971) Educational Measurement , pp. 271-302
    • Coffman, W.E.1
  • 13
    • 75149167855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of on-screen and paper-based marking in the Hong Kong public examination system
    • Coniam, D. (2009). A comparison of on-screen and paper-based marking in the Hong Kong public examination system. Educational Research and Evaluation, 15, 243-263.
    • (2009) Educational Research and Evaluation , vol.15 , pp. 243-263
    • Coniam, D.1
  • 14
    • 0040620294 scopus 로고
    • The comparison of two methods of grading English compositions
    • Coward, A. F. (1952). The comparison of two methods of grading English compositions. Journal of Educational Research, 46, 81-93.
    • (1952) Journal of Educational Research , vol.46 , pp. 81-93
    • Coward, A.F.1
  • 15
    • 76749126618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a model of the judgement processes involved in examination marking
    • Crisp, V. (2010). Towards a model of the judgement processes involved in examination marking. Oxford Review of Education, 36, 1-21.
    • (2010) Oxford Review of Education , vol.36 , pp. 1-21
    • Crisp, V.1
  • 16
    • 84866457579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of rater cognition in the assessment of projects
    • Crisp, V. (2012). An investigation of rater cognition in the assessment of projects. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 31, 10-20.
    • (2012) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.31 , pp. 10-20
    • Crisp, V.1
  • 17
    • 85079739842 scopus 로고
    • Five perspectives on validity argument
    • H. Wainer & H. I. Braun (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • Cronbach, L. J. (1988). Five perspectives on validity argument. In H. Wainer & H. I. Braun (Eds.), Test validity (pp. 3-17). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1988) Test validity , pp. 3-17
    • Cronbach, L.J.1
  • 18
    • 84937382152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision making while rating ESL/EFL writing tasks: A descriptive framework
    • Cumming, A., Kantor, R., & Powers, D. E. (2002). Decision making while rating ESL/EFL writing tasks: A descriptive framework. The Modern Language Journal, 86, 67-96.
    • (2002) The Modern Language Journal , vol.86 , pp. 67-96
    • Cumming, A.1    Kantor, R.2    Powers, D.E.3
  • 20
    • 12044257099 scopus 로고
    • Psychological measurement
    • Dawes, R. M. (1994). Psychological measurement. Psychological Review, 101, 278-281.
    • (1994) Psychological Review , vol.101 , pp. 278-281
    • Dawes, R.M.1
  • 21
    • 17244372792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of rater behavior in essay grading based on signal detection theory
    • DeCarlo, L. T. (2005). A model of rater behavior in essay grading based on signal detection theory. Journal of Educational Measurement, 42, 53-76.
    • (2005) Journal of Educational Measurement , vol.42 , pp. 53-76
    • DeCarlo, L.T.1
  • 23
    • 33751013874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technology and testing
    • R. L. Brennan (Ed.), 4th ed. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
    • Drasgow, F., Luecht, R., & Bennett, R. E. (2006). Technology and testing. In R. L. Brennan (Ed.), Educational measurement (4th ed., pp. 471-515). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
    • (2006) Educational measurement , pp. 471-515
    • Drasgow, F.1    Luecht, R.2    Bennett, R.E.3
  • 24
    • 0002579272 scopus 로고
    • The element of chance in competitive examinations
    • 644-663.
    • Edgeworth, F. Y. (1890). The element of chance in competitive examinations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 53, 460-475, 644-663.
    • (1890) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , vol.53 , pp. 460-475
    • Edgeworth, F.Y.1
  • 25
    • 0042356625 scopus 로고
    • On the nature of holistic scoring: An inquiry composed on e-mail
    • Elbow, P., & Yancey, K. B. (1994). On the nature of holistic scoring: An inquiry composed on e-mail. Assessing Writing, 1, 91-107.
    • (1994) Assessing Writing , vol.1 , pp. 91-107
    • Elbow, P.1    Yancey, K.B.2
  • 28
    • 0004758204 scopus 로고
    • ed. G. F. Lipps. Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelmann.
    • Fechner, G. T. (1897). Kollektivmasslehre, ed. G. F. Lipps. Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelmann.
