Naturalization of introduced plants: Ecological drivers of biogeographical patterns

New Phytologist

Volumn 196, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 383-396

  Richardson, David M ^a   Pyšek, Petr ^b,c  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b INSTITUTE OF BOTANY   (Czech Republic)

^c CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Biological invasions; Climate matching; Disturbance; Introduction naturalization invasion continuum; Propagule pressure; Species traits

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGION; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; INTRODUCED SPECIES; MACROECOLOGY; NATURALIZATION; PROPAGULE;

BIODIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM; GEOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INTRODUCED SPECIES; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; POPULATION DYNAMICS; REVIEW;

BIODIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM; GEOGRAPHY; HUMANS; INTRODUCED SPECIES; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; POPULATION DYNAMICS;

EID: 84866357243     PISSN: 0028646X     EISSN: 14698137     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04292.x     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Abbott I, Marchant N, Cranfield R. 2000. Long-term change in the floristic composition and vegetation structure of Carnac Island, Western Australia. Journal of Biogeography 27: 333-346.
2. de Albuquerque FS, Castro-Diez P, Rueda M, Hawkins BA, Rodriguez MA. 2011. Relationships of climate, residence time, and biogeographical origin with the range sizes and species richness patterns of exotic plants in Great Britain. Plant Ecology 212: 1901-1911.
3. Bennett MD. 1987. Variation in genomic form in plants and its ecological implications. New Phytologist 106: 177-200.
4. Blackburn TM, Pyšek P, Bacher S, Carlton JT, Duncan RP, Jarošík V, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM. 2011. A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26: 333-339.
5. Blumenthal DM. 2006. Interactions between resource availability and enemy release in plant invasion. Ecology Letters 9: 887-895.
6. Bucharová A, van Kleunen M. 2009. Introduction history and species characteristics partly explain naturalization success of North American woody species in Europe. Journal of Ecology 97: 230-238.
7. Cadotte MW, Lovett-Doust J. 2001. Ecological and taxonomic differences between native and introduced plants of southwestern Ontario. EcoScience 8: 230-238.
8. Cadotte MW, Murray BR, Lovett-Doust J. 2006. Ecological patterns and biological invasions: using regional species inventories in macroecology. Biological Invasions 8: 809-821.
9. Calder JA, Taylor LR. 1968. Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Part 1. Systematics of the vascular plants. Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Monograph 4, Part 1.
10. di Castri F. 1989. History of biological invasions with special emphasis on the Old World. In: Drake JA, Mooney HA, di CastriF, Groves RH, Kruger FJ, Rejmánek M, Williamson M, eds. Biological invasions: a global perspective. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 1-30.
11. Catford J, Vesk P, Richardson DM, Pyšek P. 2012. Quantifying invasion level: towards the objective classification of invaded and invasible ecosystems. Global Change Biology 18: 44-62.
12. Catford JA, Jansson R, Nilsson C. 2009. Reducing redundancy in invasion ecology by integrating hypotheses into a single theoretical framework. Diversity and Distributions 15: 22-40.
13. Chown SL, Gremmen NJM, Gaston KJ. 1998. Ecological biogeography of Southern Ocean Islands: species-area relationships, human impacts and conservation. American Naturalist 152: 562-575.
14. Chytrý M, Jarošík V, Pyšek P, Hájek O, Knollová I, Tichý L, Danihelka J. 2008a. Separating habitat invasibility by alien plants from the actual level of invasion. Ecology 89: 1541-1553.
15. Chytrý M, Maskell LC, Pino J, Pyšek P, Vilà M, Font X, Smart SM. 2008b. Habitat invasions by alien plants: a quantitative comparison among Mediterranean, subcontinental and oceanic regions of Europe. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 448-458.
16. Colautti RI, MacIsaac HJ. 2004. A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species. Diversity and Distributions 10: 135-141.
17. Daehler CC. 2001. Darwin's naturalization hypothesis revisited. American Naturalist 158: 324-330.
18. D'Antonio CM, Dudley TL, Mack M. 1999. Disturbance and biological invasions: direct effects and feedbacks. In: Walker LR, ed. Ecosystems of the world: ecosystems of disturbed ground. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, 413-452.
19. D'Antonio CM, Levine J, Thomsen M. 2001. Propagule supply and resistance to invasion: a California botanical perspective. Journal of Mediterranean Ecology 2: 233-245.
