Neanderthals in the Levant: BEHAVIORAL ORGANIZATION AND THE BEGINNINGS OF HUMAN MODERNITY

Neanderthals in the Levant: Behavioral Organization and the Beginnings of Human Modernity

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-320

  Henry, Donald O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TULSA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85195889350     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (443)

1. Addington, L. R. (1986) Lithic Illustration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2. Ahler, S. A. (1989a) Experimental knapping with KRF and midcontinent cherts: overview and applications. D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin (eds.), Experiments in Lithic Technology, pp. 199-234. Oxford: BAR International Series 528.
3. Ahler, S. A. (1989b) Mass analysis of flaking debris: studying the forest rather than the tree. D. O. Henry and G. H. Odell (eds.), Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis, pp. 85-118. Washington, DC: Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association No. 1.
4. Akazawa, T. (1979) Middle Paleolithic assemblages from Douara Cave. Bulletin of the Museum of the University of Tokyo 16: 1-30.
5. Akazawa, T. (1987) The ecology of the Middle Paleolithic occupation at Douara Cave, Syria. Bulletin of the University Museum, University of Tokyo 29: 155-66.
6. Akazawa, T., (1988) Ecologie de 1’occupation de la grotte de Douara, Syrie, au Paléolithique Moyen. L’Anthropologie 92: 883-900.
7. Akazawa, T., Muheisen, S., Dodo, Y., Kondo, O., Mizoguchi, Y, Abe, Y., Nishiaki, Y., Ohta, S., Oguchi, T., and Haydal, J. (1995) Neanderthal infant burial from the Dederiyeh Cave in Syria. Paleorient 21: 77-86.
8. Akridge, G. (1994) The Sloan Site revisited: a preliminary report of two soil samples. Field Notes, Newsletter of the Arkansas Archaeological Society 260: 5-10.
9. Albert, R. M., Lavi, O. et al. (1999) Mode of occupation of Tabun Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel during the Mousterian period: a study of the sediments and phytoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 1249-60.
10. Albert, R. M. and Werner, S. (2001) Study of phytoliths in prehistoric ash layers using a quantitative approach. J. D. Meunier, F. Colin, and L. Faure-Denard (eds.), The Phytoliths: Applications in Earth Science and Human History. Aix en Provence: CEREGE.
11. Aldus Corporation (1991) Aldus Freehand Users Manual, version 3.0. Seattle: Aldus.
12. Van Altena, C. O. Regteren (1962) Molluscus and echinoderms from Palaeolithic deposits in the rock shelter of Ksar ‘Akil, Lebanon. Zoologische Mededelingen 38: 87-99.
13. Amick, D. S. and Mauldin, R. P. (1989) Comments on Sullivan and Rozen’s ‘Debitage analysis and archaeological interpretation’. American Antiquity 54: 166-8.
14. Amick, D. S., Mauldin, R. P., and Tomka, S. A. (1988) An evaluation of debitage produced by experimental bifacial core reduction of a Georgetown chert nodule. Lithic Technology 17: 26-36.
15. Andrefsky, W. Jr. (1986) A consideration of blade and flake curvature. Lithic Technology 15: 48-54.
16. Arensburg, B. and Belfer-Cohen, A. (1998) Sapiens and Neanderthals: rethinking the Levantine Middle Paleolithic hominids. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. Bar-Yosef eds, Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, pp. 311-22. New York: Plenum Press.
17. Arensburg, B., Schepartz, L. A., Tiller, A.-M., Vandermeersch, B., and Rak, Y. (1990) A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in Middle Palaeolithic hominids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88: 137-46.
18. Armagan, T. (1998) Small Debris Analysis of Site J430: Tor Faraj in Southern Jordan. Unpublished MA thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
19. Baruch, U. (1994) The Late Quaternary pollen record of the Near East. O. Bar-Yosef and R. S. Kra (eds.), Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, pp. 103-20. Tucson, AZ: Radiocarbon, Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona.
20. Baruch, U. and Bottema, N. (1991) Palynological evidence for climatic changes in the Levant ca. 17,000-9,000 B.P. O. Bar-Yosef and F. R. Valla (eds.), The Natufian Culture in the Levant, pp. 11-20. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory.
21. Bar-Yosef, O. (1987) Pleistocene connections between Africa and southwest Asia: an archaeological perspective. The African Archaeological Review 5: 29-38.
22. Bar-Yosef, O. (1989) Upper Pleistocene cultural stratigraphy in southwest Asia. E. Trinkaus (ed.), The Emergence of Modern Humans: Biocultural Adaptations in the Later Pleistocene, pp. 154-80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. Bar-Yosef, O. (1992) Middle Paleolithic human adaptations in the Mediterranean Levant. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura (eds.), The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, pp. 189-216. Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha.
24. Bar-Yosef, O. (1993) Site formation process from a Levantine viewpoint. P. Goldberg, D. T. Nash, and M. D. Petraglia (eds.), Formation Processes in Archaeological Context, pp. 13-32. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
25. Bar-Yosef, O. (1994) The contributions of southwest Asia to the study of the origin of modern humans. M. H. Nitecki and D. V. Nitecki (eds.), Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, pp. 24-66. New York: Plenum Press.
26. Bar-Yosef, O. (1995) The origins of modern humans. T. E. Levy (ed.), The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, pp. 110-23. London: Leicester University Press.
27. Bar-Yosef, O. (1998) The chronology of the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neanderthals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, pp. 39-56. New York: Plenum Press.
28. Bar-Yosef, O. (2000) The Middle and Early Paleolithic in southwest Asia and neighboring regions. O. Bar-Yosef and D. Pilbeam (eds.), The Geography of Neanderthals and Modern Humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean, pp. 107-56. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Bulletin 8, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
29. Bar-Yosef, O. and Dibble, H. (1995) Preface. H. Dibble and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, pp. rxxiii. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
30. Bar-Yosef, O. and Kuhn, S. L. (1999) The big deal about blades: laminar technologies and human evolution. American Anthropologist 101: 322-38.
31. Bar-Yosef, O. and Meignen, L. (1992) Insights into Levantine Middle Paleolithic cultural variability. H. Dibble and P. Mellars (eds.), The Middle Paleolithic: Adaptation, Behavior, and Variability, pp. 163-82. Philadelphia, PA: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
32. Bar-Yosef, O. and Pilbeam, D. (2000) Afterword. O. Bar-Yosef and D. Pilbeam (eds.), The Geography of Neanderthals and Modern Humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean, pp. 183-7. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Bulletin 8, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
33. Bar-Yosef, O. and Vandermeersch, B. (1981) Notes concerning the possible age of the Mousterian layers in Qafzeh cave. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville (eds.), Préhistoire du Levant, pp. 281-6. Pans: C.N.R.S.
34. Bar-Yosef, O., Vandermeersch, B., Arensburg, B., Belter-Cohen, A., Goldberg, P., Laville, H., Meignen, L., Rak, Y., Speth, J. D., Tchernov, E., Tillier, A.-M., and Werner, S. (1992) The excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel. Current Anthropology 33: 497-550.
35. Baumler, M. and Downum, C. (1989) Between micro and macro: a study in the interpretation of smallsized lithic debitage. D. Amick and R. Mauldin (eds.), Experiments in Lithic Technology, pp. 101-16. Oxford: BAR International Series 528.
36. Bednank, R. G. (1992) Palaeoart and archaeological myths. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2: 27-57.
37. Belfer-Cohen, A. and Goren-Inbar, N. (1994) Cognition and communication in the Levantine Lower Paleolithic. World Archaeology 26: 144-57.
38. Belfer-Cohen, A. and Hovers, E. (1992) In the eye of the beholder: Mousterian and Natufian burials in the Levant. Current Anthropology 33: 463-71.
39. Bergman, C. A. (1987) Ksar AM, Lebanon; A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Later Palaeolithic Levels of Ksal AM. Oxford: BAR International Series 329.
40. Bethel, P. and Mate, I. (1989) The use of soil phosphate analysis in archaeology: a critique. J. Henderson (ed.), Scientific Analysis in Archaeology and in Its Interpretation, pp. 1-29. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph No. 19.