    • (1897) Kollektivmasslehre
    • Fechner, G.T.1
  • 29
    • 0009267330 scopus 로고
    • Holistic assessment of writing: Experimental design and cognitive theory
    • P. Mosenthal, L. Tamor, amp; S. A. Walmsley (Eds.), New York, NY: Longman.
    • Freedman, S. W., & Calfee, R. C. (1983). Holistic assessment of writing: Experimental design and cognitive theory. In P. Mosenthal, L. Tamor, & S. A. Walmsley (Eds.), Research on writing: Principles and methods (pp. 75-98). New York, NY: Longman.
    • (1983) Research on writing: Principles and methods , pp. 75-98
    • Freedman, S.W.1    Calfee, R.C.2
  • 31
    • 0030266119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality
    • Gigerenzer, G., & Goldstein, D. G. (1996). Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality. Psychological Review, 103, 650-669.
    • (1996) Psychological Review , vol.103 , pp. 650-669
    • Gigerenzer, G.1    Goldstein, D.G.2
  • 33
    • 84866454185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judgment-based scoring by teachers as professional development: Distinguishing promises from proof
    • this issue
    • Goldberg, G. L. (2012). Judgment-based scoring by teachers as professional development: Distinguishing promises from proof. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, this issue, 38-47.
    • (2012) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , pp. 38-47
    • Goldberg, G.L.1
  • 35
    • 0001090928 scopus 로고
    • Analyzing the components of clinical inference
    • Hammond, K. R., Hursch, C. J., & Todd, F. J. (1964). Analyzing the components of clinical inference. Psychological Review, 71, 438-456.
    • (1964) Psychological Review , vol.71 , pp. 438-456
    • Hammond, K.R.1    Hursch, C.J.2    Todd, F.J.3
  • 37
    • 0001960596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasoning about evidence in portfolios: Cognitive foundations for valid and reliable assessment
    • Heller, J. I., Sheingold, K., & Myford, C. M. (1998). Reasoning about evidence in portfolios: Cognitive foundations for valid and reliable assessment. Educational Assessment, 5, 5-40.
    • (1998) Educational Assessment , vol.5 , pp. 5-40
    • Heller, J.I.1    Sheingold, K.2    Myford, C.M.3
  • 38
    • 84857808878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When rater reliability is not enough: Teacher observation systems and a case for the generalizability study
    • Hill, H. C., Charalambos, Y. C., & Kraft, M. A. (2012). When rater reliability is not enough: Teacher observation systems and a case for the generalizability study. Educational Researcher, 41, 56-64.
    • (2012) Educational Researcher , vol.41 , pp. 56-64
    • Hill, H.C.1    Charalambos, Y.C.2    Kraft, M.A.3
  • 39
    • 84866459554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
    • Hillocks, G. (2002). The testing trap. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
    • (2002) The testing trap
    • Hillocks, G.1
  • 40
    • 0035536108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time feedback on rater drift in constructed-response items: An example from the golden state examination
    • Hoskens, M., & Wilson, M. (2001). Real-time feedback on rater drift in constructed-response items: An example from the golden state examination. Journal of Educational Measurement, 38, 121-145.
    • (2001) Journal of Educational Measurement , vol.38 , pp. 121-145
    • Hoskens, M.1    Wilson, M.2
  • 41
    • 39049107950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Writing assessment: A techno-history
    • C. A. MacArthur, S. Graham, amp; J. Fitzgerald (Eds.), New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • Huot, B., & Neal, M. (2006). Writing assessment: A techno-history. In C. A. MacArthur, S. Graham, & J. Fitzgerald (Eds.), Handbook of writing research (pp. 417-432). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • (2006) Handbook of writing research , pp. 417-432
    • Huot, B.1    Neal, M.2
  • 42
    • 79961058125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using verbal reports to explore rater perceptual processes in scoring: A mixed methods application to oral communication assessment
    • Joe, J. N., Harmes, C., & Hickerson, C. A. (2011). Using verbal reports to explore rater perceptual processes in scoring: A mixed methods application to oral communication assessment Assessment in Education, 18, 239-258.
    • (2011) Assessment in Education , vol.18 , pp. 239-258
    • Joe, J.N.1    Harmes, C.2    Hickerson, C.A.3
  • 43
    • 77955750778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marking essays on screen: An investigation into the reliability of marking extended subjective texts
    • Johnson, M., Nádas, R., & Bell, J. F. (2010). Marking essays on screen: An investigation into the reliability of marking extended subjective texts. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41, 814-826.
