ADHD Combined Type and ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type Are Distinct and Unrelated Disorders

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 463-488

  Milich, Richard ^a,b   Balentine, Amy C ^a   Lynam, Donald R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b 115 Kastle Hall ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

ADHD classification; ADHD combined; ADHD inattentive; ADHD subtypes; Attention defict hyperactivity disorder

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000329194     PISSN: 09695893     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.8.4.463     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/ 4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1996). Subtyping ADHD: A request for suggestions about relating empirically based assessment to DSM-IV. The ADHD Report, 4(4), 5-9.
3. Ackerman, P. T., Anhalt, J. M., Dykman, R. A., & Holcomb, P. J. (1986). Effortful processing deficits in children with reading and/or attention disorders. Brain and Cognition, 5, 22-40.
4. Ackerman, P. T., Anhalt, J. M., Holcomb, P. J., & Dykman, R. A. (1985). Presumably innate and acquired automatic process in children with attention and/or reading disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 513-529.
5. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-revised (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
8. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
9. Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 57-87.
10. Applegate, B., Lahey, B. B., Hart, E. L., Biederman, J., Hynd, G. W., Barkley, R. A., Ollendick, T., Frick, P. J., Greenhill, L., McBurnett, K., Newcorn, J. H., Kerdyk, L., Garfinkel, B., Waldman, L, & Shaffer, D. (1997) Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: a report from the DSM-IV field trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolesent Psychiatry, 36, 1211-1221.
11. Arnold, E. L., Abikoff, H. B., Cantwell, D. P., Conners, K., Elliott, G., Greenhill, L. L., Hechtman, L., Hinshaw, S. P., Hoza, B., Jensen, P. S., Kraemer, H. C., March, J. S., Newcorn, J. H., Pelham, W. E., Richters, J. E., Schiller, E., Severe, J. B., Swanson, J. M., Vereen, D., & Wells, K. C. (1997). National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of chidren with ADHD: Design challenges and choices. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 865-870.
12. Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: Guilford.
13. Barkley, R. A. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
14. Barkley, R. A., & Biederman, J. (1997). Toward a broader definition of the age-of-onset criterion for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1204-1210.
15. Barkley, R. A., DuPaul, G. J., & McMurray, M. B. (1990). Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 775-789.
16. Barkley, R. A., DuPaul, G. J., & McMurray, M. B. (1991). Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: Clinical response to three dose levels of methylphenidate. Pediatrics, 87, 519-531.
17. Barkley, R. A., Grodzinsky, G., & DuPaul, G. J. (1992). Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: a review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 163-188.
18. Bauermeister, J. J., Alegra, M., Bird, H. R., Rubio-Stipec, M., & Canino, G. (1992). Are attentional-hyperactivity deficits unidimensional or multidimensional syndromes? Empirical findings from a community survey. Journal of the American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 423-431.
19. Baumgaertel, A., Wolraich, M. L., Dietrich, M. (1995). Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit disorders in a German elementary school sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 629-638.
20. Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Weber, W., Russell, R., Rater, M., & Park, K. (1997). Correspondence between DSM-III-R and DSM -IV attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1682-1687.
21. Blashfield, R. K. (1984). The classification of psychopathology, neo-Kraepelianian and quantitative approaches. New York: Plenum Press.
22. Brown, T. E. (1999). Does ADHD diagnosis require impulsivity-hyperactivity? A response to Gordon & Barkley. ADHD Report, 7, 1-7.
23. Campbell, S. B. (1990). Behavior problems in preschool children: Clinical and developmental issues. New York: Guilford.
24. Cantwell, D. P. (1995). Child psychiatry: Introduction and overview. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Saddock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (pp. 2151-2154). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
25. Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1988). Issues in the classification of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 521-533.
26. Carlson, C. L. (1986). Attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity: A review of preliminary experimental evidence. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 153-175). New York: Plenum Press.
27. Carlson, C. L., Lahey, B. B., Frame, C. L., Walker, J., & Hynd, G. W. (1987). Sociometric status of clinic-referred children with attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 537-547.
28. Carlson, C. L., Lahey, B. B., & Neeper, R. (1986). Direct assessment of the cognitive correlates of attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity. Jaurnal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 8, 69-86.
29. Carlson, C. L., & Mann, M. (2000). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive subtype. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9, 499-510.
30. Carlson, C. L., & Mann, M. (in press). Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts more severe impairment in the ADHD, predominantly inattentive type. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.
31. Carlson, C. L., Shin, M., & Booth, J. (1999). The case for DSM-IV subtypes in ADHD. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5, 199-206.