20. Davis MA, Grime JP, Thompson K. 2000. Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility. Journal of Ecology 88: 528-534.
21. Davis MA, Pelsor M. 2001. Experimental support for a resource-based mechanistic model of invasibility. Ecology Letters 4: 421-428.
22. Dawson W, Burslem DFRP, Hulme PE. 2009. Factors explaining alien plant invasion success in a tropical ecosystem differ at each stage of invasion. Journal of Ecology 97: 657-665.
23. Dehnen-Schmutz K, Touza J, Perrings C, Williamson M. 2007a. A century of the ornamental plant trade and its impact on invasion success. Diversity and Distributions 13: 527-534.
24. Dehnen-Schmutz K, Touza J, Perrings C, Williamson M. 2007b. The horticultural trade and ornamental plant invasions in Britain. Conservation Biology 21: 224-231.
25. Denslow JS. 2003. Weeds in paradise: thoughts on the invasibility of tropical islands. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90: 119-127.
26. Dietz HJ, Edwards PJ. 2006. Recognition that casual processes change during plant invasion helps explain conflicts in evidence. Ecology 87: 1359-1367.
27. Díez JM, Sullivan JJ, Hulme PE, Edwards G, Duncan RP. 2008. Darwin's naturalization conundrum: dissecting taxonomic patterns of species invasions. Ecology Letters 11: 674-681.
28. DiTomaso JM, Healy EA. 2005. Weeds of California and other western states. Oakland, CA, USA: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources.
29. Drake JM, Lodge DM. 2006. Allee effects, propagule pressure and the probability of establishment: risk analysis for biological invasions. Biological Invasions 8: 365-375.
30. Ehrenfeld JG. 2010. Ecosystem consequences of biological invasions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 41: 59-80.
31. Essl F, Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I. 2009. Changes in the spatio-temporal patterns and habitat preferences of Ambrosia artemisiifolia during the invasion of Austria. Preslia 81: 119-133.
32. Essl F, Dullinger S, Rabitsch W, Hulme PE, Hülber K, Jarošík V, Kleinbauer I, Krausmann F, Kühn I, Nentwig W et al. 2011. Socioeconomic legacy yields an invasion debt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 108: 203-207.
33. Essl F, Rabitsch W. eds. 2002. Neobiota in Österreich. Wien, Germany: Umweltbundesamt GmbH.
34. Florence J, Waldren S, Chepstow-Lusty AJ. 1995. The flora of the Pitcairn Islands: a review. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56: 79-119.
35. Foxcroft LC, Rouget M, Richardson DM, MacFadyen S. 2004. Reconstructing fifty years of Opuntia stricta invasion in the Kruger National Park: environmental determinants and propagule pressure. Diversity and Distributions 10: 427-437.
36. Frenot Y, Gloaguen JC, Masse L, Lebouvier M. 2001. Human activities, ecosystem disturbance and plant invasions in subantarctic Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Biological Conservation 101: 33-50.
37. Gaertner M, Breeÿen AD, Hui C, Richardson DM. 2009. Impacts of alien plant invasions on species richness in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Progress in Physical Geography 33: 319-338.
38. Gallagher RV, Beaumont LJ, Hughes L, Leishman MR. 2010. Evidence for climatic niche and biome shifts between native and novel ranges in plant species introduced to Australia. Journal of Ecology 98: 790-799.
39. Gaston KJ, Jones AG, Hänel C, Chown SL. 2003. Rates of species introduction to a remote oceanic island. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 1091-1098.
40. Gravuer K, Sullivan JJ, Williams PA, Duncan RP. 2008. Strong human association with plant invasion success for Trifolium introductions to New Zealand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105: 6344-6349.
41. Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R. 1988. Comparative plant ecology: a functional approach to common British species. London, UK: Unwin Hyman.
42. Grottkop E, Rejmánek M, Sanderson MJ, Rost TL. 2004. Evolution of genome size in pines (Pinus) and its life-history correlates: supertree analyses. Evolution 58: 1705-1729.
43. Gurevitch J, Fox GA, Wardle GM, Inderjit, Taub D. 2011. Emergent insights from the synthesis of conceptual frameworks for biological invasions. Ecology Letters 14: 407-418.
44. Hamilton MA, Murray BR, Cadotte MW, Hose GC, Baker AC, Harris CJ, Licari D. 2005. Life-history correlates of plant invasiveness at regional and continental scales. Ecology Letters 8: 1066-1074.