    • (2010) British Journal of Educational Technology , vol.41 , pp. 814-826
    • Johnson, M.1    Nádas, R.2    Bell, J.F.3
  • 45
    • 33846423101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation
    • R. L. Brennan (Ed.), 4th ed. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
    • Kane, M. T. (2006). Validation. In R. L. Brennan (Ed.), Educational measurement (4th ed., pp. 17-64). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
    • (2006) Educational measurement , pp. 17-64
    • Kane, M.T.1
  • 47
    • 76349113647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance assessment
    • R. L. Brennan (Ed.), 4th ed. Westport, CT: Praeger.
    • Lane, E. S., & Stone, C. A. (2006). Performance assessment. In R. L. Brennan (Ed.), Educational measurement (4th ed., pp. 387-431). Westport, CT: Praeger.
    • (2006) Educational measurement , pp. 387-431
    • Lane, E.S.1    Stone, C.A.2
  • 49
    • 84965419825 scopus 로고
    • Rediscovering the past-Fechner and signal-detection-theory
    • Link, S. W. (1994). Rediscovering the past-Fechner and signal-detection-theory. Psychological Science, 5, 335-340.
    • (1994) Psychological Science , vol.5 , pp. 335-340
    • Link, S.W.1
  • 50
    • 84990328733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment criteria in a large-scale writing test: What do they really mean to the raters?
    • Lumley, T. (2002). Assessment criteria in a large-scale writing test: What do they really mean to the raters? Language Testing, 19, 246-276.
    • (2002) Language Testing , vol.19 , pp. 246-276
    • Lumley, T.1
  • 51
    • 0000737569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Writing to the rubric
    • Mabry, L. (1999). Writing to the rubric. Phi Delta Kappan, 80, 673-679.
    • (1999) Phi Delta Kappan , vol.80 , pp. 673-679
    • Mabry, L.1
  • 52
    • 84866438353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research Report No. RDC-13). Retrieved August 3, 2011, from
    • McClellan, C. A. (2010). Constructed-response scoring: Doing it right. (Research Report No. RDC-13). Retrieved August 3, 2011, from http://www.ets.org/research/policy_research_reports/rdc-13
    • (2010) Constructed-response scoring: Doing it right
    • McClellan, C.A.1
  • 55
    • 40749132977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts, terminology, and basic models of evidence-centered design
    • D. M. Williamson, R. J. Mislevy, amp; I. I. Bejar (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • Mislevy, R. J., Steinberg, L., Almond, R. G., & Lucas, J. F. (2006). Concepts, terminology, and basic models of evidence-centered design. In D. M. Williamson, R. J. Mislevy, & I. I. Bejar (Eds.), Automated scoring of complex tasks in computer-based testing (pp. 49-82). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (2006) Automated scoring of complex tasks in computer-based testing , pp. 49-82
    • Mislevy, R.J.1    Steinberg, L.2    Almond, R.G.3    Lucas, J.F.4
  • 58
    • 0004037670 scopus 로고
    • (CSE Technical Report No. 402). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service (downloadable from
    • Myford, C. M., & Mislevy, R. J. (1995). Monitoring and improving a portfolio assessment system (CSE Technical Report No. 402). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service (downloadable from http://www.cse.ucla.edu/products/Reports/TECH402.pdf).
    • (1995) Monitoring and improving a portfolio assessment system
    • Myford, C.M.1    Mislevy, R.J.2
  • 59
    • 71549124344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring rater performance over time: A framework for detecting differential accuracy and differential scale category use
    • Myford, C. M., & Wolfe, E. W. (2009). Monitoring rater performance over time: A framework for detecting differential accuracy and differential scale category use. Journal of Educational Measurement, 46, 371-389.
    • (2009) Journal of Educational Measurement , vol.46 , pp. 371-389
    • Myford, C.M.1    Wolfe, E.W.2
  • 60
    • 67349283819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessors' perceptions of their judgement processes: Successful strategies and threats underlying valid assessment of student teachers
    • Nijveldt, A., Beijaard, D., Brekelmans, M., Wubbels, T., & Verloop, N. (2009). Assessors' perceptions of their judgement processes: Successful strategies and threats underlying valid assessment of student teachers. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 35, 29-36.