32. Caron, C., & Rutter, M. (1991). Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategies. Jaurnal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1063-1080.
33. Conte, R., Kinsbourne, M., Swanson, J., Zirk, H., & Samuels, M. (1986). Presentation rate effects on paired associate learning by attention deficit disordered children. Child Development, 57, 681-687.
34. DuPaul, G.J., Power, T.J., Anastopoulos, A.D., Reid, R., McGoey, K. E., & Ikeda, M. J. (1997). Teacher ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Factor structure and normative data. Psychological Assessment, 9, 436-444.
35. Edelbrock, C., Costello, A. J., & Kessler, M. D. (1984). Empirical corroboration of attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 285-290.
36. Eiraldi, R., Power, T. J., & Nezu, C. M. (1997). Patterns of comorbidity associated with subtypes of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder among 6 to 12-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 503-514.
37. Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Chen, W. J., Milbreger, S., Warburton, R. M., & Tsuang, M. (1995). Genetic heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Gender, psychiatric comorbidity and maternal ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 334-345.
38. Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Freedman, D. (2000). Validity of DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A family study perspective. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 39, 300-307.
39. Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Weber, W., & Russell, R. L. (1998). Psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychosocial features of DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Results from a clinically referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolscent Psychiatry, 37, 185-193.
40. Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 57-63.
41. Frank, Y., & Ben-Nun, Y. (1988). Toward a clinical subgrouping of hyperactive and nonhyperactive attention deficit disorder: Results of a comprehensive neurological and neuropsychological assessment. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 142, 153-155.
42. Frick, P. J., Kamphaus, R. W, Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Christ, M. A. G., Hart, E. L, & Tannenbaum, L. E. (1991). Academic underachievement and the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 289-294.
43. Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., Kerdyck, L., Ollendick, T., Hynd, G. W., Garfinkel, B., Greenhill, L., Biederman, J., Barkley, B., McBurnett, K., Newcorn, J., & Waldman, I. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for the disruptive behavior disorders: Symptom utility estimates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 529-539.
44. Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. (1997). Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 103-111.
45. Goodyear, P., & Hynd, G. (1992). Attention-deficit disorder with (ADD/H) and without (ADD/WO) hyperactivity: behavioral and neuropsychological differentiation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 273-305.
46. Greene, R. W, Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Ouellette, C. A., Penn, C., & Griffin, S. (1996). Toward a new psychometric definition of social disability in children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 571-578.
47. Hinshaw, S. P. (1987). On the distinction between attention deficits/hyperactivity and conduct problems/aggression in child psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 443-463.
48. Hodgens, J. B., Cole, J., & Boldizar, J. (2000). Peer-based differences among boys with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 443-452.
49. Holcomb, P. J., Acherman, P. T., & Dykman, R. A. (1985). Cognitive event-related brain potentials in children with attention and reading deficits. Psychophysiology, 22, 656-667.
50. Hynd, G. W., Lorys, A. R., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Nieves, N., Huettner, M. I. S., & Lahey, B. B. (1991). Attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity: A distinct behavioral and neurocognitive syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 6, 37-43.
51. Hynd, G. W., Nieves, N., Connor, R. T., Stone, P., Town, P., Becker, M. G., Lahey, B. B., & Lorys, A. R. (1989). Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: Reaction time and speed of cognitive processing. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 573-580.
52. Jensen, P. S., Martin, D., & Cantwell, D. P. (1997). Comorbidity in ADHD: Implications for research, practice, and DSM-V. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1065.
53. King, C., & Young, R. D. (1982). Attentional deficits with and without hyperactivity: Teacher and peer perceptions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 483-496.
54. Klorman, R., Hazel-Fernandez, L. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Fletcher, J. M., Marchione, K. E., Holahan, J. M., Stuebing, K. K., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1999). Executive functioning deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are independent of oppositional defiant or reading disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1148-1155.
55. Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., McBurnett, K., Biederman, J., Greenhill, L., Hynd, G. W., Barkley, R. A., Newcorn, J., Jensen, P., Richters,J., Garfinkel, B., Kerdyk, L., Frick, P. J., Ollendick, T, Perez, D., Hart, E. L., Waldman, I., & Shaffer, D. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. American jaurnal of Psychiatry, 151, 1673-1685.
56. Lahey, B. B., Carlson, C. L., & Frick, P. J. (1997). Attention-deficit disorder without hyperactivity. In T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, R. Ross, M. B. First, & W. Davis (Eds.), DSM-IV source book (Vol. 3, pp. 163-188). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
57. Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Schaughency, E. A., Atkins, M. S., Murphy, A., Hynd, G., Russo, M., Hartagen, S., & LorysVernon, A. (1988). Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 330-335.
