Executive functions in girls with ADHD followed prospectively into young adulthood

Neuropsychology

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 278-287

  Miller, Meghan ^a   Ho, Jennifer ^b   Hinshaw, Stephen P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Executive function; Females; Girls; Longitudinal research

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION; PARENTING EDUCATION; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PLANNING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHOOL CHILD; SETARIA; SOCIAL STATUS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; WORKING MEMORY; CASE CONTROL STUDY; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SHORT TERM MEMORY;

ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; COGNITION DISORDERS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84866147109     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: 19311559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0027792     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Arbuthnott, K., & Frank, J. (2000). Trail Making Test, Part B as a measure of executive control: Validation using a set-switching paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 518-528. doi: 10.1076/1380-3395(200008)22:4;1-0;FT518
3. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469- 480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
4. Babinski, D. E., Pelham, W. E., Molina, B. S., Gnagy, E. M., Waschbusch, D. A., Yu, J.,. .. Karch, K. M. (2011). Late adolescent and young adult outcomes of girls diagnosed with ADHD in childhood: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 204-214. doi:10.1177/ 1087054710361586
5. Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M. (2011). Predicting impairment in major life activities and occupational functioning in hyperactive children as adults: Self-reported executive function (EF) deficits versus EF tests. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36, 137-161. doi:10.1080/87565641 .2010.549877
6. Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2008). ADHD in adults: What the science says. New York, NY: Guilford.
7. Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
8. Barry, T. D., Lyman, R. D., & Klinger, L. G. (2002). Academic underachievement and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The negative impact of symptom severity on school performance. Journal of School Psychology, 40, 259-283. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(02)00100-0
9. Berlin, L., Bohlin, G., & Rydell, A. (2004). Relations between inhibition, executive functioning, and ADHD symptoms: A longitudinal study from age 5 to 8 1/2 years. Child Neuropsychology, 9, 255-266. doi:10.1076/ chin.9.4.255.23519
10. Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., Seidman, L. J., Wilens, T. E., Ferrero, F.,. .. Faraone, S. V. (2004). Impact of executive function deficits and ADHD on academic outcomes in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 757-766. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.757
11. Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Doyle, A. E., Spencer, T., Henderson, C. S., Marion, B.,. .. Faraone, S. V. (2007). Stability of executive function deficits in girls with ADHD: A prospective longitudinal follow-up study into adolescence. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 44-61. doi: 10.1080/87565640701729755
12. Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Monuteaux, M. C., Fried, R., Byrne, D., Mirto, T.,. .. Faraone, S. V. (2010). Adult psychiatric outcomes of girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: 11-year follow-up in a longitudinal case-control study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 409-417. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050736
13. Boonstra, A. M., Kooij, J. J. S., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2010). To act or not to act, that's the problem: Primarily inhibition difficulties in adult ADHD. Neuropsychology, 24, 209 -221. doi: 10.1037/a0017670
14. Boonstra, A. M., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2005). Executive functioning in adult ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 35, 1097-1108. doi:10.1017/S003329170500499X
15. Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (1997). Imaging cognition: An empirical review of PET studies with normal subjects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 1-26. doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.1
16. Carte, E. T., Nigg, J. T., & Hinshaw, S. P. (1996). Neuropsychological functioning, motor speed, and language processing in boys with and without ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology: An official publication of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 24, 481-498. doi:10.1007/BF01441570
17. Castellanos, F. X., Marvasti, F. F., Ducharme, J. L., Walter, J. M., Israel, M. E., Krain, A.,. .. Hommer, D. W. (2000). Executive function oculomotor tasks in girls with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 644-650. doi:10.1097/00004583-200005000-00019
18. Chronis-Tuscano, A., Molina, B. S., Pelham, W. E., Applegate, B., Dahlke, A., Overmyer, M., & Lahey, B. B. (2010). Very early predictors of adolescent depression and suicide attempts in children with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1044-1051. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.127
19. Clark, C., Prior, M., & Kinsella, G. (2002). The relationship between executive function abilities, adaptive behaviour, and academic achievement in children with externalising behaviour problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 785-796. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00084
20. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. Conners, C. K. (1995). Conners' Continuous Performance Test computer program: User's manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
