Imaging cognition: An empirical review of PET studies with normal subjects

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-26

  Cabeza, Roberto ^a,b   Nyberg, Lars ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b ROTMAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION; BRAIN; CONDITIONING; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; MEMORY; PERCEPTION; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKILL; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 0030894649     PISSN: 0898929X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.1     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. 2O studies of human cognition. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 16, 804-816.
2. Andreasen, N. C., O'Leary, D. S., Arndt, S., Cizadlo, T., Hurtig, R., Rezai, K., Watkins, G. L., Boles Ponto, L., & Hichwa, R. D. (1995). Short-term and long-term verbal memory: A positron emission tomography study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 5111-5115.
3. Andreasen, N. C., O'Leary, D. S., Arndt, S., Cizadlo, T., Hurtig, R., Rezai, K., Watkins, G. L., Boles Ponto, L., & Hichwa, R. D. (1996). Neural substrates of facial recognition. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 8, 139-149.
4. 2O PET cognitive activation studies. Journal of Psychiatry, 7, 155-168.
5. Bäckman, L., Almkvist, O., Andersson, J., Nordberg, A., Windblad, B., Reineck, R., & Långström, B. (in press). Brain activation in young and older adults during implicit and explicit retrieval. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
6. Baddeley, A. D. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255, 556-559.
7. Baddeley, A. D. (1993). Verbal and visual subsystems of working memory. Current Biology, 3, 563-565.
8. Barris, R. W, & Schuman, H. R. (1963). Bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus lesions: Syndrome of the anterior cingulate gyri. Neurology, 3, 44-52.
9. Becker, J. T., Mintun, M. A., Diehl, D. J., Dobkin, J., Martidis, A., Madoff, D. C., & DeKosky, S. T. (1994). Functional neuroanatomy of verbal free recall: A replication study. Human Brain Mapping, 1, 284-292.
10. Bench, C. J., Frith, C. D., Grasby, P. M., Friston, K. J., Paulesu, E., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1993). Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop test. Neuropsychologia, 31, 907-922.
11. Benson, D. F. (1988). Classical syndromes of aphasia. In F. Foller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 1). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
12. Blaxton, T. A., Zeffiro, T. A., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Bookheimer, S. Y., Carrillo, M. C., Theodore, W. H., & Disterhoft, J. F. (1996). Functional mapping of human learning: A PET activation study of eyeblink conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 4032-4040.
13. Bookheimer, S. Y., Zeffiro, T. A., Blaxton, T., Gaillard, W., & Theodore, W. (1995). Regional cerebral blood flow during object naming and word reading. Human Brain Mapping, 3, 93-106.
14. Bottini, G., Corcoran, R., Sterzi, R., Paulesu, E., Schenone, P., Scarpa, P., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. D. (1994). The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language: A positron emission tomography activation study. Brain, 117, 1241-1253.
15. Buckner, R. (1996). Beyond HERA: Contributions of specific prefrontal brain areas to long-term memory retrieval. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 149-158.
16. Buckner, R. L., Petersen, S. E., Ojemann, J. G., Miezin, F. M., Squire, L. R., & Raichle, M. E. (1995). Functional anatomical studies of explicit and implicit memory retrieval tasks. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 12-29.
17. Cabeza, R., Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., McIntosh, A. R., Houle, S., & Tulving, E. (in press). Functional neuroanatomy of recall and recognition: A PET study of episodic memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
18. Casey, K. L., Minoshima, S., Berger, K. L., Koeppe, R. A., Morrow, T. J., & Frey, K. A. (1994). Positron emission tomographic analysis of cerebral structures activated specifically by repetitive noxious heat stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology, 71, 802-807.
19. Cohen, R. M., Semple, W. E., Gross, M., Holcomb, H. H., Dowling, M. S., & Nordahl, T. E. (1988). Functional localization of sustained attention: Comparison to sensory stimulation in the absence of instruction. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 1, 3-20.
20. Cohen, R. M., Semple, W. E., Gross, M., King, A. C., & Nordahl, T. E. (1992). Metabolic brain pattern of sustained auditory discrimination. Experimental Brain Research, 92, 165-172.
21. Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Dobmeyer, S., Shulman, G. L., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). Attentional modulation of neural processing of shape, color, and velocity in humans. Science, 248, 1556-1559.
22. Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Shulman, G. L., & Petersen, S. E. (1993). A PET study of visuospatial attention. Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1202-1226.
23. Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.
24. Decety, J., Perani, D., Jeannerod, M., Bettinardi, V, Tadary, B., Woods, R., Mazziotta, J. C., & Fazio, F. (1994). Mapping motor representations with positron emission tomography. Nature, 371, 603.
25. Démonet, J.-F., Chollet, F., Ramsay, S., Cardebat, D., Nespoulous, J.-L., Wise, R., Rascol, A., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1992). The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects. Brain, 115, 1753-1768.
26. Démonet, J.-F., Price, C., Wise, R., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994). Differential activation of right and left posterior sylvian regions by semantic and phonological tasks: A positron-emission tomography study in normal human subjects. Neuroscience Letters, 182, 25-28.
27. Devinsky, O., Morrell, M. J., & Vogt, B. A. (1995). Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain, 118, 279-306.
28. de Wit, H., Metz, J., Wagner, N., & Cooper, M. (1990). Behavioral and subjective effects of ethanol: Relationship to cerebral metabolism using PET. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 14, 482-489.
29. Farah, M. J. (1988). Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology. Psychological Review, 95, 307-317.
30. Faris, A. A. (1969). Limbic system infarction. Neurology, 19, 91-96.
31. Fiez, J. A., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E., Tallal, P., & Katz, W. F. (1995). PET studies of auditory and phonological processing: Effects of stimulus characteristics and task demands. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 357-375.
32. Finke, R. A. (1985). Theories relating mental imagery to perception. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 236-239.
33. Fletcher, P C., Frith, C. D., Baker, S. C., Shallice, T., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1995). The mind's eye - Precuneus activation in memory-related imagery. Neuroimage, 2, 195-200.
34. Fletcher, P. C., Frith, C. D., Grasby, P. M., Shallice, T., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1995). Brain systems for encoding and retrieval of auditory-verbal memory: An in vivo study in humans. Brain, 118, 401-416.
35. Fox, P. T. (1991). Physiological ROI definition by image subtraction. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 11, A79-82.
36. Fox, P. T., Mintum, M. A., Reiman, E. M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988). Enhanced detection of focal brain responses using intersubject averaging and change-distributed analysis of subtracted PET images. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 8, 642-653.
37. Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991). Comparing functional (PET) images: The assessment of significant change. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 11, 690-699.
38. Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993). Functional connectivity: The principal-component analysis of large (PET) data sets. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 13, 5-14.
39. Friston, K. J., Grasby, P. M., Bench, C. J., Frith, C. D., Cowen, P. J., Liddle, P. F., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. (1992). Measuring the neuromodulatory effects of drugs in man with positron emission tomography. Neuroscience Letters, 14, 106-110.
40. Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Worsley, K. J., Poline, J.-P., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995). Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach. Human Brain Mapping, 2, 189-210.
41. Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991a). A PET study of word finding. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1137-1148.
42. Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991b). Willed action and the prefrontal cortex in man: A study with PET. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 244, 241-246.
43. Frith, C. D., Kapur, N., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995). Regional cerebral activity associated with the incidental processing of pseudowords. Human Brain Mapping, 3, 153-160.
44. Gazzaniga, M. S. (1989). Organization of the human brain. Science, 245, 947-952.
45. Gabrieli, J. D. E., Fleishman, D. A., Keane, M. M., Reminger, S. L., & Morrell, F. (1995). Double dissociation between memory systems underlying explicit and implicit memory in the human brain. Psychological Science, 6, 76-82.
46. 15O PET study of the Stroop and an emotional stroop. Human Brain Mapping, 1, 194-209.
47. Geschwind, N. (1972). Language and the brain. Scientific American, 226, 76-83.
48. Goldman-Rakic, P. S., & Friedman, H. R. (1991). The circuitry of working memory revealed by anatomy and metabolic imaging. In H. S. Levin, H. M. Eisenberg, & A. L. Benton (Eds.), Frontal lobe function and dysfunction (pp. 72-91). New York: Oxford University Press.
49. 15O] water and positron emission tomography. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 23-34.
50. Grady, C. L., Maisog, J. M., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Mentis, M. J., Salerno, J. A., Pietrini, P., Wagner, E., & Haxby, J. V. (1994). Age-related changes in cortical blood flow activation during visual processing of faces and location. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 1450-1462.
51. Grafton, S. T., Mazziotta, J. C., Presty, S., Friston, K. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Phelps, M. E. (1992). Functional anatomy of human procedural learning determined with regional cerebral blood flow and PET. Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 2542-2548.
