"Contextual areas" of early Homo sapiens and their significance for human dispersal from Africa into Eurasia between 200 ka and 70 ka

Quaternary International

Volumn 274, Issue , 2012, Pages 5-24

  Richter, Jürgen ^a   Hauck, Thomas ^a   Vogelsang, Ralf ^a   Widlok, Thomas ^a   Le Tensorer, Jean Marie ^b   Schmid, Peter ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Africa; Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH); Bifacial plus Levallois; Middle East; Migration routes; Modern Human Behavioral Package (MHBP); Neanderthals

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; FOSSIL RECORD; HUNTER-GATHERER; MIGRATION ROUTE; NEANDERTHAL; SETTLEMENT HISTORY; SETTLEMENT PATTERN;

AFRICA; EURASIA;

HOMO SAPIENS;

EID: 84865990981     PISSN: 10406182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.04.017     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. Abed A., Carbonel P., Collina-Girard J., Fontugne M., Petit-Maire N., Reyss J.-C., Yasin S. Un paléolac du dernier interglaciaire pléistocène dans l'Extrème-Sud hyperaride de la Jordanie. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 2000, 330:259-264.
2. Akazawa T., Muhesen S. Neanderthal Burials: Excavations of the Dederiyeh Cave, Afrin, Syria 2003, KW Publications, Auckland.
3. Almogi-Labin A., Bar-Matthews M., Ayalon A. Climate variability in the Levant and northeast Africa during the late Quaternary based on marine and land records. Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor 2004, 117-134. Oxbow Books, Oxford. N. Goren-Inbar, D. Speth (Eds.).
4. Arensburg B. Human remains from Geula Cave, Haifa. Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 2002, 14(1-2):141-148.
5. Arensburg B., Belfer-Cohen A. Sapiens and Neandertals: rethinking the Levantine Middle Paleolithic hominids. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 1998, 311-322. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
6. Armitage S.J., Jasim S.A., Marks A.E., Parker A.G., Usik V.I., Uerpmann H.-P. The southern route "Out of Africa": evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia. Science 2011, 331:453-456.
7. Assefa Z., Lam Y.M., Mienis H.K. Symbolic use of terrestrial gastropod opercula during the Middle Stone Age at Porc Epic Cave, Ethiopia. Current Anthropology 2008, 49(4):746-756.
8. Assefa Z., Yirga S., Reed K.E. The large-mammal fauna from the Kibish Formation. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 55:501-512.
9. Bailey G. The Red Sea, coastal landscapes, and hominin dispersals. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia 2009, 15-38. Springer, Dordrecht. M.D. Petraglia, J.I. Rose (Eds.).
10. Bar-Matthews M., Ayalon A., Gilmour M., Matthews A., Hawkesworth C.J. Sea-land oxygen isotopic relationships from planktonic foraminifera and speleothems in the Eastern Mediterranean region and their implication for paleorainfall during interglacial intervals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2003, 67:3181-3199.
11. Bar-Yosef O. The chronology of the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 1998, 39-56. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
12. Bar-Yosef O., Callander J. The woman from Tabun: Garrod's doubts in historical perspective. Journal of Human Evolution 1999, 37:879-885.
13. Bar-Yosef O., Meignen L. Insights into Levantine Middle Paleolithic cultural variability. The Middle Paleolithic: Adaptation, Behaviour, and Variability 1992, 163-182. Philadelphia University Museum, Philadelphia. H.L. Dibble, P. Mellars (Eds.).
14. Bar-Yosef O., Vandermeersch B. Le squelette moustérien de Kébara 2 1991, Editions CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Paris.
15. Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Goldberg P., Kuhn S.L., Meignen L., Vandermeersch B., Weiner S. Archaeological background to Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter. The Faunas of Hayonim Cave, Israel. A 200'000-year Record of Paleolithic Diet, Demography, and Society 2005, 17-38. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge. M.C. Stiner (Ed.).
16. Bastir M., Rosas A., Lieberman D.E., O'Higgins P. Middle cranial fossa anatomy and the origin of modern humans. Anatomical Record 2008, 291:130-140.
17. Belmaker M., Hovers E. Ecological change and the extinction of the Levantine Neanderthals: implications from a diachronic study of micromammals from Amud Cave, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:3196-3209.
18. Boëda E., Griggo Ch, Noël-Soriano S. Différents modes d'occupation du site d'Umm El Tlel au cours du Paléolithique moyen (El Kowm, Syrie Centrale). Paléorient 2001, 27:13-28.
19. Bosinski G., Richter J. Paläolithikum und Mesolithikum. Geschichtlicher Atlas der Rheinlande, Beiheft II/1 1997, Habelt Verlag, Köln.
20. Brandt S.A., Fisher E.C., Hildebrand E.A., Vogelsang R., Ambrose S.H., Lesur J., Wang H. Early MIS 3 occupation of Mochena Borago Rockshelter, Southwest Ethiopian highlands: implications for late Pleistocene archaeology. Paleoenvironments and Modern Human Dispersals Quaternary International 2012, 274:38-54.