22. Delis, D., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Scale. (2001). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
23. Dennis, M., Francis, D. J., Cirino, P. T., Schachar, R., Barnes, M. A., & Fletcher, J. M. (2009). Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 331-343. doi:10.1017/S1355617709090481
24. Diamantopoulou, S., Rydell, A., Thorell, L. B., Bohlin, G. (2007). Impact of executive functioning and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on children's peer relations and school performance. Developmental Neuropsychology, 32, 521-542. doi:10.1080/ 87565640701360981
25. Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Mick, E. (2006). The age-dependent decline of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 36, 159 -165. doi:10.1017/ S003329170500471X
26. Fischer, M., Barkley, R., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2005). Executive functioning in hyperactive children as young adults: Attention, inhibition, response perseveration, and the impact of comorbidity. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 107-133. doi:10.1207/ s15326942dn2701_5
27. Geurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). ADHD subtypes: Do they differ in their executive functioning profile? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 457- 477. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2004.11.001
28. Gilotty, L., Kenworthy, L., Sirian, L., Black, D. O., & Wagner, A. E. (2002). Adaptive skills and executive function in autism spectrum disorders. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 241-248. doi:10.1076/ chin.8.4.241.13504
29. Halperin, J. M., & Schulz, K. P. (2006). Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 560 -581. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132 .4.560
30. Hinshaw, S. P., & Blachman, D. R. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In D. Bell-Dolan, S. Foster, & E. J. Mash (Eds.), Handbook of behavioral and emotional problems in girls (pp. 117-147). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. doi:10.1007/0-306-48674-1_4
31. Hinshaw, S. P., Carte, E. T., Fan, C., Jassy, J. S., & Owens, E. B. (2007). Neuropsychological functioning of girls with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder followed prospectively into adolescence: Evidence for continuing deficits? Neuropsychology, 21, 263-273. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.263
32. Hinshaw, S. P., Carte, E. T., Sami, N., Treuting, J. J., & Zupan, B. A. (2002). Preadolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. Neuropsychological performance in relation to subtypes and individual classification. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1099-1111. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.70.5.1099
33. Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., Zalecki, C., Huggins, S. P., Nevado, A., Schrodek, E., & Swanson, E. N. (2011). Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into early adulthood: Continuing impairment includes high risk for suicide attempts and self-harm. Manuscript under review.
34. Lambek, R., Tannock, R., Dalsgaard, S., Trillingsgaard, A., Damm, D., & Thomsen, P. H. (2010). Validating neuropsychological subtypes of ADHD: How do children with and without an executive function deficit differ? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 895-904. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02248.x
35. Lezak, M. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
36. Loo, S. K., Hale, T. S., Macion, J., Hanada, G., McGough, J. J., Mc-Cracken, J. T., & Smalley, S. L. (2009). Cortical activity patterns in ADHD during arousal, activation, and sustained attention. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2114-2119. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.013
37. Marchetta, N. D. J., Hurks, P. P. M., De Sonneville, L. M. J., Krabbendam, L., & Jolles, J. (2007). Sustained and focused attention deficits in adult ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 664-676. doi:10.1177/ 1087054707305108
38. Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 377-384. doi:10.1097/01.chi .0000153228.72591.73
39. McGough, J. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2004). Diagnostic controversies in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1948-1956. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1948
40. Mick, E., Byrne, D., Fried, R., Monuteaux, M., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2011). Predictors of ADHD persistence in girls at 5-year follow-up. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 183-192. doi:10.1177/ 1087054710362217
41. Milich, R., Balentine, A. C., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). ADHD combined type and ADHD predominantly inattentive type are distinct and unrelated disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 463-488. doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.4.463
42. Miller, G. A., & Chapman, J. P. (2001). Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 40-48. doi:10.1037/ 0021-843X.110.1.40
43. Miller, M., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2010). Does childhood executive function predict adolescent functional outcomes in girls with ADHD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology: An Official Publication of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 38, 315-326. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9369-2
44. Miller, M., Nevado, A. J., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2011). Childhood executive function continues to predict outcomes in young adult females with and without childhood- diagnosed ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9599-y
45. Nigg, J. T., Hinshaw, S. P., Carte, E. T., & Treuting, J. J. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Explainable by comorbid disruptive behavior or reading problems? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 468 - 480. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.3.468