    • (2009) Studies in Educational Evaluation , vol.35 , pp. 29-36
    • Nijveldt, A.1    Beijaard, D.2    Brekelmans, M.3    Wubbels, T.4    Verloop, N.5
  • 61
    • 0001051411 scopus 로고
    • Essay-writing: What really counts?
    • Norton, L. S. (1990). Essay-writing: What really counts? Higher Education, 20, 411-442.
    • (1990) Higher Education , vol.20 , pp. 411-442
    • Norton, L.S.1
  • 62
    • 0000963970 scopus 로고
    • Relations between exemplar-similarity and likelihood models of classification
    • Nosofsky, R. M. (1990). Relations between exemplar-similarity and likelihood models of classification. Mathematical Psychology, 34, 393-418.
    • (1990) Mathematical Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 393-418
    • Nosofsky, R.M.1
  • 65
    • 78149467945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paper presented at the IAEA meeting, Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved July 17, 2012, from
    • Pollitt, A. (2004). Let's stop marking exams. Paper presented at the IAEA meeting, Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved July 17, 2012, from http://www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk/ca/digitalAssets/113942_Let_s_Stop_Marking_Exams.pdf
    • (2004) Let's stop marking exams
    • Pollitt, A.1
  • 66
    • 58149109572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting and correcting scale drift in test equating: An illustration from a large scale testing program
    • Puhan, G. (2009). Detecting and correcting scale drift in test equating: An illustration from a large scale testing program. Applied Measurement in Education, 22, 79-103.
    • (2009) Applied Measurement in Education , vol.22 , pp. 79-103
    • Puhan, G.1
  • 69
    • 66749159684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is teaching experience necessary for reliable scoring of extended English questions
    • Royal-Dawson, L., & Baird, J. (2009). Is teaching experience necessary for reliable scoring of extended English questions Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 28, 2-8.
    • (2009) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.28 , pp. 2-8
    • Royal-Dawson, L.1    Baird, J.2
  • 70
    • 55249092130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of holistic scoring for ESL writing assessment: How raters evaluate compositions
    • J. J. Kunnan (Ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    • Sakyi, A. A. (2000). Validation of holistic scoring for ESL writing assessment: How raters evaluate compositions. In J. J. Kunnan (Ed.), Fairness and validation in language assessment (pp. 129-152). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2000) Fairness and validation in language assessment , pp. 129-152
    • Sakyi, A.A.1
  • 72
    • 0002475119 scopus 로고
    • The effect of raters background and training on the reliability of direct writing tests
    • Shohamy, E., Gordon, C. M., & Kraemer, R. (1992). The effect of raters background and training on the reliability of direct writing tests. Modern Language Journal, 76, 27-33.
    • (1992) Modern Language Journal , vol.76 , pp. 27-33
    • Shohamy, E.1    Gordon, C.M.2    Kraemer, R.3
  • 74
    • 0000629644 scopus 로고
    • Theories of decision-making in economics and behavioral science
    • Simon, H. A. (1959). Theories of decision-making in economics and behavioral science. The American Economic Review, 49, 253-283.
    • (1959) The American Economic Review , vol.49 , pp. 253-283
    • Simon, H.A.1
  • 75
    • 84866457059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SMARTER Balanced Assessment Consortium. Retrieved July 17, 2012, from
    • SMARTER Balanced Assessment Consortium. (2010). Theory of action: An excerpt from the SMARTER Balanced Race to the Top application. Retrieved July 17, 2012, from http://www.smarterbalanced.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Smarter-Balanced-Theory-of-Action.pdf
    • (2010) Theory of action: An excerpt from the SMARTER Balanced Race to the Top application
  • 76
    • 84866442634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical review of research methods used to explore rater cognition
    • Suto, I. (2012). A critical review of research methods used to explore rater cognition. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 31, 21-30.
    • (2012) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.31 , pp. 21-30
    • Suto, I.1
  • 77
    • 41549143693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What goes through an examiner's mind? Using verbal protocols to gain insights into the GCS marking process
    • Suto, I., & Greatorex, J. (2008). What goes through an examiner's mind? Using verbal protocols to gain insights into the GCS marking process. British Educational Research Journal, 34, 213-233.