21. Bräuer G. A craniotogical approach to the origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Africa and implications for the appearance of modern Europeans. The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Record 1984, 327-410. Alan R. Liss, New York. F.H. Smith, F. Spencer (Eds.).
22. Bräuer G. The KNM-ER 3884 hominid and the emergence of modern anatomy in Africa. Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia 2001, 191-197. Firenze University Press, Florence. P.V. Tobias, M.A. Raath, J. Moggi-Cecchi, G.A. Doyle (Eds.).
23. Bräuer G., Collard M., Stringer C. On the reliability of recent tests of the out of Africa hypothesis for modern human origins. The Anatomical Record 2004, 279A:701-707.
24. Brook G.A., Embabi N.S., Ashour M.M., Edwards R.L., Cheng H., Cowart J.B., Dabous A.A. Djara Cave in the western desert of Egypt: morphology and evidence of Quaternary climatic change. Cave and Karst Science 2002, 29:57-66.
25. Brown P., Sutikna T., Morwood M.J., Soejono R., Jatmiko P., Saptomo W.E., Due Rokus Awe A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 2004, 431:1055-1061.
26. Butzer K.W., Brown F.H., Thurber D.L. Horizontal sediments of the lower Omo Valley: the Kibish Formation. Quaternaria 1969, 11:15-29.
27. Cahen D., Michel J. Le site paléolithique moyen ancien de Mesvin IV (Hainaut, Belgique). Supplément au Bulletin de l'Association Française pour l'Etude du Quaternaire (A.F.E.Q.) 1986, 26. Paris, pp. 89-102. A. Tuffreau, J. Sommé (Eds.).
28. La Cotte de St. Brelade. 1961-1978. Excavations by C.B.M. McBurney 1986, GeoBooks, Norwich. P. Callow, J.-M. Cornford (Eds.).
29. Cann R.L., Stoneking M., Wilson A.C. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 1987, 325:31-36.
30. Clark J.D. The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa 1954, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
31. Clark J.D. The Middle Stone Age of east Africa and the beginnings of regional identity. Journal of World Prehistory 1988, 2:235-305.
32. Clark J.D., Williamson K.D., Michels J.W., Marean C.A. A Middle Stone Age occupation site at Porc-Epic Cave, Dire Dawa (east-central Ethiopia). African Archaeological Review 1984, 2:37-71.
33. Clark J.D., Beyene Y., WoldeGabriel G., Hart W.K., Renne P.R., Gilbert H., Defleur A., Suwa G., Katoh S., Ludwig K.R., Boisserie J.-R., Asfaw B., White T.D. Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 2003, 423:747-752.
34. Close A. BT-14 main excavation: the archaeological sequence of the east Lake (1986 and 1987 seasons). Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East 1993, 288-344. Plenum Press, New York. F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A.E. Close, associates (Eds.).
35. Close A., Wendorf F. E-88-1: the archaeology of the sandsheet. Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East 1993, 473-487. Plenum Press, New York. F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A.E. Close, associates (Eds.).
36. Copeland L. The Middle and Upper Paleolithic of Lebanon and Syria in the light of recent research. Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant 1975, 317-350. SMU (Southern Methodist University) Press, Dallas. F. Wendorf, A.E. Marks (Eds.).
37. Crassard R. The Middle Paleolithic of Arabia: the view from the Hadramawt region, Yemen. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia 2009, 151-168. Springer, Dordrecht. M.D. Petraglia, J.I. Rose (Eds.).
38. Crassard R. Levallois points production from eastern Yemen and some comparisons with assemblages from East-Africa, Europe and the Levant. ERAUL (études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège) 2011, 126. Liège, pp. 131-142. J.-M. Le Tensorer, M. Jagher, M. Otte (Eds.).
39. Crevecoeur I. Etude anthropologique du squelette du Paléolithique supérieur de Nazlet Khater 2 (Egypte) 2008, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
40. Crevecoeur I., Vilotte S. Atteintes pathologiques de Nazlet Khater 2 et activité minière au début du Paléolithique supérieur en Egypte. Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 2006, 18:165-175.
41. Crevecoeur I., Rougier H., Grine F., Froment A. Modern human cranial diversity in the Late Pleistocene of Africa and Eurasia: evidence from Nazlet Khater, Pestera cu Oase, and Hofmeyr. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2009, 140:347-358.
42. Currat M., Excoffier L. Modern humans did not admix with Neanderthals during their range expansion into Europe. PLoS (Public Library of Science) Biology 2004, 2(12):2264-2274.
43. Day M.H., Stringer C.B. The Omo Kibish cranial remains and classification within the genus Homo. L'Anthropologie 1991, 95:573-594.
44. Delagnes A., Ropars A. Paléolithique moyen en pays de Caux (Haute-Normandie): Le Pucheuil, Etoutteville: deux gisements en plein air en milieu lœssique. Documents d'Archéologie Française 56 1996, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris.
45. Delagnes A., Jaubert J., Meignen L. Les technocomplexes du paléolithique moyen en Europe occidentale dans leur cadre diachronoque et géographique. Les Neandertaliens. Biologie et cultures 2007, 213-229. Editions du CTHS (Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques), Paris. B. Vandermeersch, B. Maureille (Eds.).