46. Nigg, J. T., Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1224-1230. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025
47. O'Brien, J. W., Dowell, L. R., Mostofsky, S. H., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2010). Neuropsychological profile of executive function in girls with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25, 656-670. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq050
48. Ogg, R. J., Zou, P., Allen, D. N., Hutchins, S. B., Dutkiewicz, R. M., & Mulhern, R. K. (2008). Neural correlates of a clinical continuous performance test. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 26, 504-512. doi:10.1016/ j.mri.2007.09.004
49. Osterrieth, P. A. (1944). Le test de copie d'une figure complex [A test of copying a complex figure]. Archives de Psychologie, 30, 206-356.
50. Pasini, A., Paloscia, C., Alessandrelli, R., Porfirio, M. C., & Curatolo, P. (2007). Attention and executive functions profile in drug nai{dotless}̈ve ADHD subtypes. Brain & Development, 29, 400-408. doi:10.1016/j.braindev .2006.11.010
51. Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51-87. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x
52. Rapport, M. D., Alderson, R. M., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Bolden, J., & Sims, V. (2008). Working memory deficits in boys with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central executive and subsystem processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology: An Official Publication of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 36, 825-837. doi:10.1007/ s10802-008-9215-y
53. Re, A., De Franchis, V., & Cornoldi, C. (2010). Working memory control deficit in kindergarten ADHD children. Child Neuropsychology, 16, 134-144. doi:10.1080/09297040903373404
54. Rinsky, J. R., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2011). Linkages between childhood executive functioning and adolescent social functioning and psychopathology in girls with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 17, 368-390. doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.544649
55. Rohlf, H., Jucksch, V., Gawrilow, C., Huss, M., Hein, J., Lehmkuhl, U., & Salbach-Andrae, H. (2011). Set shifting and working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, online first version. doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0660-3
56. Rourke, B. P., & Orr, R. R. (1977). Prediction of reading and spelling performance of normal and retarded readers: A 4-year follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 5, 9-20. doi:10.1007/BF00915756
57. Rucklidge, J. J. (2010). Gender differences in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33, 357- 373. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.006
58. Sami, N., Carte, E. T., Hinshaw, S. P., & Zupan, B. A. (2004). Performance of girls with ADHD and comparison girls on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: Evidence for executive processing deficits. Child Neuropsychology, 9, 237-254. doi:10.1076/chin.9.4.237.23514
59. Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., Geurts, H., Morein-Zamir, S., Meiran, N., Schut, H.,. .. Sergeant, J. A. (2004). Executive functioning in boys with ADHD: Primarily an inhibition deficit? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 569-594. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.08.005
60. Schweitzer, J. B., Hanford, R. B., & Medoff, D. R. (2006). Working memory deficits in adults with ADHD: Is there evidence for subtype differences? Behavioral and Brain Functions, 2. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-43
61. Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Valera, E., Doyle, A. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2005). Impact of gender and age on executive functioning: Do girls and boys with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder differ neuropsychologically in preteen and teenage years? Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 79 -105. doi:10.1207/ s15326942dn2701_4
62. Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28-38. doi:10.1097/ 00004583-200001000-00014
63. Shin, M. S., Park, S., Park, S., Seol, S., & Kwon, J. S. (2006). Clinical and empirical applications of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. Nature Protocols, 1, 892-899. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.115
64. Somerville, J., Tremont, G., & Stern, R. A. (2000). The Boston Qualitative Scoring System as a measure of executive functioning in Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 5, 613-621. doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200010)22:5;1-9;FT613
65. Swanson, J. M. (1992). Assessment and treatment of ADD students. Irvine, CA: K. C. Press.
66. Thorell, L. B. (2007). Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms? A study of early academic skill deficits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1061-1070. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01777.x
67. Tranel, D., Anderson, S. W., & Benton, A. (1994). Development of the concept of "executive function" and its relationship to the frontal lobes. In F. Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of Neuropsychology (Vol. 9, pp. 125-148). New York: Elsevier.
68. Troyer, A. K., & Wishart, H. A. (1997). A comparison of qualitative scoring systems for the Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 381-390. doi:10.1080/13854049708400467
69. Watanabe, K., Ogino, T., Nakano, K., Hattori, J., Kado, Y., Sanada, S., & Ohtsuka, Y. (2005). The Rey- Osterrieth Complex Figure as a measure of executive function in childhood. Brain & Development, 27, 564-569. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2005.02.007
70. Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third ed. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
71. Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Third ed. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
72. Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.