41. Bickerton, D. (1981) Roofs of Language. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.
42. Bickerton, D. (1990) Language and Species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43. Binford, L. R. (1973) Interassemblage variability: the Mousterian and the functional argument. C. Renfrew (ed.), The Explanation of Cultural Change, pp. 227-54. London: Duckworth.
44. Binford, L. R. (1978) Dimensional analysis of behavior and site structure: learning from an Eskimo hunting stand. American Antiquity 43: 330-61.
45. Binford, L. R. (1979) Organization and formation processes: looking at curated technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35, 255-73.
46. Binford, L. R. (1980) Willow smoke and dogs’ tails: hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity 45: 4-20.
47. Binford, L. R. (1981) Behavioral archaeology and the ‘Pompeii premise’. Journal of Anthropological Research 37: 195-208.
48. Binford, L. R. (1983a) In Pursuit of the Past. New York: Thames and Hudson.
49. Binford, L. R. (1983b) Working at archaeology: the Mousterian problem-learning how to learn. L. R. Binford (ed.), Working at Archaeology, pp. 65-9. New York: Academic Press.
50. Binford, L. R. (1984) Faunal Remains from Klasies River Mouth. New York: Academic Press.
51. Binford, L. R. (1985) Human ancestors: changing view of their behavior. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4: 292-327.
52. Binford, L. R. (1987) Searching for camps and missing the evidence? Another look at the Lower Paleolithic. O. Soffer (ed.), The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives, pp. 17-31. New York: Plenum Press.
53. Binford, L. R. (1989) Isolating the transition to cultural adaptations: an organizational approach. E. Trinkaus (ed.), The Emergence of Modern Humans: Biocultural Adaptations in the Later Pleistocene, pp. 18-41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Binford, L. R. (1991) When the going gets tough the tough get going: Nunamiut local groups, camping patterns and economic organization. C. S. Gamble and W. A. Boismier (eds.), Ethno-archaeological Approaches to Mobile Campsites, pp. 25-138. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory, Ethnoarchaeological Series 1.
55. Binford, L. R. (1992) Hard evidence. Discover, February: 44-51.
56. Binford, L. R. (1996) Hearth and home: the spatial analysis of ethnographically documented rock shelter occupations as a template for distinguishing between human and hominid use of sheltered space. N. J. Conard and F. Wendorf (eds.), Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age Settlement Systems, pp. 229-39. Forli, Italy: A.B.A.C.O. Ediziom.
57. Boëda, E. (1982) Etude expérimentale de la technologic des pointes Levallois. Studia Praehistoricale Belgica 2: 23-56.
58. Boëda, E. (1986) Approche technologique du concept Levallois et evaluation de son champ d’application: etude de trois gisements saaliens et weichséliens de la France septentrionale. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Paris: Universite de Paris X.
59. Boëda, E. (1995) Levallois: a volumetric construction, methods, a technique. H. L. Dibble and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), The Definition and Interpretation of Eevallois Technology, pp. 41-68. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
60. Boëda, E., Geneste, J. M., and Meignen, L. (1990) Identification de chaînes opératoires lithiques du Paléolithique ancien and moyen. Paléorient 2: 43-80.
61. Boëda, E. and Muhesen, S. (1993) Umm El Tlel (El Kowm, Syrie): Etude préliminaire des industries lithiques du Paléolithique moyen et superieur 1991-1992. J. Cauvin (ed.), Cahiers de I’Euphrate, pp. 47-92. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilizations.
62. Boquet-Appel, J.-P. and Demars, P. Y. (2000) Neanderthal contraction and modern human colonization of Europe. Antiquity 74: 544-52.
63. Bordes, F. (1961) Typologie du Paléolithique Ancien et Moyen. Bordeaux: Delmas.
64. Bordes, F. (1972) A Tale of Two Caves. New York: Harper and Row.
65. Bordes, F. (1980) Le débitage levallois et ses variantes. Bulletin de la Société Préhistoríque Française 77: 45-9.
66. Bottema, S. and van Zeist, W. (1981) Palynological evidence for the climatic history of the Near East 50000-6000 B. P. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville (eds.), Préhistoire du Levant, pp. 115-32. Lyon: Maison de 1’Orient, CNR5.
67. Bourguignon, L. (1996) Un Mousterién tardif sur le site cTUmm el Tlel (Bassin d’El Kowm, Syrie)? Exemples des niveaux II Base et III 2A. E. Carbonell and M. Vaquero (eds.), The East Neanderthal: The First Anatomically Modern Humans, pp. 317-36. Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
68. Boutie, P. (1981) E’industrie mousteriénne de la grotte de Kebara, Mount Carmel Israel. Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Musee de L’Homme Mémoire 10. Pans: CNRS.
69. Boutié, P. (1989) Etude technologique de 1’industrie Moustérienne de la grotte de Qafzeh (pres de Nazareth, Israel). O. Bar-Yosef and P. Vandermeersch (eds.), Investigations in South Levantine Prehistory: Préhistoire du Sud-Eevant, pp. 213-29. Oxford: BAR International Series 497.
70. Bräuer, G. (1992) The origins of modern Asians: by regional evolution or by replacement. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura (eds.), The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, pp. 401-13. Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha.
71. Brown, L. (1982) Struthioniformes. L. Brown, E. Urban, and K. Newman (eds.), The Birds of Africa, Vol. 1. London: Academic Press.
72. Bull, P. A. and Goldberg, P. (1985) Scanning electron microscope analysis of sediments from Tabun Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 12: 177-85.
73. Butzer, K. W. (1982) Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74. Byrd, B. (1998) Spanning the gap between the Upper Paleolithic and the Natufian: the Early and Middle Epipaleolithic. D. O. Henry (ed.), The Prehistoric Archaeology of Jordan, pp. 64-82. Oxford: BAR International Series 705.
75. Cahen, D. and Keeley, L. H. (1980) Not less than two, not more than three. World Archaeology 12: 166-80.
76. Cahen, D., Keeley, L. H., and Van Noten, F. L. (1979) Stone tools, toolkits and human behavior in prehistory. Current Anthropology 20: 661-83.
77. Cahen, D. and Moeyersons, J. (1977) Subsurface movements of stone artefacts and their implications for the prehistory of Central Africa. Nature 266: 812-15.
78. Carr, C. (1984) The nature of organization of intrasite archaeological records and spatial analytical approaches to their investigation. M. B. Schiffer (ed.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 7, pp. 103-222. New York: Academic Press.
79. Cashdan, E. (1992) Spatial organization and habitat use. E. A. Smith and B. Winterhalder (eds.), Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, pp. 237-66. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
80. Chase, P. G. (1989) How different was Middle Palaeolithic subsistence? A zooarchaeological perspective on the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. P. Mellars and C. Stringer (eds.), The Human Revolution: Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, pp. 321-37. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
81. Chase, P. G. and Dibble, H. L. (1987) Middle Paleolithic symbolism: a review of current evidence and interpretations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6: 263-96.
82. Chomsky, N. (1986) Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use. New York: Praeger.
83. Clark, G. A. and Lmdly, J. M. (1989) Modern human origins in the Levant and western Asia. American Anthropologist 91: 962-85.
84. Clark, G. A., Schuldenrein, J., Donaldson, M. L., Schwarcz, H. P., Rink, W. J., and Fish, S. K. (1997) Chronostratigraphic contexts of Middle Paleolithic horizons at the ‘Ain Difla rockshelter (WHS 634), west-central Jordan. H.-G. Gebel, Z. Kafafi, and G. O. Rollefson (eds.), The Prehistory of Jordan, II: Perspectives from 1997, pp. 77-100. Berlin: ex oriente.
85. Clark, J. D. and Walton, J. (1962) A late stone age site in the Erongo mountains, south west Africa. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 28: 1-16.
86. Clark, J. E. (1986) Another look at small debitage and microdebitage. Lithic Technology 15: 21-33.
87. Clark, J. G. D. (1971) Excavations at Star Carr: An Early Mesolithic Site at Seamer Near Scarborough, Yorkshire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
88. Copeland, L. (1975) The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of Lebanon and Syria in the light of recent research. F. Wendorf and A. E. Marks (eds.), Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, pp. 317-50. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press.
89. Copeland, L. (1983a) Levallois/non-Levallois determinations in the early Levant Mousterian: problems and questions for 1983. Paleorient 9: 21-38.