46. D'Errico F. The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of behavioral modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 2003, 12:188-202.
47. Emeis K.C., Struck U., Schulz H.M., Bernasconi S., Sakamoto T., Martinez-Ruiz F. Temperature and salinity of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years: constraints on the physical environment of S1 sapropel formation based on stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2000, 158:259-280.
48. Feibel C.S. Microstratigraphy of the Kibish hominin sites KHS and PHS, Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 55:404-408.
49. Fleitmann D., Matter A. The speleothem record of climate variability in Southern Arabia. Comptes Rendus Geosciences 2009, 341:633-642.
50. Foerster V., Junginger A., Langkamp O., Gebru T., Asrat A., Umer M., Lamb H., Wennrich V., Rethemeyer J., Nowaczyk N., Trauth M.H., Schaebitz F. Climatic Change Recorded in the Sediments of the Chew Bahir Basin, Southern Ethiopia. During the Last 45,000 Years Quaternary International 2012, 274:25-37.
51. Frumkin A., Bar-Yosef O., Schwarcz H.P. Possible paleohydrologic and paleoclimatic effects on hominin migration and occupation of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic. Journal of Human Evolution 2011, 60:437-451.
52. Gargett R.H. Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 1999, 37:27-90.
53. Garrod D., Bate D. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel: Excavations at the Wady El-Mughara. Report of the Joint Expedition of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and the American School of Prehistoric Research 1929-34 1937, vol. I. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
54. Gautier A. The Middle Paleolithic archaeofauna from Bir Tarfawi (Western Desert, Egypt). Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East 1993, 121-143. Plenum Press, New York. F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A.E. Close, Associates (Eds.).
55. Geyh M.A., Thiedig F. The Middle Pleistocene Al Mahrúqah Formation in the Murzuq Basin, northern Sahara, Libya evidence for orbitally-forced humid episodes during the last 500,000 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 257:1-21.
56. Gibbons A. A new view of the birth of Homo sapiens. New genomic data are setting an old argument about how our species evolved. Science 2011, 331:392-394.
57. Gisis I., Bar-Yosef O. New excavation in Zuttiyeh Cave, Wadi Amud, Israel. Paléorient 1974, 2:175-180.
58. Gopher A., Ayalon A., Bar-Matthews M., Barkai R., Frumkin A., Karkanas P., Shahack-Gross R. The chronology of the late Lower Paleolithic in the Levant based on U-Th ages of speleothems from Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary Geochronology 2010, 5:644-656.
59. Goren-Inbar N., Belfer-Cohen A. The technological abilities of the Levantine Mousterians. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 1998, 205-221. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
60. Green R.E., Krause J., Briggs A.W., Maricic T., Stenzel U., Kircher M., Patterson N., Li H., Zhai W., Fritz M., Hansen N.F., Durand E.Y., Malaspinas A.-S., Jensen J.D., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Prufer K., Meyer M., Burbano H.A., Good J.M., Schultz R., Aximu-Petri A., Butthof A., Hober B., Hoffner B., Siegemund M., Weihmann A., Nusbaum C., Lander E.S., Russ C., Novod N., Affourtit J., Egholm M., Verna C., Rudan P., Brajkovic D., Kucan Z., Gusic I., Doronichev V.B., Golovanova L.V., Lalueza-Fox C., de la Rasilla M., Fortea J., Rosas A., Schmitz R.W., Johnson Ph.L.F., Eichler E.E., Falush D., Birney E., Mullikin J.C., Slatkin M., Nielsen R., Kelso J., Lachmann M., Reich D., Pääbo S. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 2010, 328:710-722.
61. Grün R., Stringer C. Tabun revisited: revised ESR chronology and new ESR and U-series analyses of dental material from Tabun C1. Journal of Human Evolution 2000, 39:601-612.
62. Grün R., Stringer C., McDermott F., Nathan R., Porat N., Robertson S., Taylor L., Mortimer G., Eggins S., McCulloch M. U-series and ESR analyses of bones and teeth relating to the human burials from Skhul. Journal of Human Evolution 2005, 49:316-334.
63. Guichard J., Guichard G. The early and Middle Paleolithic of Nubia: a preliminary report. Contributions to the Prehistory of Nubia 1965, 57-116. SMU (Southern Methodist University) Press, Dallas. F. Wendorf (Ed.).
64. Haesaerts P., Koulakovskaya L.V. La séquence paléosedimentaire de Korolevo (Ukraine transcarpathique): contexte chronostratigraphique et chronologique. The European Middle Paleolithic 2006, 21-38. Shlyakh, Kiev. L.V. Koulakovskaya (Ed.).
65. Haile-Selassie Y., Asfaw B., White T.D. Hominid cranial remains from upper Pleistocene deposits at Aduma, Middle Awash, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2004, 123:1-10.
66. Hauck T.C. The Mousterian sequence of Hummal and its tentative placement in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic. ERAUL (études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège) 2011, 126. Liège, pp. 309-323. J.-M. Le Tensorer, M. Jagher, M. Otte (Eds.).