52. Grasby, P. M., Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Bench, C., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1993). Functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory-verbal memory function. Brain, 116, 1-20.
53. Grasby, P. M., Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Simpson, J., Fletcher, P. C., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1994). A graded task approach to the functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory-verbal memory. Brain, 117, 1271-1282.
54. Grasby, P. M., Frith, C. D., Paulesu, E., Friston, K. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1995). The effect of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine on regional cerebral blood flow during the performance of a memory task. Experimental Brain Research, 104, 337-348.
55. Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Mishkin, M., Carson, R. E., Herscovitch, P., Schapiro, M. B., & Rapoport, S. (1991). Dissociation of object and spatial visual processing pathways in human extrastriate cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 88, 1621-1625.
56. Haxby,J. V., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L., Maisog, J. M., Pietrini, P., & Grady, C. L. (1994). The functional organization of human extrastriate cortex: A PET-rCBF study of selective attention to faces and locations. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 6336-6353.
57. Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Horwitz, B., Maisog, J. M., Rapoport, S. L., & Grady, C. L. (1996). Face encoding and recognition in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93, 922-927.
58. Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Horwitz, B., Rapoport, S. I., & Grady, C. L. (1995). Hemispheric differences in neural systems for face working memory: A PET-rCBF study. Human Brain Mapping, 3, 68-82.
59. Heinze, H. J., Mangun, G. R., Burchert, W., Hinrichs, H., Johannes, S., Hundeshagen, H., Gazzaniga, M. S., & Hillyard, S. A. (1994). Combined spatial and temporal imaging of brain activity during visual selective attention in humans. Nature, 372, 543-546.
60. Howard, D., Patterson, K., Wise, R., Brown, W. D., Friston, K., Weiller, C., & Frackowiak, R. (1992). The cortical localization of the lexicons. Brain, 115, 1769-1782.
61. Jenkins, I. H., Brooks, D. J., Nixon, P. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Passingham, R. E. (1994). Motor sequence learning: A study with positron emission tomography. Journal of Neuroscience, 14(6), 3775-3790.
62. Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Minoshima, S., & Mintum, M. (1993). Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature, 363, 623-625.
63. Kapur, N., Friston, K. J., Young, A., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995). Activation of human hippocampal formation during memory for faces: A PET study. Cortex, 31, 99-108.
64. Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., Jones, C., Brown, G. M., Houle, S., & Tulving, E. (1995). Functional role of the prefrontal cortex in memory retrieval: A PET study. Neuroreport, 6, 1880-1884.
65. Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., Tulving, E., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., & Brown, G. (1994). Neuroanatomical correlates of encoding in episodic memory: Levels of processing effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 2008-2011.
66. Kapur, S., Meyer, J., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., & Brown, G. M. (1994). Modulation of cortical neuronal activity by a serotonergic agent: A PET study in humans. Cognitive Brain Research, 646, 292-294.
67. Kapur, S., Rose, R., Liddle, P. F., Zipursky, R. B., Brown, G. M., Stuss, D., Houle, S., & Tulving, E. (1994). The role of left prefrontal cortex in verbal processing: Semantic processing or willed action? Neuroreport, 5, 2193-2196.
68. Kapur, S., Tulving, E., Cabeza, R., McIntosh, R. A., Houle, S., & Craik, F. I. M. (in press). The neural correlates of intentional learning of verbal materials: A PET study in humans. Cognitive Brain Research.
69. Kawashima, R., Roland, P. E., & O'Sullivan, B. T. (1994). Fields in human motor areas involved in preparation for reaching, actual reaching, and visuomotor learning: A positron emission tomography study. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 3462-3474.
70. Keane, M. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Mapstone, H. C., Johnson, K. A., & Corkin, S. (1995). Double dissociation of memory capacities after bilateral occipital-lobe or medial temporal-lobe lesions. Brain, 118, 1129-1148.
71. Köhler, S., Kapur, S., Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & Houle, S. (1995). Dissociation of pathways for object and spatial vision in the intact human brain. Neuroreport, 6, 1865-1868.
72. Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Maljkovic, V., Weise, S. B., Chabris, C. F., Hamilton, S. E., Rauch, S. L., & Buonanno, F. S. (1993). Visual mental imagery activates topographically organized visual cortex: PET investigations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 263-287.
73. Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Chabris, C. F., Rauch, S. L., & Anderson, A. K. (1994). Identifying objects seen from different viewpoints: A PET investigation. Brain, 117, 1055-1071.
74. Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., & Thompson, W. L. (1995). Identifying objects at different levels of hierarchy: A positron emission tomography study. Human Brain Mapping, 3, 107-132.
75. Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Kim, I. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1995). Topographical representations of mental images in primary visual cortex. Nature, 378, 496-498.
76. Kushner, M. J., Rosenquist, A., Alavi, A., Rosen, M., Dann, R., Fazekas, S., Bosley, T., Greenberg, J., & Reivich, M. (1988). Cerebral metabolism and patterned visual stimulation: A positron emission tomographic study of the human visual cortex. Neurology, 38(1), 89-95.
77. Lauter, J. L., Herscovitch, P, Formby, C., & Raichle, M. E. (1985). Tonotopic organization in human auditory cortex revealed by positron emission tomography. Hearing Research, 20, 199-205.
78. Leiner, H. C., Leiner, A. L., & Dow, R. S. (1991). The human cerebro-cerebellar system: Its computing, cognitive and language skills. Behavioral Brain Research, 441, 113-128.
79. Leiner, H. C., Leiner, A. L., & Dow, R. S. (1995). The underestimated cerebellum. Human Brain Mapping, 2, 244-254.
80. Luders, H. (1991). Basal temporal language area. Brain, 11, 743-754.
81. Lueck, C. J., Zeki, S., Friston, K. J., Deiber, M. P., Cope, P., Cunningham, V. J., Lammertsma, A. A., Kennard, C., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1989). The colour centre in the cerebral cortex of man. Nature, 340, 386-389.
82. Markowitsch, H. J. (1995). Which brain regions are critically involved in the retrieval of old episodic memory? Brain Research Reviews, 21, 117-127.
83. Martin, A., Haxby, J. V., Lalonde, F. M., Wiggs, C. L., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995). Discrete cortical regions associated with knowledge of color and knowledge of action. Science, 270, 102-105.
84. Mazoyer, B. M., Tzourio, N., Frak, V., Syrota, A., Murayama, N., Levrier, O., Salamon, G., Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., & Mehler, J. (1993). The cortical representation of speech. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 467-479.
85. McCormick, D. A., & Thompson, R. F. (1984). Neuronal responses of the rabbit cerebellum during acquisition and performance of a classically conditioned nictitating membrane-eyelid response. Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 2811-2822.
86. McIntosh, A. R., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (1994). Structural equation modeling and its application to network analysis in functional brain imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 2, 2-22.
87. McIntosh, A. R., Grady, C. L., Ungerleider, L. G., Haxby, J. V., Rapoport, S. I., & Horwitz, B. (1994). Network analysis of cortical visual pathways mapped with PET. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 655-666.
88. McIntosh, A. R., Grady, C. L., Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Rapoport, S. I., & Horwitz, B. (1996). Changes in limbic and prefrontal functional interactions in a working memory task for faces. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 571-584.
89. Mellet, E., Tzourio, N., Denis, M., & Mazoyer, B. (1995). A positron emission tomography study of visual and mental spatial exploration. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 433-445.
90. Meyer, E., Ferguson, S. S., Zatorre, R. J., Alivisatos, B., Marrett, S., Evans, A. C., & Hakim, A. M. (1991). Attention modulates somatosensory cerebral blood flow response to vibrotactile stimulation as measured by positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology, 29, 440-443.
91. Molchan, S. E., Sunderland, T., McIntosh, A. R., Herscovitch, P., & Schreurs, B. G. (1994). A functional anatomical study of associative learning in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 8122-8126.
92. Moscovitch, M. (1992). Memory and working-with-memory: A component process model based on modules and central systems. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 257-267.
93. Moscovitch, M., Kapur, S., Köhler, S., & Houle, S. (1995). Distinct neural correlates of visual long-term memory for spatial location and object identity: A positron emission tomography (PET) study in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 3721-3725.
94. Nemeth, G., Hegedus, K., & Molnar, L. (1988). Akinetic mutism associated with bicingular lesions: Clinicopathological and functional anatomical correlates. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 237, 218-222.
95. Nichelli, P., Grafman, J., Pietrini, P., Alway, D., Carton, J. C., & Miletich, R. (1994). Brain activity in chess playing. Nature, 369, 191.