45. Heger T, Trepl L. 2003. Predicting biological invasions. Biological Invasions 5: 313-321.
46. Hejda M, Pyšek P, Pergl J, Sádlo J, Chytrý M, Jarošík V. 2009. Invasion success of alien plants: do habitats affinities in the native distribution range matter? Global Ecology and Biogeography 18: 372-382.
47. Hierro JL, Maron JL, Callaway RM. 2005. A biogeographical approach to plant invasions: the importance of studying exotics in their introduced and native range. Journal of Ecology 93: 5-15.
48. Hobbs RJ, Huenneke LF. 1992. Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology 6: 324-337.
49. Hobbs RJ, Mooney HA. 2005. Invasive species in a changing world: the interaction between global change and invasives. In: Mooney HA, Mack RN, McNeely JF, Neville LE, Schei PJ, Waage JK, eds. Invasive alien species. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press, 285-309.
50. Hui C, Richardson DM, Robertson MP, Wilson JRU, Yates CJ. 2011. Macroecology meets invasion ecology: linking native distribution of Australian acacias to invasiveness. Diversity and Distributions 17: 872-883.
51. Hulme PE. 2011. Addressing the threat to biodiversity from botanic gardens. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26: 168-174.
52. Hulme PE, Bacher S, Kenis M, Klotz S, Kühn I, Minchin D, Nentwig W, Olenin S, Panov V, Pergl J et al. 2008. Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for integrating pathways into policy. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 403-414.
53. Hulme PE, Pyšek P, Duncan RP. 2011. Don't be fooled by a name: a reply to Thompson and Davis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26: 318.
54. Hulme PE, Pyšek P, Nentwig W, Vilà M. 2009. Will threat of biological invasions unite the European Union? Science 324: 40-41.
55. Hulme PE, Weser C. 2011. Mixed messages from multiple information sources on invasive species: a case of too much of a good thing? Diversity and Distribution 17: 1152-1160.
56. Jenkins C, Keller SR. 2011. A phylogenetic comparative study of preadaptation for invasiveness in the genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae). Biological Invasions 13: 1471-1486.
57. Kettunen M, Genovesi P, Gollasch S, Pagad S, Starfinger U, ten Brink P, Shine C. 2009. Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species (IAS): assessment of the impacts of IAS in Europe and the EU (final module report for the European Commission). Brussels, Belgium: Institute for European Environmental Policy.
58. van Kleunen M, Dawson W, Dostál P. 2011. Research on invasive plant traits tells us a lot. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26: 317.
59. van Kleunen M, Dawson M, Schaepfer D, Jeschke JM, Fischer M. 2010a. Are invaders different? A conceptual framework of comparative approaches for assessing determinants of invasiveness. Ecology Letters 13: 947-958.
60. van Kleunen M, Johnson SD. 2007a. Effects of self-compatibility on the distribution range of invasive European plants in North America. Conservation Biology 21: 1537-1544.
61. van Kleunen M, Johnson SD. 2007b. South African Iridaceae with rapid and profuse seedling emergence are more likely to become naturalized in other regions. Journal of Ecology 95: 674-681.
62. van Kleunen M, Johnson SD, Fischer M. 2007. Predicting naturalization of southern African Iridaceae in other regions. Journal of Applied Ecology 44: 594-603.
63. van Kleunen M, Manning JC, Pasqualetto V, Johnson SD. 2008. Phylogenetically independent associations between autonomous self-fertilization and plant invasiveness. American Naturalist 171: 195-201.
64. van Kleunen M, Weber E, Fischer M. 2010b. A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive plant species. Ecology Letters 13: 235-245.
65. Kowarik I. 1995. Time lags in biological invasions with regard to the success and failure of alien species. In: Pyšek P, Prach K, Rejmánek M, Wade M, eds. Plant invasions: general aspects and special problems. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishers, 15-38.
66. Kowarik I. 2005. Urban ornamentals escaped from cultivation. In: Gressel J, ed. Crop ferality and volunteerism. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 97-121.
67. Křivánek M, Pyšek P, Jarošík V. 2006. Planting history and propagule pressure as predictors of invasions by woody species in a temperate region. Conservation Biology 20: 1487-1498.