67. Hauck T.C. Mousterian technology and settlement dynamics in the site of Hummal (Syria). Journal of Human Evolution 2011, 61:519-537.
68. Heim J., Lautridou J.-P., Maucorps J., Puissegur J.J., Somme J., Thevenin A. Achenheim: une sequence-type du Loess du pleistocène moyen et supérieur. Bulletin de la Association Francaise pour l'étude du Quaternaire 1982, 10/11:147-159.
69. Henn B.M., Gignoux C.R., Jobin M., Granka J.M., Macpherson J.M., Kidd J.M., Rodríguez-Botigué L., Ramachandran S., Hon L., Brisbin A., Lin A.A., Underhill P.A., Comas D., Kidd K.K., Norman P.J., Parham P., Bustamante C.D., Mountain J.L., Feldman M.W. Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108(13):5154-5162.
70. Henry D.O. Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan 1995, Plenum Press, New York.
71. Henry D.O. Neanderthals in the Levant: Behavioural Organization and the Beginnings of Human Modernity 2003, Continuum, London.
72. Hershkovitz I., Smith P., Sarig R., Quam R., Rodríguez L., García R., Arsuaga J.L., Barkai R., Gopher A. Middle Pleistocene dental remains from Qesem Cave (Israel). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2011, 144(4):575-592.
73. Hill C.L. A small dry-season occupation at the onset of the Green Phase. Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East 1993, 459-470. Plenum Press, New York. F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A.E. Close, Associates (Eds.).
74. Hoelzmann P., Gasse F., Dupont L.M., Salzmann U., Staubwasser M., Leuschner D.C., Sirocko F. Palaeoenvironmental changes in the arid and sub arid belt (Sahara-Sahel-Arabian Peninsula) from 150 kyr to present. Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa 2004, 219-245. Springer, Dordrecht. R.W. Battarbee, F. Gasse, C.E. Stickley (Eds.).
75. Hovers E. The lithic assemblages of Amud Cave. Implications for understanding the end of the Mousterian in the Levant. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 1998, 143-163. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
76. Hovers E. Territorial behaviour in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age 2001, vol. I:123-152. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen.
77. Hovers E. Neandertals and modern humans in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant: what kind of interaction?. When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met 2006, 65-85. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen. N.J. Conard (Ed.).
78. Hovers E. The Lithic Assemblages of Qafzeh Cave 2009, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
79. Hovers E., Belfer-Cohen A. "Now you see it, now you don't" - modern human behavior in the Middle Paleolithic. Transitions before the Transition. Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age 2006, 295-304. Springer, New York. E. Hovers, S.L. Kuhn (Eds.).
80. Hovers E., Kimbel W.H., Lavi R., Rak Y. Hominid remains from Amud Cave in the context of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic. Paléorient 1995, 21:47-61.
81. Hovers E., Ilani S., Bar-Yosef O., Vandermeersch B. An early case of color symbolism: ochre use by early modern humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 2003, 44:491-522.
82. Howell F.C. Origins and evolution of the African Hominidae. From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC 1982, vol. 1:70-156. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.D. Clark (Ed.).
83. Howell F.C. Evolutionary implications of altered perspectives on hominine demes and populations in the Later Pleistocene of Western Eurasia. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 1998, 5-28. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
84. Hublin J.-J. Climatic changes, paleogeography, and the evolution of the Neandertals. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 1998, 295-310. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
85. Jelinek A. The Middle Paleolithic in the southern Levant from the perspective of the Tabun Cave. Préhistoire du Levant 1981, 265-280. Editions CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Lyon. J. Cauvin, P. Sanlaville (Eds.).
86. Junkmanns J. Die Steinartefakte aus Achenheim in der Sammlung Paul Wernert. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 1991, 21:1-16.
87. Kallel N., Duplessy J.C., Labeyrie L., Fontugne M., Paterne M., Montacer M. Mediterranean pluvial periods and sapropel formation over the last 200,000 years. Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2000, 157:45-58.
88. Kivisild T. Complete MtDNA sequences - quest on "out-of-Africa" Route completed?. Rethinking the Human Revolution. New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans 2007, 21-32. Short Run Press, Exeter. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
89. Kopytoff I. The internal African frontier: the making of African political culture. The African Frontier 1987, 3-86. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. I. Kopytoff (Ed.).
90. Kramer A., Crummett T.L., Wolpoff M.H. Out of Africa and into the Levant: replacement or admixture in Western Asia?. Quaternary International 2001, 75:51-63.
91. Kurashina, H., 1978. An Examination of Prehistoric Lithic Technology in East-central Ethiopia. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
92. Le Tensorer J.-M., Muhesen S., Schmid P. Le Paléolithique de Hummal à El Kowm: premier bilan des fouilles syro-suisses 1999-2008. Chroniques Archéologiques en Syrie 2008, 3:9-23.
93. Lieberman D.E., Bar-Yosef O. Apples and oranges: morphological versus behavioral transitions in the Pleistocene. Interpreting the Past: Essays on Human, Primate and Mammal Evolution 2005, 275-296. Brill Academic Publishers, Boston. D.E. Lieberman, R.J. Smith, J. Kelly (Eds.).