96. Nyberg, L., Tulving, E., Habib, R., Nilsson, L.-G., Kapur, S., Houle, S., Cabeza, R., & McIntosh, A. R. (1995). Functional brain maps of retrieval mode and recovery of episodic information. Neuroreport, 7, 249-252.
97. Nyberg, L., Cabeza, R., & Tulving, E. (1996). PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 135-148.
98. Nyberg, L., McIntosh, A. R., Cabeza, R., Habib, R., Houle, S., & Tulving, E. (1996). General and specific brain regions involved in encoding and retrieval of events: What, where, and when. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93, 11280-11285.
99. Nyberg, L., McIntosh, A. R., Cabeza, R., Nilsson, L.-G., Houle, S., Habib, R., & Tulving, E. (1996). Network analysis of positron emission tomography regional cerebral blood flow data: Ensemble inhibition during episodic memory retrieval. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 3753-3759.
100. Nyberg, L., McIntosh, A. R., Houle, S., Nilsson, L.-G., & Tulving, E. (1996). Activation of medial temporal structures during episodic memory retrieval. Nature, 380, 715-717.
101. Owen, A. M., Milner, B., Petrides, M., & Evans, A. C. (in press). A specific role for the right parahippocampal gyrus in the retrieval of object-location: A positron emission tomography study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
102. Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1991). Localization of a human system for sustained attention by positron emission tomography. Nature, 349, 61-63.
103. Pardo, J. V., Pardo, P. J., Janer, K. W., & Raichle, M. E. (1990). The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 87, 256-259.
104. Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993). The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature, 362, 342-345.
105. Paus, T., Petrides, M., Evans, A. C., & Meyer, E. (1993). Role of the human anterior cingulate cortex in control of oculomotor, manual, and speech responses: A positron emission tomography study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 70, 453-469.
106. Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988). Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature, 331, 585-589.
107. Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintum, M., & Raichle, M. E. (1989). Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of single words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1, 153-170.
108. Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (1990). Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli. Science, 249, 1041-1044.
109. Petrides, M., Alivisatos, B., & Evans, A. (1995). Functional activation of the human ventrolateral frontal cortex during mnemonic retrieval of verbal information. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 5803-5807.
110. Petrides, M., Alivisatos, B., Evans, A. C., & Meyer, E. (1993). Dissociation of human mid-dorsolateral from posterior dorsolateral frontal cortex in memory processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90, 873-877.
111. Petrides, M., Alivisatos, B., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C. (1993). Functional activation of the human frontal cortex during the performance of verbal working memory tasks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90, 878-882.
112. Posner, M. I., & Raichle, M. E. (1994). Images of mind. (p. 257). Scientific American Library/Scientific American Books.
113. Price, C., Wise, R., Ransay, S., Friston, K., Howard, D., Patterson, K., & Frackowiak, R. (1992). Regional response differences within the human auditory cortex when listening to words. Neuroscience Letters, 146, 179-182.
114. Price, C., Wise, R., Watson, J. D. G., Patterson, K., Howard, D., & Frackowiak, R. (1994). Brain activity during reading: The effects of exposure duration and task. Brain, 117, 1255-1269.
115. Raichle, M. (1994). Visualizing the mind. Scientific American, April, 58-64.
116. Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A.-M. K., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., & Petersen, S. E. (1994). Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cerebral Cortex, 4, 8-26.
117. Roland, P. E., & Gulyás, B. (1995). Visual memory, visual imagery, and visual recognition of large field patterns by the human brain: Functional anatomy by positron emission tomography. Cerebral Cortex, 1, 79-93.
118. Saint-Cyr, J. A., Taylor, A., & Lang, A. (1988). Procedural learning and neostriatal dysfunction in man. Brain, 111, 941-959.
119. Sakurai, Y., Momose, T., Iwata, M., Watanabe, T., Ishikawa, T., & Kanazawa, I. (1993). Semantic process in kana word reading: Activation studies with positron emission tomography. Neuroreport, 4, 327-330.
120. Schacter, D. L., Alpert, N. M., Savage, C. R., Rauch, S. L., & Albert, M. S. (1996). Conscious recollection and the human hippocampal formation: Evidence from positron emission tomography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93, 321-325.
121. Schacter, D. L., Reiman, E., Uecker, A., Polster, M. R., Yung, L. S., & Cooper, L. A. (1995). Brain regions associated with retrieval of structurally coherent visual information. Nature, 376, 537-590.
122. Seitz, R. J., & Roland, P. E. (1992a). Learning of sequential finger movements in man: A combined kinematic and positron emission tomography (PET) study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 154-165.