90. Copeland, L. (1983b) The Paleolithic industries at Adlun. D. Roe (ed.), Adlun in the Stone Age, pp. 89-366. Oxford: BAR International Series 159.
91. Copeland, L. (1998) The Middle Paleolithic flint industry of Ras el-Kelb. L. Copeland and N. Moloney (eds.), The Mousterian Site of Ras el-Kelb, Lebanon, pp. 73-175. Oxford: BAR International Series 706.
92. Copeland, L. and Hours, F. (1983) Le Yabroudien d’El Kowm (Syrie) et sa place dans le Paléolithique du Levant. Paleorient 9: 21-38.
93. Corruccini, R. S. (1992) Metrical reconsideration of the Skhul IV and IX and Border Cave crania in the context of modern human origins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87: 433-45.
94. Cotterell, B. and Kamminga, J. (1979) The mechanics of flaking. B. Hayden (ed.), Lithic Use-Wear Analysis, pp. 97-112. New York: Academic Press.
95. Cotterell, B. and Kamminga, J. (1987) The formation of flakes. American Antiquity 52: 675-708.
96. Cowgill, G. L. (1982) Clusters of objects and associations between variables: two approaches to archaeological classification. R. Whallon and J. A. Brown (eds.), Essays on Archaeological Typology, pp. 30-55. Evanston, IL: Center for American Archaeology Press.
97. Crabtree, D. E. (1970) Flaking stone with wooden implements. Science 169: 146-53.
98. Craddock, P. T., Gurney, D., Pryor, F., and Hughes, M. J. (1985) The application of phosphate analysis to the location and interpretation of archaeological sites. Archaeological Journal 142: 361-76.
99. Crelin, E. S. (1987) The Human Vocal Tract: Anatomy, Function, Development, and Evolution. New York: Vantage.
100. Crew, H. (1975) An evaluation of the relationship between the Mousterian complexes of the eastern Mediterranean: a technological perspective. F. Wendorf and A. E. Marks (eds.), Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, pp. 427-37. Dallas, TX: South Methodist University Press.
101. Crew, H. (1976) The Mousterian site of Rosh Ein Mor. A. E. Marks (ed.), Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. 1: 75-111. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodist University.
102. Cummings, L. S. (1992) Illustrated phytoliths from assorted food plants. G. J. Rapp and S. C. Muholland (eds.), Phytolith Systematics: Emerging Issues, pp. 175-92. New York: Plenum Press.
103. Cziesala, E, Eickhoff, S., Arts, M., and Winter, D. (eds.) (1990) The big puzzle: international symposium of refitting stone artifacts. Studies in Modern Archaeology. Bonn: Holos.
104. Deacon, T. W. (1989) The neural circuitry under­lying primate calls and human language. Human Evolution 4: 367-401.
105. Debenath, A and Dibble, H. L (1994) The Handbook of Paleolithic Typology. Vol I, The Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe. Philadelphia: The University Museum Press.
106. Demidenko, Yu. E. and Usik, V. I. (1991) On the end-scrapers fragmentation in the Upper Paleohthic. Acta Archaeologica Carpathica (Krakow) 30: 5-16 (in Russian)
107. Demidenko, Yu. E. and Usik, V. I. (1993a) Leaf points of the Upper Palaeolithic industry from the 2nd complex of Korolevo II and certain methodical problems in description and interpretation of the category of Palaeolithic tools. Préhistoire Europeenne, 4: 49-62.
108. Demidenko, Yu. E. and Usik, V.I. (1993b) On the lame à crête technique in the Paleolithic. Préhistoire Européene 4: 33-48.
109. Demidenko, Yu. E. and Usik, V I. (1993c) On the Levallois technique in the Upper Palaeolithic. J. Pavuk (ed.), Actes du XII Congrès International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques, pp. 239-42. Bratislava: Institut Archéologique de l’Académie Slovaque des Sciences.
110. Demidenko, Yu. E. and Usik, V I. (1993d) The problem of changes in Levallois technique during the technological transition from the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic. Paleorient 19: 5-15.
111. Demidenko, Yu. E. and Usik, V L (1994) On the Levallois point technology in the Middle Paleolithic (on the materials of Korolevo I sitecomplex 2B in the Ukrainian Transcarpathians). Archaeological Almanac 3 (Donetsk): 35-46.
112. Demidenko, Yu. E. and Usik, V. I. (1995) Establishing the potential evolutionary technological possibilities of the ‘point’ LevalloisMousterian: Korolevo I site-complex 2B in the Ukrainian Transcarpathians. H. I. Dibble and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press, Monographs in World Archaeology 23: 439-54.
113. Dennell, R. (1985) European Economic Prehistory: A New Approach. London: Academic Press.
114. D’Errico, F., Zilhao, J, Julien, M., Baffier, D., and Pelegrin, J (1998) Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? Current Anthropology 39: S1-S22.
115. Dibble, H. L (1984a) Interpreting typological variation of Middle Paleolithic scrapers: function, style, or sequence of production. Journal of Field Archaeology 11: 431-6.
116. Dibble, H. L. (1984b) The Mousterian industry from Bisitun Cave (Iran). Paléorient 10: 23-34.
117. Dibble, H. L., Chase, P. G., McPherron, S. P., and Tuffreau, A (1997) Testing the reality of a ‘living floor’ with archaeological data. American Antiquity 62: 629-51.
118. Duarte, C., Mauricio, J., Pettitt, B., Souto, P., Trinkaus, E., Plicht, H. V, and Zilhâo, J. (1999) The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 96: 7604-9.
119. Dunnel, R. C. and Stein, J. K. (1989) Theoretical issues in the interpretation of microartifacts. Geoarchaeology 4 31-42.
120. Ebert, J. I. and CamHli, E. (1993) Lithic distributions and their analytical potential: an example. Lithic Technology 18: 95-105.
121. Eidt, R. C. (1977) Detection and examination of anthrosols by phosphate analysis. Science 197: 327-1333.
122. Eidt, R. C. (1984) Theoretical and practical considerations in the analysis of anthrosols. G. Rapp, Jr., G. Gifford, and J. A Gifford (eds.), Archaeological Geology, pp. 155-90. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
123. El-Eisawi, D. M. (1985) Veg• tation in Jordan. A Hadidi (ed.), Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan. Vol. 2, pp 67-78. Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan.
124. Ellis, C. J. (1986) Factors mfluencing the use of stone projectile tipes: an ethnographic perspective. H. Knecht (ed), Projectile Technology, pp. 37-74.
125. Ellis, C. J (1997) Factors influencing the use of stone projectile tips: an ethnographic perspective. H. Knecht (ed.), Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press.
126. Emery-Barbier, A (1988) Analyses polliniques du Quaternaire Superieur en Jordanie Meridionale. Paleorient 14: 111-17.
127. Emery-Barbier, A (1995) Pollen analysis: environmental and climatic implications. D. O. Henry (ed.), Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution. Insights from Southern Jordan, pp. 375-84. New York: Plenum Press.
128. Engen, S. (1978) Stochastic Abundance Models, with Emphasis on Biological Communities and Species Diversity. London: Chapman and Hall.
129. Ensor, H. B. and Roemer, E. Jr. (1989) Comments on Sullivan and Rozen’s debitage analysis and archaeological interpretarion. American Antiquity 54 175-8.
130. Evenari, M., Shanan, L, and Tadmor, N. (1971) The Negev: The Challenge of a Desert. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
131. Farizy, C. and David, F. (1992) Subsistence and behavioral patterns of scme Middle Palaeolithic local groups. H. L Dibble and P. A Mellars (eds), The Middle Palaeolithic: Adaptation, Behavwr, and Variability, pp. 87-96. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, University Museum Monographs No. 72.
132. Farrand, W. R (1979) Chronology and paleoenvironments of Levantine prehistoric sites as seen from sediment studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 6: 369-92.
133. Feblot-Augustins, J (1993) Mobility strategies m the late Middle Palaeolithic of central Europe and western Europe: elements of stability and variability. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12 211-65.
134. Fish, P. R (1978) Consistency in archaeological measurement and classification: a pilot study. American Antiquity 43: 86-9.
135. Fish, P. R (1979) The interpretive potential of Mousterian debitage. Tempe, PA: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper’ No. 16.
136. Fish, P R (1981) Beyond tools: Middle Paleolithic debitage analysts and cultural inference. Journal of Anthropological Research 37: 374-86.