94. Lindly J.M., Clark G.A. The Ain Difla rockshelter and Middle Paleolithic systematics in the Levant. The Archaeology of the Wadi Al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan 2000, 111-122. Arizona State University, Tempe. N.R. Coinman (Ed.).
95. 18O responses during late Pleistocene terminations. Paleoceanography 2009, 24:PA3210. 10.1029/2009PA001732.
96. Mania D. Altpaläolithikum und frühes Mittelpaläolithikum im Elb-Saale-Gebiet. Materialien zu Vor- und Frühgeschichte von Hessen 18 1997, 86-194. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen, Wiesbaden. L. Fiedler (Ed.).
97. Manica A., Amos W., Balloux F., Hanihara T. The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation. Nature 2007, 448:346-349.
98. Marks A.E. The Paleolithic of Arabia in an inter-regional context. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia 2009, 295-308. Springer, Dordrecht. M.D. Petraglia, J.I. Rose (Eds.).
99. Marks A.E., Monigal K. Modeling the production of elongated blanks from the early Mousterian at Rosh Ein Mor. Monographs in World Archaeology 23 1995, 267-277. Prehistory Press, Madison. H.L. Dibble, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
100. McBrearty S. Down with the revolution. Rethinking the Human Revolution. New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans 2007, 133-151. Short Run Press, Exeter. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
101. McCown Th., Keith A. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel. The Fossil Human Remains from the Levalloiso-Mousterian 1939, vol. II. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
102. McDermott F., Stringer C., Grün R., Williams C.T., Din V.K., Hawkesworth C.J. New late Pleistocene uranium-thorium and ESR dates for the Singa hominid (Sudan). Journal of Human Evolution 1996, 31:507-516.
103. McDougal I., Brown F.H., Fleagle J.G. Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 2005, 433:733-736.
104. McDougal I., Brown F.H., Fleagle J.G. Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and Omo II, Kibish, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 55:409-420.
105. Meignen L. Le Paléolithique moyen au Levant Sud et Central: que nous apprennent les données récentes?. ERAUL (études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège) 1998, 85/2. Liège, pp. 685-708. M. Otte (Ed.).
106. Meignen L. The contribution of Hayonim Cave assemblages to the understanding of the so-called Early Levantine Mousterian. ERAUL (études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège) 2011, 126. Liège, pp. 85-100. J.-M. Le Tensorer, M. Jagher, M. Otte (Eds.).
107. Meignen L., Bar-Yosef O., Speth J.D., Stiner M.C. Middle Paleolithic settlement patterns in the Levant. Transitions before the Transition 2006, 149-169. Springer, New York. S.L. Kuhn, E. Hovers (Eds.).
108. Mellars P. Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:9381-9386.
109. Mellars P. Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 2006, 313:796-800.
110. The Human Revolution, Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans 1989, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. P. Mellars, C. Stringer (Eds.).
111. Rethinking the Human Revolution. New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans 2007, Short Run Press, Exeter. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
112. Mercier N., Valladas H. Reassessment of TL age estimates of burnt flints from the Paleolithic site of Tabun Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 2003, 45:401-409.
113. Mercier N., Valladas H., Bar-Yosef O., Vandermeersch B., Stringer C., Joron J.L. Thermoluminescene date for the Mousterian burial site Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel. Journal of Archaeological Science 1993, 20:169-174.
114. Mercier N., Valladas H., Froget L., Joron J.-L., Reyss J.-L., Weiner S., Goldberg P., Meignen L., Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Chech M., Kuhn S.L., Stiner M.C., Tillier A.-M., Arensburg B., Vandermeersch B. Hayonim Cave: a TL-based chronology for this Levantine Mousterian sequence. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007, 34:1064-1077.
115. Millard A.R. A critique of the chronometric evidence for hominid fossils, I: Africa and the near east 500-50 ka. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 54:848-874.
116. Millard A.R., Pike A.W.G. Uranium-series dating of the Tabun Neanderthal: a cautionary note. Journal of Human Evolution 1999, 36:581-585.
117. Monigal, K., 2002. The Levantine Leptolithic: Blade Production from the Lower Paleolithic to the Dawn of the Upper Paleolithic. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.
118. 39Ar ages from the Ethiopian Rift. Geology 2008, 36:967-970.
119. Munday F. Levantine Mousterian technological variability: a perspective from the Negev. Paléorient 1979, 5:87-104.
120. Oppenheimer S. The great arc of dispersal of modern humans: Africa to Australia. Quaternary International 2009, 202:2-13.
121. Oppenheimer S. A single southern exit of modern humans from Africa: before or after Toba?. Quaternary International 2012, 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.049.
122. Osmond J.K., Dabous A.A. Timing and intensity of groundwater movement during Egyptian Sahara pluvial periods by U-series analysis of secondary U in ores and carbonates. Quaternary Research 2004, 61:85-94.
123. Parker A.G. Pleistocene climate change in Arabia: developing a framework for hominin dispersal over the last 350 ka. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia 2009, 39-49. Springer, Dordrecht. M.D. Petraglia, J.I. Rose (Eds.).