68. Kruger FJ, Breytenbach GJ, Macdonald IAW, Richardson DM. 1989. Characteristics of invaded mediterranean-type regions. In: Drake J, Di CastriF, Groves R, Kruger FJ, Mooney HA, Rejmánek M, Williamson M, eds. Biological invasions: a global synthesis. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 181-213.
69. Kubešová M, Moravcová L, Suda J, Jarošík V, Pyšek P. 2010. Naturalized plants have smaller genomes than their non-invading relatives: a flow cytometric analysis of the Czech alien flora. Preslia 82: 81-96.
70. Küster EC, Kühn I, Bruelheide H, Klotz S. 2008. Trait interactions help explain plant invasion success in the German flora. Journal of Ecology 96: 860-868.
71. Lake JC, Leishman MR. 2004. Invasion success of exotic plants in natural ecosystems: the role of disturbance, plant attributes and freedom from herbivores. Biological Conservation 117: 215-226.
72. Lambdon PW, Hulme PE. 2006. How strongly do interactions with closely-related native species influence plant invasions? Darwin's naturalization hypothesis assessed on Mediterranean islands. Journal of Biogeography 33: 1116-1125.
73. Lambdon PW, Pyšek P, Basnou C, Hejda M, Arianoutsou M, Essl F, Jarošík V, Pergl J, Winter M, Anastasiu P et al. 2008. Alien flora of Europe: species diversity, temporal trends, geographical patterns and research needs. Preslia 80: 101-149.
74. Lee JE, Chown SL. 2009a. Quantifying the propagule load associated with the construction of an Antarctic research station. Antarctic Science 5: 471-475.
75. Lee JE, Chown SL. 2009b. Breaching the dispersal barrier to invasion: quantification and management. Ecological Applications 19: 1944-1959.
76. Leishman MR, Thomson VP. 2005. Experimental evidence for the effects of additional water, nutrients and physical disturbance on invasive plants in low fertility Hawkesbury Sandstone soils, Sydney, Australia. Journal of Ecology 93: 38-49.
77. Levine JM, Vilà M, D'Antonio CM, Dukes JS, Grigulis K, Lavorel S. 2003. Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 270: 775-781.
78. Lonsdale WM. 1999. Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility. Ecology 80: 1522-1536.
79. Mack RN, Lonsdale WM. 2001. Humans as global plant dispersers: getting more than we bargained for. BioScience 51: 95-102.
80. Mack RN, Simberloff D, Lonsdale WM, Evans H, Clout M, Bazzaz FA. 2000. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecological Applications 10: 689-710.
81. Médail F, Orsini Y. 1993. Liste des plantes vasculaires du département du Var (France). Bulletin de la Societe Linneenne de Provence 4: 1-77.
82. Medvecká J, Kliment J, Májeková J, Halada L′, Zaliberová M, Gojdičová E, Feráková V, Jarolímek I. 2012. Inventory of the alien flora of Slovakia. Preslia 84: 257-310.
83. Meyerson LA, Lambert A, Saltonstall K. 2010a. A tale of three lineages: expansion of common reed (Phragmites australis) in the U.S. Southwest and Gulf Coast. Invasive Plant Science and Management 3: 515-520.
84. Meyerson LA, Viola D, Brown R. 2010b. Hybridization of invasive Phragmites australis with a native subspecies in North America. Biological Invasions 12: 103-111.
85. Mirek Z, Pie{ogonek}koś-Mirkowa H, Zaja{ogonek}c A, Zaja{ogonek}c M. 2002. Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland: a checklist. Kraków, Poland: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences.
86. Moravcová L, Pyšek P, Jarošík V, Havlíčková V, Zákravský P. 2010. Reproductive characteristics of neophytes in the Czech Republic: traits of invasive and non-invasive species. Preslia 82: 365-390.
87. Mulvaney MJ. 1991. Far from the garden path: an identikit picture of woody ornamental plants invading South-eastern Australian bushland. Dissertation. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Research School of Pacific Studies. Australian National University.
88. Natali A, Jeanmonod D. 1996. Flore analytique des plantes introduites en Corse. In: Jeanmonod D, Burdet HM, eds. Compléments au Prodrome de la flore corse. Geneve, Switzerland: Conserv. & jard. bot. Geneve, 211.
89. Pandit MK, Pocock MJO, Kunin WE. 2011. Ploidy influences rarity and invasiveness in plants. Journal of Ecology 99: 1108-1115.