137. Fladmark, K. R. (1982) Microdebitage analysis mitial considerations. Journal of Archaeological Science 9: 205-20.
138. Flannery, K. (1986) Spatial analysis of Cuila Naquitz living floors: an introduction to Part VL In K. Flannery (ed.), Guila Naquitz, pp. 319-30. New York: Academic Press.
139. Fleisch, S J (1970) Les habitats du Paléolithiquc moyen a Naame, (Liban). Bulletin du Musd de Beyrouth 23: 25-98.
140. Fodor, A (1983) The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
141. Gadde, R. R and Laitinen, H A (1974) Stud1es of heavy metal absorption by hydrous 1ron and manganese oxides. Analytical Chemistry 46 2022-6.
142. Gamble, C. S. (1986) The Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
143. Gamble, C. S (1991) An introduction to the living spaces of mobile peoples. C. S. Gamble and W A Boismier (eds), Ethnoanhacological Approaches to Mohile Campsites, pp. 1-24. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory, Ethnoarchaeological Series l.
144. Gamble, C. S (1994) Timewalkers: The Prehistory oj Colonization. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.
145. Gargett, R. (1989) The evidence for Neanderthal burial. Current Anthropology 30: 157-90.
146. Gargett, R. (1999) Middle Paleolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Cezaire, Kebara, Amud and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37: 27-90.
147. Garrard, A (1982) The environmental implications of a reanalysis of the large mammal fauna from the Wadi ei-Mughara caves, Palestine. J. Bintliff and W. Van Zeist (eds.), Palacoclin1ates, Paleoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistmy, pp. 185-7. Oxford: BAR International Series 133.
148. Garrod, D. A E and Bate, D. M. (1937) The Stone Age of Mount Cannel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
149. Geneste, J.-M. (1985) Analyse Lithique d’Industries Mousténennes du Périgord: Une Approche Technologique du Comportement des Groupes Humains au Paléolithique Moyen. PhD thesis. Bordeaux: Universite de Bordeaux.
150. Geneste, J-M. (1988) Les industries de Ia Grotte Vaufrey: technolog1e du debitage, économic et circulation de Ia matière première lithique. J.-P. Rigaud (ed), La Grotte Vaufrey: paléoenvironnement, chronologie, aclivités humaines, pp. 441-517. Paris: Mémmres de Ia Société Préhistorique Française 19.
151. Gibson, K. R. (1988) Brain size and the evolution of language. M. E. Landsberg (ed), The Genesis of Language A Different Judgement, pp 149-72. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
152. Cibson, K. R. (1990) New perspectives on instincts and intelligence: brain size and the emergence of hierarchiCal mental construcnonal skills. S. T. Parker and K. R Gibson (eds.), Language and Intelligence in Monheys and Apes: Comparative Developmental Perspectives, pp. 97-128. Cambridge: Cambndge University Press.
153. Gibson, K. R. (1993) Tool use, language and social behavior in relation to information processing capacities. K R. Gibson and T. Ingold (eds.), Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution, pp 251-69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
154. Gifford-Gonzalez, D. P., Damrosch, D. B., Damrosch, D. R., Pryor, J., and Thunen, R. L (1985) The third dimension in site structure: an experiment in trampling and vertical dispersal. American Antiquity 50: 803-18.
155. Gilead, I. (1988) Le site Mousterien de Fara II (Neguev septentnonal, Israel) et le remontage de son industne. L’Anthropologie 92: 797-808.
156. Gilead, L and Grigson, C. (1984) Farah 1l a Middle Palaeolithic open air site in the Northern Negev, Israel. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 50: 71-97.
157. Gladilin, V N. (1976) The Prohlems of the Early Paleolithic of Eastern Europe. Kiev (in Russian).
158. Gladilin, V N. (1989) The Korolevo Palaeolithic site: research, methods, stratigraphy. Anthropologie (Brno) 27/2-3: 93-103.
159. Gladilm, V. N. and Demidenko Yu. E. (1989) Upper Palaeolithic stone tool complexes from Korolevo. Anthropologie (Brno) 27/2-3: 143-78
160. Gladtlm, V. N. and Demidenko, Yu. E. (1990) On the origins of Early Upper Paleolithic industries with leaf points in the Carpatho-Balkan region. J. K. Kozlowski (ed.), Les industries à pointes foliaciés du Paléolithique supérieur europeen, Krahow 1989, pp. 115-24. Liège: ERAUL.
161. Goldberg, P. (1981) Late Quaternary stratigraphy of Israel: an eclectic view. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville (eds), Préhistoire du Levant, pp. 55-66. Lyons: Maison de l’Orient, CNRS.
162. Goldberg, P. (1983) The geology of Boker Tachtit, Boker, and their surroundings. A E. Marks (ed.), Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, pp 39-62. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodist University.
163. Goldberg, P. (1984) Late Quaternary history of Qadesh Barnea, northeastern Sinai. Zeitschnft für Geomorphologic N.F. 28:193-217.
164. Goldberg, P. (1986) Late Quaternary environmental history of the Southern Levant. Geoarchaeology 1: 225-44.
165. Goldberg, P. and Bar-Yosef, O (1998) Site formation processes in Kebara and Hayonim Caves and their significance in Levantine prehistoric caves. T. Akazawa, K Aoki, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neanderthals and Modem Humans in Western Asia, pp. 107-26. New York: Plenum Press.
166. Goreck, P. (1991) Horticulturalists as huntergatherers: rock shleter usage in Papua New Guinea. C. S. Gamble and W. A Boismier (eds.), Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to Mobile Campsites, pp. 237-62. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, Ethnoarchaeological Series I.
167. Goren, N. (1979) An Upper Acheulean industry from the Golan Heights. Quatär 29-30: 105-31.
168. Goren-Inbar, N. (1988) Too small to be true? Reevaluation of cores on flakes in Levantine Mousterian assemblages. Lithic Technology 17: 1, 37-44.
169. Goren-Inbar, N. (1990) The exploitation of raw material at the Mousterian site of Quneitra. N. Goren-Inbar (ed.), Quneitra: A Mousterian Site on the Golan Heights, pp. 150-66. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University. Jerusalem: Qedem.
170. Goren-Inbar, N. and Belfer-Cohen, A (1998) The technological abilities of the Levantine Mousterians: cultural and mental capacities. T. Akazawa, K Aoki, and O Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neanderthals and Modem Humans in Western Asia, pp. 205-21. New York: Plenum Press.
171. Gowlett, J. A (1984) Mental abilities of early man: a look at some hard evidence. R. A Foley (ed.), Hominid Evolution and Community Ecology, pp. 167-92. London: Academic Press.
172. Grayson, D. and Delpech, F. (1994). The evidence for Middle Paleolithic scavenging from couche VIII, Grotte Vaufrey (Dordogne, France). Journal of Archaeological Science 21: 359-75.
173. Gregory, R. L. (1984) Mind in Science. London: Penguin Books.
174. Grün, R., Schwarcz, H. P., and Stringer, C. B. (1991) ESR dating of teeth from Garrods Tabun Cave collection. Journal of Human Evolution 20: 231-48.
175. Gvirtzman, G., Shachnai, E., Bakler, N., and Ilani, S. (1985) Stratigraphy of the hurhar group (Quaternary) of the coastal plain of Israel. Geological Survey of Israel. Current Research. Vol. 1983/1984: 70-82.
176. Hahn, J (1984) Spatial organization and occupation of the Helga-Abri, near Schelklingen, Swabian jura. H. Berke, J. Han, and C. J. Kind (eds.), Upper Paleolithic Settlement Patterns in Europe, pp. 79-88. Tubingen: Verlag Archaeologica Venatoria, Institut für Urgeschichte, Der Universität Tubingen.
177. Halford, G. (1987) A structure-mapping approach to cognitive development. Intemationaljoumal of Psychology 22: 609-42.
178. Hall, S. (1996) Late Quaternary Geology of the AI Quwayra Area, Southern Jordan: An Overview. Unpublished manuscript
179. Harlan, J. R. (1988) Natural resources. B. MacDonald (ed.), The Wadi el Hasa Archaeological Survey 1979-1983, West-Central Jordan, pp. 40-7. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
180. Harrington, H. D. (1967) Edible Native Plants of the Rocky Mountains. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico.