124. Pearson O.M., Royer D.F., Grine F.E., Fleagle J.G. A description of the Omo I postcranial skeleton, including newly discovered fossils. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 55:421-437.
125. Petraglia M. Mind the gap: factoring the Arabian peninsula and the Indian subcontinent into out of Africa models. Rethinking the Human Revolution. New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans 2007, 383-394. Short Run Press, Exeter. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
126. Petraglia M.D., Alsharekh A. The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: implications for modern human origins, behaviour and dispersals. Antiquity 2003, 77:671-684.
127. Pinhasi R., Semal P. The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations. Journal of Human Evolution 2000, 13:269-288.
128. Pleurdeau D. Le Middle Stone Age de la grotte du Porc-épic (Dire Dawa, éthiopie): gestion des matières premières et comportements techniques. L'Anthropologie 2003, 107:15-48.
129. Pleurdeau D. Human technical behavior in the African Middle Stone Age: the lithic assemblage of Porc-Epic Cave (Dire Dawa, Ethiopia). African Archaeological Review 2005, 22:177-197.
130. Porat N., Chazan M., Schwarcz H., Horwitz L.K. Timing of the lower to middle Paleolithic boundary: new dates from the Levant. Journal of Human Evolution 2002, 43:107-122.
131. Prell W.L., Van Campo E. Coherent response of Arabian Sea upwelling and pollen transport to late Quaternary monsoonal winds. Nature 1986, 323:526-528.
132. Rabinovich R., Hovers E. Faunal analysis from Amud Cave: preliminary results and interpretations. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2004, 14:287-306.
133. Rak Y. Does any Mousterian cave present evidence of two hominid species?. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 1998, 353-366. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
134. Renfrew C. Situating the creative explosion: universal or local?. Becoming Human: Innovation in Prehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture 2009, 74-92. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge etc. C. Renfrew, I. Morley (Eds.).
135. Richter D., Hauck T.C., Wojtczak D., Le Tensorer J.-M., Muhesen S. Chronometric age estimates for the site of Hummal (El Kowm, Syria). ERAUL (études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège) 2011, 126. Liège, pp. 249-261. J.-M. Le Tensorer, M. Jagher, M. Otte (Eds.).
136. Richter J. Social memory among late Neanderthals. Neanderthals and Modern Humans - Discussing the Transition. Central and Eastern Europe from 50.000 - 30.000 B.P 2000, 123-132. Neanderthal Museum, Mettmann. J. Orschiedt, G.-C. Weniger (Eds.).
137. Richter J. Das Paläolithikum in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Neandertaler + Co 2006, 93-116. Verlag von Zabern, Mainz. H.G. Horn (Ed.).
138. Richter J. When did the Middle Paleolithic begin?. Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology 2011, 7-14. Springer, Heidelberg, New York. N.J. Conard, J. Richter (Eds.).
139. Rightmire G.P. Middle and later Pleistocene hominins in Africa and Southwest Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106:16046-16050.
140. Rightmire G.P., Deacon H.J. Comparative studies of Late Pleistocene human remains from Klasies River Mouth, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 1991, 20(2):131-156.
141. Ritchie, C., 1988. The Political Economy of Resource Tenure in the Kalahari: San Survival in Namibia and Botswana. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Boston University.
142. Roe D. The Lower and Middle Paleolithic Periods in Britain 1981, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, London, Boston, Henley-on-Thames.
143. Rose J.I. New evidence for the expansion of an Upper Pleistocene population out of E-Africa, from the site of Station One, Northern Sudan. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2004, 14(2):205-216.
144. Rose, J.I., 2006. Among Arabian Sands: Defining the Palaeolithic of Southern Arabia. Ph.D. Dissertation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.
145. Rose J.I. The Arabian corridor migration model: archaeological evidence for hominin dispersals into Oman during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 2007, 37:1-19.
146. Rose J.I., Petraglia M.D. Tracking the origin and evolution of human populations in Arabia. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia 2009, 1-12. Springer, Dordrecht. M.D. Petraglia, J.I. Rose (Eds.).
147. Rose J.I., Usik V.I., Marks A.E., Hilbert Y.H., Galletti C.S., Parton A., Geiling J.M., Cerny V., Morley M.W., Roberts R.G. The Nubian complex of Dhofar, Oman: an African Middle Stone Age industry in southern Arabia. PLoS (Public Library of Science) ONE 2011, 6(11):28239.
148. Rust A. Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien) 1950, Karl Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster.
149. Schäfer J., Laurat Th., Kegler J. Bericht zu den Ausgrabungen an dem altsteinzeitlichen Fundplatz Markkleeberg 1999-2001. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege 2003, 45:13-47.
150. Schild R., Wendorf F. Gademotta and Kulkuletti and the ages for the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic in Africa. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 2005, 35:117-142.
151. Schild R., Wendorf F. Late Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers in the Nile Valley of Nubia and Upper Egypt. South-Eastern Mediterranean Peoples between 130,000 and 10,000 years ago 2010, 89-125. Oxbow Books, Oxford. E.A.A. Garcea (Ed.).