123. Seitz, R. J., & Roland, P. E. (1992b). Vibratory stimulation increases and decreases the regional cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism: A positron emission tomography (PET) study. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia, 86, 60-67.
124. Semmes, J. S., Weinstein, L. G., & Teuber, H.-L. (1963). Correlates of impaired orientation in personal and extra-personal space. Brain, 86, 747-772.
125. Sergent, J. (1994). Brain-imaging studies of cognitive functions. Trends in Neurosciences, 17, 221-227.
126. Sergent, J., Ohta, S., & MacDonald, B. (1992). Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing. Brain, 115, 15-36.
127. Sergent, J., Zuck, E., Levesque, M., & MacDonald, B. (1992). Positron emission tomography study of letter and object processing: Empirical findings and methodological considerations. Cerebral Cortex, 2(1), 68-80.
128. Shallice, T. (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
129. Shallice, T., Fletcher, P., Frith, C. D., Grasby, P., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1994). Brain regions associated with acquisition and retrieval of verbal episodic memory. Nature, 368, 633-635.
130. Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Schumache, E. H., & Minoshima, S. (1995). Spatial versus object working memory: PET investigations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 337-356.
131. Squire, L. R. (1987). Memory and brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
132. Squire, L. R., Ojemann, J. G., Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E., Videen, T. O., & Raichle, M. E. (1992). Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: A functional anatomical study of memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 89, 1837-1841.
133. Squire, L. R., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science, 253, 1380-1386.
134. Stuss, D. T., Eskes, G. A., & Foster, J. K. (1994). Experimental neuropsychological studies of frontal lobe functions. In E Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 9, pp. 149-185). Amsterdam: Eisevier.
135. Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). A co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme.
136. Talbot, J. D., Marrett, S., Evans, A. C., Meyer, E., Bushnell, M. C., & Duncan, G. H. (1991). Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex. Science, 251, 1355-1358.
137. Taylor, S. F., Kornblum, S., Minoshima, S., Oliver, L. M., & Koeppe, R. A. (1994). Changes in medial cortical blood flow with a stimulus-response compatibility task. Neuropsychologia, 32(2), 249-255.
138. Thompson, R. F., & Donegan, N. H. (1986). The search for the engram. In J. J. L. Martinez & R. P. Kesner (Eds.), Learning and memory: A biological view (pp. 3-52). Orlando: Academic Press.
139. Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press.
140. Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., Moscovitch, M., & Houle, S. (1994). Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: Positron emission tomography findings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 2016-2020.
141. Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Markowitsch, H. J., Craik, F. I. M., Habib, R., & Houle, S. (1994). Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: Auditory sentence recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 2012-2015.
142. Tulving, E., Markowitsch, H. J., Craik, F. I. M., Habib, R., & Houle, S. (1996). Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 71-79.
143. Tulving, E., Markowitsch, H. J., Kapur, S., Habib, R., & Houle, S. (1994). Novelty encoding networks in the human brain: Positron emission tomography data. NeuroReport, 5, 2525-2528.
144. Ungerleider, L. G. (1995). Functional brain imaging studies of cortical mechanisms for memory. Science, 270, 769-775.
145. Ungerleider, L. G., & Mishkin, M. (1982). Two cortical visual systems. In D. J. Ingle, M. A. Goodale, & R. J. W Mansfield (Eds.), Analysis of visual behavior (pp. 549-589). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
146. Wilson, F. A. W., O'Scalaidhe, S. P., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1993) Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science, 260, 1955-1958.
147. Wise, R., Chollet, F., Hadar, U., Friston, K., Hoffner, E., & Frackowiak, R. (1991). Distribution of cortical neural networks involved in word comprehension and word retrieval. Brain, 114, 1803-1817.
148. Worsley, K. J., Evans, A. C., Marrett, S., & Neelin, P. (1992). A three-dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies in human brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 12, 900-918.
149. Zatorre, R. J., Evans, A. C., & Meyer, E. (1994). Neural mechanisms underlying melodic perception and memory for pilch. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 1908-1919.
150. Zatorre, R. J., Evans, A. C., Meyer, E., & Gjedde, A. (1992). Lateralization of phonetic and pitch discrimination in speech processing. Science, 256, 846-849.
151. Zatorre, R. J., Jones-Gotman, M., Evans, A. C., & Meyer, E. (1992). Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex. Nature, 360, 339-340.