181. Hassan, F. A (1981) Demographic Archaeology: An Approach to Population Prehistory. New York: Academic Press.
182. Hassan, F. A (1995) Late Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the area in the vicinity of Ras en Naqb. D. O. Henry (ed.), Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan, pp. 23-31. New York: Plenum Press.
183. Hayden, B. (1987) From chopper to celt: the evolution of resharpenmg techniques. Lithic Technology 16: 33-43.
184. Hayden, B. (1993) The cultural capacities of Neanderthals: a review and re-evaluation. Journal of Human Evolution 24: 113-46.
185. Hayden, B. and Hutchings, W. K. (1989) Whither the billet flake? In D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin (eds), Experiments in Lithic Technology, pp. 235-57. Oxford: BAR International Series 528.
186. Henry, D. O. (1982) The prehistory of southern Jordan. Journal of Field Archaeology 9: 417-44.
187. Henry, D. O. (1983) Adaptive evolution within the Epipaleolithic of the Near East. F. Wendorf and A E. Close (eds.), Advances in World Archaeology, pp. 99-160. London: Aca.demic Press.
188. Henry, D. O. (1986) Prehistory and Paleoenvironments of Jordan: an overview. Paléorient 12: 5-26.
189. Henry, D. O. (1988) Summary of research: prehistoric and paleoenvironmental research in the northern Hisma. H. G. Gebel and A N. Garrard (eds.), The Prehistory of Jordan in 1986, pp. 7-37. Oxford: BAR International Series 705.
190. Henry, D. O (1989a) Correlations between reduction strategies and settlement patterns. D. O. Henry and G. H Odell (eds.), Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis, Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association Number 1, pp 138-55. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
191. Henry, D. O (1989b) From Foraging to Agriculture The Levant at the End of the Ice Age. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
192. Henry, D. O. (1992) Transhumance during the late Levantine Mousterian. H. L. Dibble and P. Mellars (eds), The Middle Palaeolithic. Adaptatwn, Behavior, and Variability, pp 143-62. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania University Museum Monographs No. 72.
193. Henry, D. O. (1994) Prehistoric cultural ecology in southern Jordan. Science 265: 336-41.
194. Henry, D. O (1995a) The influence of mobility levels on Levallots pomt productwn, Late Levantine Mousterian, Southern Jordan. O. Bar-Yosef and H. Dibble (eds), The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Teihnology, pp. 185-200. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
195. Henry, D. O. (1995b) Late Levantine Mousterian patterns of adaption and cogmtion. In D. O. Henry (ed), Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution, pp 107-32. New York: Plenum Press.
196. Henry, D. O (1995c) The Middle Paleolithic sites. D. O. Henry (ed.), Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution, pp. 49-84. New York: Plenum Press.
197. Henry, D. O (ed) (1995d) Prehistoric Cultural Ewlogy and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan. New York Plenum Press.
198. Henry, D. O. (1997) Cultural and geologic successions of Middle and Upper Paleolithic deposits in the jebel Qalkha area of southern Jordan. H. Gebel, Z. Kafafi, and G. Rollcfson (eds), The Prehistory of Jordan II: Perspectives from 1996, pp. 69-76. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 4. Berlin: ex oriente.
199. Henry, D. O. (1998a) Intrasite spatial patterns and behavioral modernity: indications from the Late Levantine Mousterian rockshelter of Tor Faraj, southern Jordan. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neanderthals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, pp. 127-42. New York: Plenum Press.
200. Henry, D. O. (1998b) The Middle Paleolithic of Jordan. In D. O. Henry (ed.), The Prehistoric Archaeology of Jordan, pp. 23-38. Oxford: BAR International Series 705.
201. Henry, D. O, and Garrard, A N. (1998) Tor Hamar: an epipaleolithic rockshelter in southern Jordan. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 120: 1-25.
202. Henry, D. O., Hall, S., Hietala, H., Demidenko, Yu E., Usik, V, Rosen, A, and Thomas, P. (1996) Middle Paleolithic behavioral organization: 1993 excavation of Tor Faraj, southern Jordan. Journal of Field Archaeology 23: 31-53.
203. Henry, D. O., Hassan, F. A, Henry, K. C. and jones, M. (1983) An investigation of the prehistory of southern Jordan. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 115: 1-24.
204. Henry, D. O., Haynes, C. V, and Bradley, B. (1976) Quantitative variations in flaked stone debitage. Plains Anthropologist 21: 57-61.
205. Henry, D. O., Kerry, K, Brauer, H., Beaver, J. and White, J. (2001) Survey of prehistoric sites, Wadi Araba, southern Jordan. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 323: 1-19.
206. Henry, D. O and Miller, G. H. (1992) The implications of amino acid racemization dates of Levantine Mousterian deposits in southern Jordan. Paléorient, 18, 2: 45-52.
207. Hietala, H. J. (1983) Boker Tachtit: intralevel and interlevel spatial analysis. A E. Marks (ed.), Prehistory and Paleoenvironments of the Central Negev, Israel. VoL 3, pp. 217-81. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodist University.
208. Hietala, H J (ed) (1984) Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge Press.
209. Hietala, H.J. and Longo, L. (1996) Investigations of early human behavior through functional and spatial analyses of lithics at Tor FaraJ in southern Jordan. Paper delivered at Workshop 5, Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age settlement Systems of the XIII Congres International des Sciences Préhistoriqucs et Protohistoriques (UISPP), Forli, Italy.
210. Hietala, H. and Stevens, D. (1977) Spatial analysis: multiple procedures in pattern recognition studies. American Antiquity 42: 539-59.
211. Higgs, E. S and Jarman, M. R. (1975) Palacoeconomy. E. S. Higgs (ed.), Palacoeconomy, pp. 1-8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
212. Higgs, E. S and Vita-Finzl, C. (1972) Prehistoric economies: a territorial approach. Papers in Economic Prehistory, pp. 27-36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
213. Hofman, J L and Enloe, J. G. (eds.) (1992) Piecing Together the Past. Applications of Refitting Studies in Archaeology. Oxford: BAR International Series 578.
214. Horowitz, A (1976) Late Quaternary paleoenvironments of prehistoric settlements. A E. Marks (ed), Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol 1, pp. 57-68. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodist University.
215. Horowitz, A (1979) The Quaternary of Israel. New York: Academic Press.
216. Hovers, E. (1990) The exploitation of raw material at the Mousterian Site of Quneitra. N. GorenInbar (ed.), Quneitra: A Mousterian Site on the Golan Heights, pp. 150-66. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University. Jerusalem: Qedem
217. Hovers, E. (1997) Variability of Levantme Mousterian Assemblages and Settlement Patterns: Implications for the Development of Human Behavior. PhD dissertation. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University.
218. Hovers, E. (1998) The lithic assemblages of Amud Cave: implications for understanding the end of the Mousterian in the Levant. T. Akazawa, K Aoki and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neanderthals and Modem Humans in Western Asia, pp. 143-63. New York: Plenum Press.
219. Howell, F. C. (1998) Evolutionary implications of altered perspectives on homini demes and populations in the Later Pleistocene of western Eurasia. In T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neanderthals and Modem Humans in Western Asia, pp. 5-27. New York Plenum Press.
220. Hublin, J.-J., Spoor, F., Braun, M., Zonneveld, F., and Condemi, S. (1996) A late Neanderthal associated with Upper Paleolithic artefacts. Nature 381: 224-6.
221. Hull, K. L (1987) Identification of cultural site formation processes through microdebitage analysis. American Antiquity 52: 772-83.
222. Ibrahim, K. M. (1990) Wadi Gharandal 3050III. Amman, Jordan: Natural Resources Authority, Geological Directorate, Hasemite Kingdom of Jordan, Royal Geographic Centre.
223. Jelinek, A J. (1981) The Middle Paleolithic in the Southern Levant from the perspective of the Tabun Cave. J. Cauvin and P Sanlaville (eds.), Préhistoire du Levant, pp. 265-80. Paris: CNRS.
224. Jelinek, A J. (1982) The Tabun Cave and Paleolithic man in the Levant. Science 216: 1369-75.
225. Jelinek, A J. (1992) Problems in the chronology of the Middle Paleolithic and the first appearance of early modern homo sapiens in southwest Asia. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura (eds.), The Evolution and Dispersal of Modem Humans in Asia, pp. 253-75. Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha.