90. Pemberton RW, Liu H. 2009. Marketing time predicts naturalization of horticultural plants. Ecology 90: 69-80.
91. Pimentel D, Zuniga R, Morrison D. 2005. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics 52: 273-288.
92. Procheş Ş, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M. 2008. Searching for phylogenetic pattern in biological invasions. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 5-10.
93. Procheş S, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M. 2012. Native and naturalized range size in Pinus: relative importance of biogeography, introduction effort and species traits. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21: 513-523.
94. Pyšek P. 2004. The most complete global overview of invasive species in natural areas. Diversity and Distributions 10: 505-506.
95. Pyšek P, Danihelka J, Sádlo J, Chrtek J Jr, Chytrý M, Jarošík V, Kaplan Z, Krahulec F, Moravcová L, Pergl J et al. 2012a. Catalogue of alien flora of the Czech Republic (2nd edition): checklist update, species diversity and invasion patterns. Preslia 84: 155-255.
96. Pyšek P, Jarošík V, Chytrý M, Danihelka J, Kühn I, Pergl J, Tichý L, Biesmeijer J, Ellis WN, Kunin WE et al. 2011a. Successful invaders co-opt pollinators of native flora and accumulate insect pollinators with increasing residence time. Ecological Monographs 81: 277-293.
97. Pyšek P, Jarošík V, Hulme PE, Pergl J, Hejda M, Schaffner U, Vilà M. 2012b. A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species' traits and environment. Global Change Biology 18: 1725-1737.
98. Pyšek P, Jarošík V. 2005. Residence time determines the distribution of alien plants. In: Inderjit, ed. Invasive plants: ecological and agricultural aspects. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag-AG, 77-96.
99. Pyšek P, Jarošík V, Pergl J. 2011b. Alien plants introduced by different pathways differ in invasion success: unintentional introductions as greater threat to natural areas? PLoS ONE 6: e24890.
100. Pyšek P, Jarošík V, Pergl J, Randall R, Chytrý M, Kühn I, Tichý L, Danihelka J, Chrtek J Jr, Sádlo J. 2009a. The global invasion success of Central European plants is related to distribution characteristics in their native range and species traits. Diversity and Distributions 15: 891-903.
101. Pyšek P, Křivánek M, Jarošík V. 2009b. Planting intensity, residence time, and species traits determine invasion success of alien woody species. Ecology 90: 2734-2744.
102. Pyšek P, Richardson DM. 2006. The biogeography of naturalization in alien plants. Journal of Biogeography 33: 2040-2050.
103. Pyšek P, Richardson DM. 2007. Traits associated with invasiveness in alien plants: where do we stand? In: Nentwig W, ed. Biological invasions, Ecological Studies, Vol. 193. Berlin & Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 97-125.
104. Pyšek P, Richardson DM. 2010. Invasive species, environmental change and management, and health. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 35: 25-55.
105. Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Jarošík V. 2006. Who cites who in the invasion zoo: insights from an analysis of the most highly cited papers in invasion ecology. Preslia 78: 437-468.
106. Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Pergl J, Jarošík V, Sixtová Z, Weber E. 2008. Geographical and taxonomic biases in invasion ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23: 237-244.
107. Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M, Webster G, Williamson M, Kirschner J. 2004. Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131-143.
108. Pyšek P, Sádlo J, Mandák B. 2002. Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic. Preslia 74: 97-186.
109. Reichard SH, White P. 2001. Horticulture as a pathway of invasive plant introductions in the United States. BioScience 51: 103-113.
110. Rejmánek M. 1996a. A theory of seed plant invasiveness: the first sketch. Biological Conservation 78: 171-181.
111. Rejmánek M. 1996b. Species richness and resistance to invasions. In: Orians GH, Dirzo R, Cushman JH, eds. Diversity and processes in tropical forest ecosystems. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 153-172.
112. Rejmánek M. 1999. Invasive plant species and invasible ecosystems. In: Sandlund OT, Schei PJ, Vilken A, eds. Invasive species and biodiversity management. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer, 79-102.
113. Rejmánek M. 2000. Invasive plants: approaches and predictions. Austral Ecology 25: 497-506.
114. Rejmánek M, Randall R. 1994. Invasive alien plants in California: 1993 summary and comparison with other areas in North America. Madroño 41: 161-177.