152. Schwarcz H.P., Grün R., Vandermeersch B., Bar-Yosef O., Valladas H., Tchernov E. ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 1988, 17:733-737.
153. Schwartz J.H., Tattersall I. Fossil evidence for the origin of Homo sapiens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2010, 143(Issue Suppl. 51, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology):94-121.
154. Serre D., Langaney A., Chech M., Teschler-Nicola M., Paunovic M., Mennecier P., Hofreiter M., Possnert G., Pääbo S. No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early Modern Humans. PLoS (Public Library of Science) Biology 2004, 2(3):e57.
155. Shea J.J. The Middle Paleolithic of the east Mediterranean Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 2003, 17:313-394.
156. Shea J.J. Behavioural differences between Middle and Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens in the East Mediterranean Levant: the roles of intraspecific competition and dispersal from Africa. Journal of Anthropological Research 2007, 63(4):449-488.
157. Shea J.J. The Middle Stone Age archaeology of the Lower Omo Valley Kibish Formation: excavations, lithic assemblages, and inferred patterns of early Homo sapiens behaviour. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 55:448-485.
158. Shea J.J. Transitions or turnovers? Climatically-forced extinctions of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals in the East Mediterranean Levant. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:2253-2270.
159. Shea J.J., Fleagle J.G., Assefa Z. Context and chronology of early Homo sapiens fossils from the Omo Kibish Formation, Ethiopia. Rethinking the Human Revolution 2007, 153-162. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer (Eds.).
160. Shimelmitz R., Barkai R., Gopher A. Systematic blade production at late Lower Paleolithic (400-200 kyr) Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 2011, 61:458-479.
161. Smith J.R., Hawkins A.L., Asmerom Y., Polyak V., Giegengack R. New age constraints on the Middle Stone Age occupations of Kharga Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of Human Evolution 2007, 52:690-701.
162. Smith T.M., Tafforeau P., Reid D.J., Grün R., Eggins S., Boutakiout M., Hublin J.-J. Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104(15):6128-6133.
163. Sohn S., Wolpoff M.H. Zuttiyeh face: a view from the east. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1993, 91:325-347.
164. Solecki R.S. Shanidar - The First Flower People. A Personal Narrative of One of the Most Important and Exciting Archaeological Discoveries of Recent Years 1971, Knopf, New York.
165. Solecki R.L., Solecki R.S. A reappraisal of Rust's cultural stratigraphy of Yabroud Shelter I. Paléorient 1986, 12:53-59.
166. Soriano, S., 2000. Outillage bifacial et outillage sur éclat au Paléolithique ancien et moyen: coexistence et interaction. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Université Paris X - Nanterre.
167. Spoor F., Stringer C., Zonneveld F. Rare temporal bone pathology of the Singa calvaria from Sudan. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1998, 107:41-50.
168. Stefan V.H., Trinkaus E. Discrete trait and dental morphometric affinities of the Tabun C2 mandible. Journal of Human Evolution 1998, 34:443-468.
169. Stringer C. Out of Ethiopia. Nature 2003, 423:692-695.
170. Thoma A. Morphology and affinities of the Nazlet Khater man. Journal of Human Evolution 1984, 13:287-296.
171. Tillier A.-M., Arensburg B., Vandermeersch B., Chech M. New human remains from Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel). The place of the Kebara hominids in the Levantine Mousterian fossil record. Paléorient 2003, 29:35-62.
172. Trauth M.H., Deino A.L., Bergner A.G.N., Strecker M.R. E-African climate change and orbital forcing during the last 175 kyr BP. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2003, 206:297-313.
173. Trinkaus E. The Shanidar Neandertals 1983, Academic Press, New York.
174. Trinkaus E. Early modern humans. Annual Review of Anthropology 2005, 34:207-230.
175. Tyron C.A., McBrearty S. Tephrostratigraphy and the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 2002, 42:211-235.
176. Vaks A., Bar-Matthews M., Ayalon A., Matthews A., Halicz L., Frumkin A. Desert speleothems reveal climatic window for African exodus of early modern humans. Geology 2007, 35:831-834.
177. Valladas H., Joron J.-L., Valladas G., Arensburg B., Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Goldberg P., Laville H., Meignen L., Rak Y., Tchernov E., Tillier A.-M., Vandermeersch B. Thermoluminescene dates for the Neanderthal burial site at Kebara in Israel. Nature 1987, 330:159-160.
178. Valladas H., Reyss J.L., Joron J.L., Valladas G., Bar-Yosef O., Vandermeersch B. Thermoluminescene dating of Mousterian Proto Cro-Magnon remains from Israel and the origin of modern man. Nature 1988, 331:614-616.
179. Valladas H., Mercier N., Joron J.L., Reyss J.L. GIF laboratory dates for Middle Paleolithic Levant. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 1998, 69-76. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
180. Valladas H., Mercier N., Joron, Hovers E., Frojet L., Joron J.-L., Kimbel W.H., Rak Y. TL dates for the Neandertal site of Amud Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999, 26:259-268.
181. Vallois H.V. La mandibule humaine fossile de la grotte du Porc Epic, près Dire Daoua (Abyssinie). L'Anthropologie 1951, 55:231-238.