226. Jelinek, A J. (1994) Hominids, energy, environment and behavior in the Late Pleistocene. M. H. Nitecki and D. V. Nitecki (eds.), Origins of Anatomically Modem Humans, pp. 67-92. New York: Plenum Press.
227. Kalin, J. (1981) Stem point manufacture and debitage recovery. Archaeology of Eastern North America 9: 134-75.
228. Kapp, R. O. (1969) How to Know: Pollen and Spores Dubuque: Brown.
229. Kaufman, D. (1999) Archaeological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans: View from the Levant. London: Bergin and Garvey.
230. Keckler, A (1994) Surfer jar Windows. Golden: Golden Software.
231. Kerry, K. W and Henry, D. O (2000) Conceptual domains, competence, and chaine opératoire in the Levantine Mousterian. In L E. Stager, J. A Greene, and M.D. Coogan (eds.), The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond: Essays in Honor of James A. Sauer, pp. 238-54. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
232. Kind, C.-J. (1984) The Felsstalle, a rockshelter near Ehingen-Muhlen, Alb-Donau-Kreis (Southwest Germany) with particular emphasis on the occupational structures from the Magdalenian horizon Illb. H. Berke, J Hahn, and C.-J. Kind (eds.), Upper Paleolithic Settlement Patterns in Europe, pp. 89-97. Tubingen: Archaeologica Venatoria 7.
233. Kind, C.-J. (1985) Die Verteilung von Steinartefakten in Grabungsflächen: Ein Modell zur Organisation alt und Mittelsteinzeitlicher Siedlungsplätze. Tübingen: Archaeologica Venatoria 7.
234. Klein, R. G. (1994) The problem of modern human origins. M. N. Nitecki and D. V. Nitecki (eds.), Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, pp. 3-17. New York Plenum Press.
235. Klein, R. G. (2000) Archaeology and the evolution of human behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 17-36.
236. Krings, M., Geisert, H., Schmitz, R. W., Krainitzki, H., and Pääbo, S. (1999) DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the Neanderthal specimen. Journal of Human Evolution 96: 5581-5.
237. Krings, M., Stone, A, Schmitz, R. W., Krainitske, H., Stoneking, M, and Pääbo, S. (1997) Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90: 19-30.
238. Kuhn, S. L (1991) ‘Unpacking’ reduction: lithic raw material economy in the Mousterian of westcentral Italy. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10: 76-106.
239. Kuhn, S. L. (1995) Mousterian Lithic Technology: An Ecological Perspective. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
240. Kuhn, S. L, Stiner, M. C, and Güleç, E. (1999) Initial Upper Paleolithic in south-central Turkey and its regional context a preliminary report. Antiquity 73: 505-17.
241. Kuijt, L, Prentiss, W C., and Pokotylo, D. L. (1995) Bipolar reduction: an Experimental study of debitage variability. Lithic Technology 20: 116-27.
242. Kuijt, L and Russell, K. W. (1993). Tur Imdai rockshelter, Jordan: deb1tage analysis and historic Bedouin lithic technology. Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 667-80.
243. Laville, H., Rigaud, J.-P., and Sackett, J. (1980) Rock Shelters of the Périgord Geological Stratigraphy and Archaeological Succession. New York: Academic Press.
244. Lee, C. M. (1987) ‘A Functional Analysis of Levallois Points from Two Middle Paleolithic Sites m South Jordan: Results and Interpretations’. Unpublished MA thesis. Department of Anthropology, Umversity of Tulsa, Tulsa. Oklahoma.
245. Leroi-Gourhan, A (1972) Annexe IV, vocabulaire. A Leroi-Gourhan and M. Brezillon (eds.), Fouilles de Pincevent: essai d’analyse ethnographique d’un habitat magdalenien (la sectwn 36). Paris: CNRS.
246. Leroi-Gourhan, A (1980) Les analyses polliniques au Moyen Orient. Paleorient 6: 79-91.
247. Leroi-Gourhan, A (1984) Pincevent: campement magdalenien de chasscurs de Renncs. Paris: Ministere de Ia Culture.
248. Leroi-Gourhan, A and Brézillon, M. (1966) L’habitation magdalénienne N 1 de Pincevent Près Monterau (Seine-et-Marne). Gallia Préhistoire 9: 263-385.
249. Leroi-Gourhan, A and Brezillon, M. (1972) Fouilles de Pincevent. Essai d’analyse ethnographiquc d’un habitat magdalenien (Ia section 36). Paris CNRS.
250. Lieberman, D. (1998) Neanderthal and early modern human mobility patterns: companng archaeological and anatomical evidence. T. Akazawa, K Aokl, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds), Ncandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asw, pp. 263-76. New York: Plenum Press.
251. Lieberman, D. E. (1993). Mobility and Strain The Biology of Cementogenesis and Its Application to the Evolution of Hunter-Gatherer Seasonal Mobility in the Southern Levant During the Quaternary. PhD dissertation. Harvard University. Ann Atbor: University Microfilms.
252. Lieberman, D. E. and Shea, J J (1994) Behavioral dtfferences between archmc and modern humans in the Levantinc Mousterian. American Anthropologist 96 300-32.
253. Lieberman, P. (1975) On the Origin of Language An Introduction to the Evolution of Human Speech. New York: Macmillan.
254. Lieberman, P. (1984) The Biology and Evolut wn of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univcrsny Press.
255. Lieberman, P. (1992) On Neanderthal speech and Neanderthal extinction. Current Anthropology 33: 409-10.
256. Lillios, K T. (1992) Phosphate fractionation of soils at Agroal, PortugaL American Antiquity 57: 495-506.
257. Lmdly, J and Clark, J (1987) A preliminary lithic analysis of the Mousterian site of ‘Ain Difla (WHS 634) in the Wadi Ali, west-central Jordan. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53: 279-92.
258. Magne, M. P R. (1989) LithlC reduction stages and assemblage formation processes. D. S. Anlick and R. P. Mauldin (eds.), Experiments in Lithic Technology, pp 15-31. Oxford BAR International Series 528.
259. Marks, A E. (1981) The Middle Paleolithic of the Negev, Israel. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville (eds.), Préhistoire du Levant, pp. 287-98. Paris: CNRS.
260. Marks, A E. (1983a) The sites of Boker Tachtit and Boker: a brief introduction. A E. Marks (ed.), Prehistory and Paleoenvironments of the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. 3, pp. 15-37. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodist University.
261. Marks, A E. (ed.) (1983b) Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. 3. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodist University.
262. Marks, A E. (1988a) The curation of stone tools during the Upper Pleistocene: a view from the Central Negev, Israel. H. L Dibble and A Montet-Whne (eds.), Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of Western Eurasia, pp. 275-85. Philadelphia, FA: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
263. Marks, A E. (1988b) Early Mousterian settlement patterns in the central Negev, Israel: their social and economic implications. M. Otte (ed.), L’Homme de Neanderthal. Vol. 6: La subsistance, pp. 115-26. Liege: ERAUL
264. Marks, A E. (1992a) Typological variability in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic. H. Dibble and P. Mellars (eds.), The Middle Paleolithic: Adaptation, Behavior, and Variability, pp. 127-42 Philadelphia, PA: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
265. Marks, A E. (1992b) Upper Pleistocene archaeology and the origins of modern man: a vtew from the Levant and adjacent areas. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura (eds.), The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, pp. 229-52. Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha.
266. Marks, A E and Freidel, D. (1977) Prehistoric settlement patterns in the Avdat/Aqev area. A E. Marks (ed). Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. II, pp. 131-59. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodtst Universtty.
267. Marks, A, and Monigal, K (1995) Modeling the production of elongated blanks from the Early Levantine Mousterian at Rosh Ein Mor. H. Dibble and O Bar-Yosef (eds), The Defimtion and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, pp. 267-78. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
268. Marks, A E., Shokler, J., and Zilhao, J. (1991) Raw material usage in the Paleolithic. A MontetWhite and S Holen (eds), Raw Material Economies Among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, pp. 127-41. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas.
269. Marks, A E. and Volkman, P (1983) Changing core reduction strategies: a technological shift from the Middle to the Upper Pletstocene in the Southern Levant. E. Trinkhaus (ed.), The Mousterian Legacy: Human Biocultural Change in the Upper Pleistocene, pp. 13-34. Oxford: BAR International Series 164.