115. Rejmánek M, Richardson DM. 1996. What attributes make some plant species more invasive? Ecology 77: 1655-1661.
116. Rejmánek M, Richardson DM, Higgins SI, Pitcairn MJ, Grotkopp E. 2005a. Ecology of invasive plants: state of the art. In: Mooney HA, Mack RM, McNeely JA, Neville L, Schei P, Waage J, eds. Invasive alien species: searching for solutions. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press, 104-161.
117. Rejmánek M, Richardson DM, Pyšek P. 2005b. Plant invasions and invasibility of plant communities. In: Van derMaarelE, ed. Vegetation ecology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, 332-355.
118. Richardson DM. 2006. Pinus: a model group for unlocking the secrets of alien plant invasions? Preslia 78: 375-388.
119. Richardson DM. 2011. Invasion science: the road travelled and the roads ahead. In: Richardson DM, ed. Fifty years of invasion ecology: the legacy of Charles Elton. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 397-407.
120. Richardson DM, Allsopp N, D'Antonio C, Milton SJ, Rejmánek M. 2000a. Plant invasions: the role of mutualisms. Biological Reviews 75: 65-93.
121. Richardson DM, Carruthers J, Hui C, Impson FAC, Miller JT, Robertson MP, Rouget M, Le Roux JJ, Wilson JRU. 2011a. Human-mediated introductions of Australian acacias - a global experiment in biogeography. Diversity and Distributions 17: 771-787.
122. Richardson DM, Holmes PM, Esler KJ, Galatowitsch SM, Stromberg JC, Kirkman SP, Pyšek P, Hobbs RJ. 2007. Riparian vegetation: degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects. Diversity and Distributions 13: 126-139.
123. Richardson DM, Pyšek P. 2006. Plant invasions: merging the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility. Progress in Physical Geography 30: 409-431.
124. Richardson DM, Pyšek P. 2008. Fifty years of invasion ecology: the legacy of Charles Elton. Diversity and Distributions 14: 161-168.
125. Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Carlton JT. 2011b. A compendium of essential concepts and terminology in biological invasions. In: Richardson DM, ed. Fifty years of invasion ecology: the legacy of Charles Elton. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 409-420.
126. Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Rejmánek M, Barbour MG, Panetta FD, West CJ. 2000b. Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107.
127. Richardson DM, Thuiller W. 2007. Home away from home - objective mapping of high-risk source areas for plant introductions. Diversity and Distributions 13: 299-312.
128. Rouget M, Richardson DM. 2003. Understanding patterns of plant invasion at different spatial scales: quantifying the roles of environment and propagule pressure. In: Child LE, Brock JH, Brundu G, Prach K, Pyšek P, Wade PM, Williamson M, eds. Invasions: ecological threats and management solutions. Leiden, the Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 3-15.
129. Saltonstall K, Lambert A, Meyerson LA. 2010. Genetics and reproduction of common (Phragmites australis) and giant reed (Arundo donax). Invasive Plant Science and Management 3: 495-505.
130. Sax DF. 2001. Latitudinal gradients and geographic ranges of exotic species: implications for biogeography. Journal of Biogeography 28: 139-150.
131. Schäfer H. 2003. Chorology and diversity of the Azorean flora. Dissertationes Botanicae 374: 1-130.
132. Shea K, Chesson P. 2002. Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17: 70-76.
133. Stohlgren TJ, Jarnevich C, Chong GW, Evangelista PH. 2006. Scale and plant invasions: a theory of biotic acceptance. Preslia 78: 405-426.
134. Stohlgren TJ, Pyšek P, Kartesz J, Nishino M, Pauchard A, Winter M, Pino J, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU, Murray BR et al. 2011. Widespread plant species: natives versus aliens in our changing world. Biological Invasions 13: 1931-1944.
135. Strauss SY, Webb CO, Salamin N. 2006. Exotic taxa less related to native species are more invasive. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 5841-5845.
136. Sutherland S. 2004. What makes a weed a weed: life history traits of native and exotic plants in the USA. Oecologia 141: 24-39.
137. Sykes WR, West CJ, Beever JE, Fife AJ. 2000. Kermadec Island flora - Special edition. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press.
138. Thaman RR, Fosberg FR, Manner HL, Hassel DC. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Atoll Research Bulletin 392: 1-223.
139. Theoharides KA, Dukes JS. 2007. Plant invasion across space and time: factors affecting nonindigenous species success during four stages of invasion. New Phytologist 176: 256-273.