58. Lahey, B. D., Schaughency, E. A., Frame, C. L., & Strauss, C. C. (1985). Teacher ratings of attention problems in children experimentally classifies as exhibiting attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry; 24, 613-616.
59. Lahey, B., Schaughency, E., Hynd, G., Carlson, C., & Niever, C. (1987). Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: comparison of behavioral characteristics of clinic referred children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 718-723.
60. Lahey, B. B., Schaughency, E. A., Strauss, C. C., & Frame, C. L. (1984). Are attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity similar or dissimilar disorders? Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 302-309.
61. Lahey, B. B., & Willcutt, E. G. (2000). Validity of the diagnosis and dimensions of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Manuscript submitted for publication.
62. Lorys, A. R., Hynd, G. W., & Lahey, B. B. (1990). Do neurocognitive measures differentiate attention deficit disorder (ADD) with and without hyperactivity? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 119-135.
63. Lynam, D. R. (1996). The early identification of chronic offenders: Who is the fledgling psychopath? Psychological Bulletin, 120, 209-234.
64. Maedgen, J. W., & Carlson, C. (2000). Social functioning and emotional regulation in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 30-42.
65. Marshall, R. M., Hynd, G. W., Handwerk, M. J., & Hall, J. (1997). Academic underachievement in ADHD subtypes. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30, 635-642.
66. Maurer, R. G., & Stewart, M. A. (1980). Attention deficit without hyperactivity in a child psychiatric clinic. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 232-233.
67. McBurnett, K., & Pfiffner, L. J. (1999, June). Symptom utility as a function of ADHD type: An argument for continued study of sluggish cognitive tempo. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, Barcelona.
68. McConaughy, S. H., Achenbach, T. M., & Gent, C. L. (1988). Multiaxial empirically based assessment: Parent, teacher, observational, cognitive, and personality correlates of Child Behavior Profile Types from 6-to 11-year old boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 485-509.
69. Milich, R., & Kramer, J. (1984). Reflections on impulsivity: An empirical investigation of impulsivity as a construct. In K. Gadow & I. Bialer (Eds.), Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 3, pp. 57-94). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
70. Milich, R., & Landau, S. (1982). Socialization and peer relations in hyperactive children. In K. Gadow & I. Bialer (Eds.), Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 1, pp. 283-339). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
71. Morgan, A. E., Hynd, G. W., Riccio, C. A., & Hall, J. (1996). Validity of DSM-IV ADHD predominantly inattentive and combined types: Relationship to previous DSM diagnoses/ subtype differences. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 325-333.
72. Nigg, J. T., Blaskey, L., Huang, C., & Rappley, M. (2000). Executive functioning and ADHD DSM-IV subtypes. Manuscript submitted for publication.
73. Oosterlaan, J., Logan, G. D., & Sergeam,J. A. (1998). Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD +CD, anxious, and control children: A meta-analysis of studies with the stop task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 411-425.
74. Paternite, C. E., Loney, J., & Roberts, M. A. (1996). A preliminary validation of subtypes of DSM-IV attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1, 70-86.
75. Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Greenslade, K. E., & Milich, R. (1992). Teacher ratings of DSM III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 210-218.
76. Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In W. Damon (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (5th ed., Vol.'3, pp. 619-700). New York: Wiley.
77. Schaughency, E. A., Lahey, B. D., Hynd, G. W., Stone, P. A., & Piacentini, J. C. (1989). Neuropsychological test performance and attention deficit disorders: clinical utility of the Luna-Nebraska neuropsychological battery-children's revision. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 112-116.
78. Stein, M. A., Roizen, N. M., & Leventhal, B. L. (1999). Bipolar disorder and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1208-1209.
79. Tannock, R. (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 65-99.
80. Trommer, B. L., Hoeppner, J. B., Lorber, R., & Armstrong, K. J. (1988). The go-no-go paradigm in attention deficit disorder. Annals of Neurology, 24, 610-614.
81. Wheeler, J., & Carlson, C. (1994). The social functioning of children with ADD with hyperactivity and ADD without hyperactivity: a comparison of their peer relations and social deficits. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 2, 2-12.
82. Widiger, T. A., & Clark, L. A. (2000). Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 946-963.
83. Wolraich, M. L., Hanah, J. N., Pinnock, T. Y., Baumgaertel, A., Brown, J. (1996). Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a county wide sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 319-324.