270. Marks, A. E. and Volkman, P (1986) The Mousterian of Ksar Akil: levels XXIV through XXVIIIb. Paleorient 12: 5-20.
271. Marks, A E. and Volkman, P. (1987) Technological variability and change seen through core reconstruction. G. de Sieveking and M. H. Newcomer (eds.), The Human Uses of Flint and Chert, pp. 11-20. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
272. Marshack, A. (1989) Comment. Current Anthropology 30: 332-5.
273. Marshack, A (1996) A Middle Paleolithic symbolic composition from the Golan Heights: the earliest known depictive image. Current Anthropology 37: 357-65.
274. Martell, A E. and Sillen, R. M. (1976) Critical Stability Constants. Vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press.
275. Martinson, D. G., Pisias, N. G., Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., Moore, J. T. C., and Shackleton, N.J. (1987) Age dating and the orbital theory of the lee Ages: development of a high resolution 0 to 300,000- year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research 27: 1-29.
276. Mauldin, R. P. and Amick, D. S. (1989) Investigating patterning in debitage from experimental bifacial core reduction. D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin (eds.), Experiments in Lithic Technology, pp 67-88. Oxford: BAR International Series 528.
277. McCown, T. D. (1937) Mugharet es-Skhul: descrip­tion and excavations. D. A E. Garrod and D. M. A Bate (eds.), The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, pp. 91-107. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
278. McCown, T. D. and Keith, A (1939) The Stone Age of Mount Carmel II: The Fossil Human Remains from the Levalloiso-Mousterian. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
279. McHugh, W. P. and Mitchum, B. A (1981) ‘Quantitative characteristics of debitage from heat treated chert’. by L. W. Patterson. Plains Anthropologist 26: 327-31.
280. Meignen, L. (1995) Levallois lithic production systems in the Middle Paleolithic of the Near East: the case of the unidirectional method. H. L. Dibble and O Bar-Yosef (eds.), The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, pp. 361-79. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
281. Meignen, L. (1998) Hayonim Cave lithic assemblages in the context of the Near Eastern Middle Paleolithic: a preliminary report. T. Akazawa, K Aoki, and O.Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, pp. 165-80. New York: Plenum Press.
282. Mellars, P. (1996) The Neanderthal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
283. Mellars, P. (1998) Comments Neandertal acculturation in western Europe? Current Anthropology 39: S25-26.
284. Mellars, P and Tixer, J. (1989) Radiocarbon accelerator dating of Ksar Aquil (Lebanon) and the chronology of the Upper Paleolithic sequence in the Middle East. Antiquity 63: 761-8.
285. Mercier, N., Valladas, H., Froget, L., Joron, J.-L., Vermeersch, P. M, Van Peer, P., and Moeyersons, J. (1999). Thermoluminescence dating of a Middle Palaeolithic occupation at Sodmein cave, Red Sea Mountains (Egypt). Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 1339-46.
286. Mercier, N., Valladas, H, Valladas, G., Reyss, J. L., Jelinek, A, Meignen, L., and Joron, J. L. (1995) TL dates of burnt flints from Jelinek’s excavations at Tabun and their implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 22: 495-510.
287. Metcalfe, D. and Heath, K M. (1990) Microrefuse and site structure: the hearths and floors of Heartbreak Hotel. American Antiquity 55: 781-96.
288. Mithen, S. (1994) From domain specific to generalized intelligence: a cognitive interpretation of the Middle/Upper Palaeolithic transition. C. Renfrew and E. B. Zubrcw (eds.), The Ancient Mind, pp. 29-39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
289. Mulholland, S. C. and Rapp, G. J. (1992) A morphological classification of grass silicabodies. G. J. Rapp and S. C. Mulholland (eds.), Phytolith Systematics: Emerging Issues, pp. 65-89. New York: Plenum Press.
290. Munday, F. C. (1976) Intersite variability in the Mousterian of the central Negev. A E. Marks (ed.), Prehistory and Palaeoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. I: The AvdatjAqev Area, Part 1, pp 113-40. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodist University.
291. Munday, F. C. (1977), Nahal Aqev (D35): a stratified, open-air Mousterian occupation in the Avdat/ Aqev area. A E. Marks (ed.) Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. 2. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodist University.
292. Munday, F. C. (1979) Levantine Mousterian technological variability: a perspective from the Negev. Paleorient, 5: 87-104.
293. Murphy, J. and Riley, J. P (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytical Chimica Acta 27: 31-6.
294. Neuville, R (1951) Le Paléolithique et le mesolithique du desert de judee. Paris: Masson et Cie, Editeur.
295. Newcomer, M. H (1975) ‘Punch technique’ and Upper Paleolithic blades. E. Swanson (ed.), Lithic Technology, Making and Using Stone Tools, pp. 97-102 and plates ii-iti. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
296. Newcomer, M. H. and Sieveking, G. de G. (1980) Experimental flake scatter-patterns: a new interpretive technique. Journal of Field Archaeology 7: 345-52.
297. Nicholson, A and Cane, S. (1991) Desert camps: analysis of Australian Aboriginal proto-historic campsites. C. S. Gamble and W. A Boismier (eds.), Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to Mobile Campsites, pp 263-354. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory, Ethnoarchaeological Series 1.
298. Nishiaki, Y. (1985) Truncated-faceted flakes from Levantine Mousterian assemblages Bulletin (The University of Tokyo) 4: 215-26.
299. Nishiaki, Y. (1989) Early blade industries in the Levant: the placement of Douara IV industry in the context of the Levantine Early Middle Paleolithic. Paleorient 15: 215-29.
300. Nishiaki, Y. and Copeland, L (1992) Keoue Cave, Northern Lebanon, and its place in the context of the Levantine Mousterian. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura (eds), The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, pp. 107-27. Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha.
301. Norusis, M. J. (1990) SPSS Introductmy Statistics. Student Guide. Chicago: SPSS.
302. O’Connell, J (1987) Alyawara site structure and its archaeological implications. American Antiquity 52 74-108.
303. Odell, G. H (1989) Experiments in lithic reduction. D. S. Amick and R. P Mauldin (eds.), Experiments in Lithic Technology, pp. 163-98. Oxford: BAR International Senes 528.
304. Odell, G. H. and Cowan, F. (1986) Experiments with spears and arrows on animal targets. Journal of Field Archaeology 13 194-212.
305. Ogilvie, M., Curran, B., and Trmkaus, E. (1989) Incidence and patterning of dental enamel hypoplasia among the Neandertals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 79: 25-41
306. Ohnuma, K. (1988) Ksar Ahil, Lebanon: A Technological Study of the Earlier Upper Paleolithic Levels at Ksar Akil. Vol. 3, Levels XXV-XIV. Oxford: BAR International Series 426.
307. Ohnuma, K. and Bergman, C. A (1990) A technological analysis of the Upper Palaeolithic Levels (XXV-VI) of Ksal Akil, Lebanon. P Mellars (ed.), The Emergence of Modern Humans, pp 91-138. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
308. Osborn, G. and Duford, J. M. (1981) Geomorphical processes in the Inselberg region of southwestern Jordan. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 1-17.
309. Parkington, J and Mills, G. (1991) From space to place: the architecture and social organization of Southern Afncan mobile communities. C. S. Gamble and W. A. Boismier (eds.), Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to Mobile Campsites, pp. 355-70. Ann Arbor, MI: Internanonal Monographs in Preh1story, Ethnoarchaeological Series 1.
310. Parkington, J. and Poggenpoel, C. (1971) Excavations at de Hangen. South African Anhaeological Bulletin 26: 3-36.
311. Patterson, L W (1979) Quantitative characteristics of debitage from heat treated chert. Plains Anthropologist 24: 255-9.
312. Patterson, L. W. (1982a) The importance of flake size distribution. Contract Abstracts and CRM Archeology 3 70-2.
313. Patterson, L W (1982b) Replication and classification of large size lithic debitage. Lithic Technology 11: 50-8.
314. Patterson, L. W. (1990) Characteristics of bifacialreduction flake-size distribution. American Antiquity 55: 550-8.
315. Patterson, L W and Sollberger, J. B. (1978) Replication and classification of small size lithic debitage. Plains Anthropologist 23 103-12.