    • (2008) British Educational Research Journal , vol.34 , pp. 213-233
    • Suto, I.1    Greatorex, J.2
  • 78
    • 58149426837 scopus 로고
    • A law of comparative judgment
    • Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review, 34, 273-286.
    • (1927) Psychological Review , vol.34 , pp. 273-286
    • Thurstone, L.L.1
  • 79
    • 0001090929 scopus 로고
    • A suggested alternative formulation in the developments by Hursch, Hammond, and Hursch, and by Hammond, Hursch, and Todd
    • Tucker, L. R. (1964). A suggested alternative formulation in the developments by Hursch, Hammond, and Hursch, and by Hammond, Hursch, and Todd. Psychological Review, 71, 528-530.
    • (1964) Psychological Review , vol.71 , pp. 528-530
    • Tucker, L.R.1
  • 80
    • 58149411184 scopus 로고
    • Features of similarity
    • Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84, 327-352.
    • (1977) Psychological Review , vol.84 , pp. 327-352
    • Tversky, A.1
  • 81
    • 0016264378 scopus 로고
    • Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases
    • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
    • (1974) Science , vol.185 , pp. 1124-1131
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 82
    • 0042857697 scopus 로고
    • Holistic assessment: What goes in the rater mind?
    • L. Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    • Vaughn, C. (1991). Holistic assessment: What goes in the rater mind? In L. Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing in academic contexts (pp. 111-125). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    • (1991) Assessing second language writing in academic contexts , pp. 111-125
    • Vaughn, C.1
  • 83
    • 0041855688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between essay reading style and scoring proficiency in a psychometric scoring system
    • Wolfe, E. W. (1997). The relationship between essay reading style and scoring proficiency in a psychometric scoring system. Assessing Writing, 4, 83-106.
    • (1997) Assessing Writing , vol.4 , pp. 83-106
    • Wolfe, E.W.1
  • 84
    • 84866452272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of latent trait models to identifying substantively interesting raters
    • this issue
    • Wolfe, E. W., & McVay, A. (2012). Application of latent trait models to identifying substantively interesting raters. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, this issue, 31-37.
    • (2012) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , pp. 31-37
    • Wolfe, E.W.1    McVay, A.2
  • 85
    • 33749847596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive differences in proficient and nonproficient essay scorers
    • Wolfe, E. W., Kao, C. W., & Ranney, M. (1998). Cognitive differences in proficient and nonproficient essay scorers. Written Communication, 15, 465-492.
    • (1998) Written Communication , vol.15 , pp. 465-492
    • Wolfe, E.W.1    Kao, C.W.2    Ranney, M.3
  • 86
    • 77956271995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness and efficiency of distributed online, regional online, and regional face-to-face training for writing assessment raters
    • available at
    • Wolfe, E. W., Matthews, S., & Vickers, D. (2010). The effectiveness and efficiency of distributed online, regional online, and regional face-to-face training for writing assessment raters. Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 10, available at http://www.jtla.org
    • (2010) Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment , vol.10
    • Wolfe, E.W.1    Matthews, S.2    Vickers, D.3
  • 87
    • 33947393086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of rater goals on rating patterns: Evidence from an experimental field study
    • Wong, K. F. E., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2007). Effects of rater goals on rating patterns: Evidence from an experimental field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 577-585.
    • (2007) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.92 , pp. 577-585
    • Wong, K.F.E.1    Kwong, J.Y.Y.2
  • 88
    • 79961073457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Research Report No. RR-07-02/TOEFL iBT 02). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Retrieved July 17, 2012, from
    • Xi, X., Higgins, D., Zechner, K., & Williamson, D. M. (2008). Automated scoring of spontaneous speech using Speechrater v1.0 (Research Report No. RR-07-02/TOEFL iBT 02). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Retrieved July 17, 2012, from http://www.ets.org/research/researcher/RR-08-62.html
    • (2008) Automated scoring of spontaneous speech using Speechrater v1.0
    • Xi, X.1    Higgins, D.2    Zechner, K.3    Williamson, D.M.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.