140. Thompson K, Davis MA. 2011. Why research on traits of invasive plants tells us very little. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26: 155-156.
141. Thompson K, Hodgson JG, Rich TCG. 1995. Native and alien invasive plants: more of the same? Ecography 18: 390-402.
142. Thuiller W, Gallien L, Boulangeat I, de Bello F, Münkemüller T, Roquet C, Lavergne S. 2011. Resolving Darwin's naturalization conundrum: a quest for evidence. Diversity and Distributions 16: 471-475.
143. Thuiller W, Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Midgley GF, Hughes GO, Rouget M. 2005. Niche-based modelling as a tool for predicting the risk of alien plant invasions at a global scale. Global Change Biology 11: 2234-2250.
144. Thuiller W, Richardson DM, Rouget M, Procheş Ş, Wilson JRU. 2006. Interactions between environment, species traits and human uses describe patterns of plant invasions. Ecology 87: 1755-1769.
145. Traveset A, Richardson DM. 2006. Biological invasions as disruptors of plant reproductive mutualism. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21: 208-216.
146. Tye A. 2001. Invasive plant problems and requirements for weed risk assessment in the Galapagos Islands. In: Groves RH, Panetta FD, Virtue JG, eds. Weed risk assessment. Collingwood, Vic., Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 153-175.
147. Vilà M, Basnou C, Pyšek P, Josefsson M, Genovesi P, Gollasch S, Nentwig W, Olenin S, Roques A, Roy D et al., DAISIE partners. 2010. How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European, cross-taxa assessment. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8: 135-144.
148. Vilà M, Espinar JL, Hejda M, Hulme PE, Jarošík V, Maron JL, Pergl J, Schaffner U, Sun Y, Pyšek P. 2011. Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecology Letters 14: 702-708.
149. Vitousek PM, D'Antonio CM, Loope LL, Rejmánek M, Westbrooks R. 1997. Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21: 1-16.
150. Waldren S, Weisler MI, Hather JG, Morrow D. 1999. The non-native vascular plants of Henderson Island, South-Central Pacific Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin 463: 1-14.
151. Weber E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International Publishing.
152. Welch D, Carss DN, Gornall J, Manchester SJ, Marquiss M, Preston CD, Telfer MG, Arnold H, Holbrook J. 2001. An audit of alien species in Scotland. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage Review 139.
153. Wetter MA, Cochrane TS, Black MR, Iltis HH, Berry PE. 2001. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources: Technical Bulletin 192.
154. Wiens JJ, Graham CH. 2005. Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 36: 519-539.
155. van Wilgen BW, Reyers B, Le Maitre DC, Richardson DM, Schonevegel L. 2008. A biome-scale assessment of the impact of invasive alien plants on ecosystem services in South Africa. Journal of Environmental Management 89: 336-349.
156. van Wilgen NJ, Roura-Pascual N, Richardson DM. 2009. A quantitative climate-match score for risk-assessment screening of reptile and amphibian introductions. Environmental Management 44: 590-607.
157. Williamson M. 1993. Invaders, weeds and the risk from genetically manipulated organisms. Experientia 49: 219-224.
158. Williamson M. 1996. Biological invasions. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
159. Williamson M. 2006. Explaining and predicting the success of invading species at different stages of invasion. Biological Invasions 8: 1561-1568.
160. Williamson M, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Kühn I, Hill M, Klotz S, Milbau A, Stout J, Pyšek P. 2009. The distribution of range sizes of native and alien plants in four European countries and the effects of residence time. Diversity and Distributions 15: 158-166.
161. Williamson M, Fitter A. 1996. The varying success of invaders. Ecology 77: 1661-1666.
162. Wilson JRU, Gairifo C, Gibson MR, Arianoutsou M, Bakar BB, Baret S, Celesti-Grapow L, DiTomaso JM, Dufour-Dror J-M, Kueffer C et al. 2011. Risk assessment, eradication, and biological control: global efforts to limit Australian acacia invasions. Diversity and Distributions 17: 1030-1046.
163. Wilson JRU, Richardson DM, Rouget M, Procheş Ş, Amis MA, Henderson L, Thuiller W. 2007. Residence time and potential range: crucial considerations in modelling plant invasions. Diversity and Distributions 13: 11-22.
164. Wu S-H, Hsieh Ch-F, Rejmánek M. 2004. Catalogue of the naturalized flora of Taiwan. Taiwania 49: 16-31.