182. Van Campo E., Duplessy J.C., Rossignol-Strick M. Climatic conditions deduced from a 150-kyr oxygen isotope-pollen record from the Arabian Sea. Nature 1982, 296:56-59.
183. Vandermeersch B. Une sépulture moustérienne avec offrandes découverte dans la grotte de Qafzeh. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 1970, 268:298-301.
184. Vandermeersch B. Les hommes fossiles de Qafzeh (Israël) 1981, Editions CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Paris.
185. Van Peer P. The River Nile corridor and Out of Africa: an examination of the archaeological record. Current Anthropology 1998, 39:115-140.
186. Van Peer P. The Nubian complex settlement system in NE-Africa. Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age 2001, 45-64. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen. N.J. Conard (Ed.).
187. Van Peer P. Did Middle Stone Age moderns of sub-Saharan African descent trigger an Upper Paleolithic revolution in the lower Nile Valley?. Anthropologie 2004, XLII:241-251.
188. Van Peer P., Vermeersch P.M. The place of Northeast Africa in the early history of modern humans: new data and interpretations on the Middle Stone Age. Rethinking the Human Revolution 2007, 187-198. McDonald Institute, Cambridge. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer (Eds.).
189. Van Peer P., Fullagar R., Stokes S., Bailey R.M., Moeyersons J., Steenhoudt F., Geerts A., Vanderbeken T., De Dapper M., Geus F. The Early to Middle Stone Age transition and the emergence of modern human behaviour at site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan. Journal of Human Evolution 2003, 45:187-193.
190. Van Peer P., Vermeersch P.M., Paulissen E. Chert Quarrying, Lithic Technology and a Modern Human Burial at the Palaeolithic Site of Taramsa 1, Upper Egypt. Egyptian Prehistory Monographs 5 2010, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
191. Vermeersch P.M. Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in the Egyptian Nile Valley. South-Eastern Mediterranean Peoples between 130,000 and 10,000 years ago 2010, 66-88. Oxbow Books, Oxford. E.A.A. Garcea (Ed.).
192. Vermeersch P.M., Gijselings G., Paulissen E. Discovery of the Nazlet Khater man, Upper Egypt. Journal of Human Evolution 1984, 13:281-286.
193. Vermeersch P.M., Paulissen E., Stokes S., Charlier C., van Peer P., Stringer C., Lindsay W. A Middle Palaeolithic burial of a modern human at Taramsa Hill, Egypt. Antiquity 1998, 72:475-484.
194. Voisin J.-L. The Omo I hominin clavicle: archaic or modern?. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 55:438-443.
195. Weissmüller W. Sesselfelsgrotte II - Die Silexartefakte der Unteren Schichten der Sesselfelsgrotte. Ein Beitrag zum Problem des Moustérien 1995, SDV, Saarbrücken.
196. Wendorf F., Schild R. A Middle Stone Age Sequence from the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia 1974, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw.
197. Wendorf F., Laury R.L., Albritton C.C., Schild R., Haynes C.V., Damon P.E., Shafiqullah M., Scarborough R. Dates for the Middle Stone Age of E-Africa. Science 1975, 187:740-742.
198. Wendorf F., Schild R., Close A.E., Associates Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East 1993, Plenum Press, New York.
199. Wendorf F., Close A.E., Schild R. Africa in the period of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and contemporaries. History of Humanity 1994, vol. 1:117-135. Routledge, New York.
200. White T.D., Asfaw B., DeGusta D., Gilbert H., Richards G.D., Gen Suwa G., Clark Howell F. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 2003, 423:742-747.
201. Widlok T. The other side of the internal African frontier: Herero on Bushman land. People, Cattle and Land 2000, 497-522. Köppe, Köln. M. Bollig, J.-B. Gewald (Eds.).
202. Widlok T., Aufgebauer A., Bradtmöller M., Dikau R., Hoffmann T., Kretschmer I., Panagiotopoulos K., Pastoors A., Peters R., Schaebitz F., Schlummer M., Solich M., Wagner B., Weniger G.-C., Zimmermann A. Towards a Theoretical Framework for Analyzin Integrated Socio-environmental. Systems Quaternary International 2012, 274:259-272.
203. Williams F.-N. Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa. A History of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920 1991, National Archives of Namibia, Windhoek.
204. Wojtczak D. Hummal (Central Syria) and its eponymous industry. ERAUL (études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège) 2011, 126. Liège, pp. 289-307. J.-M. Le Tensorer, M. Jagher, M. Otte (Eds.).
205. Yellen J., Brooks A., Helgren D., Tappen M., Ambrose S., Bonnefille R., Feathers J., Goodfriend G., Ludwig K., Renne P., Stewart K. The archaeology of Aduma Middle Stone Age sites in the Awash Valley, Ethiopia. PaleoAnthropology 2005, 3:25-100.
206. Zeitoun V. The taxonomical position of the skull of Zuttiyeh. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 2001, 332:521-525.
207. Zimmermann, A., 2012. Cultural cycles in Central Europe during the Holocene Quaternary International 274, 251-258.