316. Petraglia, M. D. (1987) Site Fomwtwn Process at the Abri Dufaurc: A Study of Upper Paleolithic Rochshelter and Hillslope Deposits in Southwestern France. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.
317. Petraglia, M.D. (1993) The genesis and alteration of archaeological patterns at the Abri Dufaure: an Upper Paleolithic rockshelter and slope site in southwestern France. P. Goldberg, D. T. Nash, and M. D. Petraglia (eds.), Formation Processes in Archaeological Context, pp 97-112. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
318. Pettitt, P. B. (1997) High resolution Neanderthals? Interpreting Middle Paleolithic intrasite spatial data. World Archaeology 29: 208-24.
319. Prentiss, W. C. and Romanski, E. J. (1989) Experimental evaluation of Sullivan and Rozen’s debitage typology. D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin (eds.), Experiments in Lithic Technology, pp. 89-99. Oxford: BAR International Series 528.
320. Purdy, B. (1975) Fractures for the archaeologist. E. Swanson (ed), Lithic Technology: Making and Using Stone Tools, pp. 133-41 and plates xi-xvii. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
321. Quam, R. M. and Smith, F. H. (1998) A reassessment of the Tabun C2 mandible. In T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neandertals and Modem Humans in Western Asia, pp. 405-21. New York: Plenum Press.
322. Raab, L. M., Cande, R. F, and Stahle, D. W (1979) Debitage graphs and archaic settlement patterns in the Arkansas Ozarks. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 4: 167-82.
323. Rabb’a, K. (1988) Al Quwayra 3049 I. Amman, Jordan: Natural Resources Authority, Geological Directorate, Hasemite Kingdom of Jordan, Royal Geographic Centre.
324. Ragir, S. (1972) A review of techniques for archaeological sampling. M. Leone (ed.), Contemporary Archaeology, pp. 178-92. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
325. Rak, Y. (1990) On the differences between two pelvises of Mousterian context from Qafzeh and Kebara Caves, Israel. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81: 323-32.
326. Rak, Y. (1998) Does any Mousterian Cave present evidence of two hominid species? In T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neandertals and Modem Humans in Western Asia, pp. 353-66. New York: Plenum Press.
327. Rak, Y., Kimbel, W H., and Hovers, E. (1994) A Neandertal infant from Amud Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 26: 313-24.
328. Roebroeks, W., Kolen, J., and Rensink, E. (1988) Planning depth, anticipation and the organization of Middle Paleolithic technology: the ‘archaic natives’ meet Eve’s descendants. Helinium 28: 17-34.
329. Rolland, N. (1981) The interpretation of Middle Paleolithic variability. Man 16: 15-42.
330. Rolland, N. and Dibble, H. (1990) A new synthesis of Middle Paleolithic variability. American Antiquity 55 480-99.
331. Ronen, A (1984) Sefunim Prehistoric Sites, Mount Carmel, Israel. Oxford: BAR International Series 230.
332. Rosen, A M. (1992) Preliminary identification of silica skeletons from Near Eastern archaeological sites: an anatomical approach. G. J. Rapp and S. C. Mulholland (eds.), Phytolith Systematics. Emerging Issues, pp. 129-47. New York: Plenum Press.
333. Rosen, AM. (1993) Microartifacts as a reflection of cultural factors in site formation. P. Goldberg, D. T. Nash, and M.D. Petraglia (eds.), Formation Processes in Archaeological Context, pp. 141-8. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
334. Rosen, A M. (1995) Preliminary analysis of phytoliths from prehistoric sites in southern Jordan. D. O. Henry (ed.), Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan. New York: Plenum Press.
335. Rosen, A M. (1999a) Phytolith analysis in Near Eastern Archaeology. S. Pike and S. Gitin (eds.), The Practical Impact of Science on Aegean and Near Eastern Archaeology, pp. 86-92. London: Archetype Press.
336. Rosen, A M. (1999b) Phytoliths as indicators of prehistoric irrigation farming. P C. Anderson (ed.), Prehistory of Agriculture: New Experimental and Ethnographic Approaches, pp. 193-8. Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Archaeology.
337. Rozen, K. C. and Sullivan, A P. III (1989a) Measure­ment, method, and meaning in lithic analysis: problems with Amick and Mauldin’s middlerange approach. American Antiquity 54: 169-75.
338. Rozen, K. C. and Sullivan, A. P. III (1989b) The nature of lithic reduction and lithic analysis: stage typologies revisited. American Antiquity 54: 179-84.
339. Sanlaville, P (1981) Stratigraphie et chronologie du Quartenaire marin du Levant. In J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville (eds.), Préhistoire du Levant, pp. 21-31. Paris: CNRS.
340. Saragusti, I. and Goren-Inbar, N. (1990) Conjoinable pieces from the lithic assemblage of Quneitra, Area B. N. Goren-Inbar (ed.), Quneitra: A Mousterian Site on the Golan Heights, pp. 173-88. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University. Jerusalem: Qedem.
341. Schick, K. D. (1986) Stone Age Sites in the Making: Experiments in the Formation and Transformation of Archaeological Occurrences. Oxford: BAR International Series 319.
342. Schick, T. and Stekelis, M. (1977) Mousterian assemblages in Kebara Cave, Mount Carmel. B. Arensburg and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Eretz Israel. Vol. 13, pp. 97-149. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society.
343. Schiffer, M. B. (1983) Toward the identification of formation processes. American Antiquity 48: 675-706.
344. Schiffer, M. B. (1987) Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
345. Schroeder, B. (1969) The Lithic Industries fromJerf Ajila and Their Bearing on the Problem of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition. PhD dissertation. New York: Columbia University.
346. Schuldenrein, J. and Clark, G. A (1994) Landscape and prehistoric chronology of west-central Jordan. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 9: 31-55.
347. Schwarcz, H. P., Blackwell, B., Goldberg, P., and Marks, A E. (1979) Uranium series dating of travertine from archaeological sites, Nahal Zin, Israel. Nature 277: 558-60.
348. Schwarcz, H., Buhay, W., Grim, R., Valladas, H., Tchemov, E., Bar-Yosef, O., and Vandermeersch, B. (1989) ESR dating of the Neanderthal site, Kebara Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 653-69.
349. Schwarcz, H. P., Goldberg, P., and Blackwell, B. (1980) Uranium series dating of archaeological sites in Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 29: 157-65.
350. Schwarcz, H. P. and Rink, W. J. (1998) Progress in ESR and U-series chronology of the Levantine Paleolithic. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. BarYosef (eds.), Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, pp. 57-67. New York: Plenum Press.
351. Scott, T. R. (1977) The Harifian of the central Negev, Israel. A E. Marks (ed.), Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. 2, pp. 271-322. Dallas, TX: Department of Anthropology, 1SEM, Southern Methodist Umversny.
352. Sellgmann, M. D. and Sehgmann, B. (1911) Tile Vedas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
353. Sellet, R. (1995) Levallois or not Levallois does it really matter’ Learning from an African case. H. L. Dibble and 0 Bar-Yosef (eds.) The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, pp. 25-39. Madison, Vll: Prehistory Press.
354. Sharon, G. and Goren-Inbar, N. (1998) Soft percussor use at the Gesher Bebnot Ya’aqov Acheulian site, Jerusalem. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 28 55-80.
355. Shea, J J (1989) A functional study of the lithic industries associated with homimd fossils m the Kebara and Qafzeh Caves, Israel. P. Mellars and C Stringer (eds), The Human Evolution, pp. 611-25. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Umvcrsity Press.
356. Shea, J J (1991) The Behavioral Significance of Levantine Mousterian Industrial Variability. Vols .I and II. PhD. dissertation. Cambndge. MA: Harvard Universny.
357. Shea, J J (1995) Lithic microwear analys1s of Tor Faraj rockshelter. D. O. Henry (ed.), Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolutwn: Insights from Southern Jordan, pp. 85-105. New York: Plenum Press.
358. Shea, J. J. (1998) Neandertal and early modern human behavioral variability: a regional-scale approach to lithic eVIdence for huntmg m the Levantine Mousterian. Current Anthropolosy 39 (Supplement) S48-S78.
359. Shea, J. J. (2001) Early modern humans and Neandertals in the Levant. Near Eastern Archaeology 64: 38-64.
360. Shehadeh, N. (1985) The climate of Jordan in the past and present In A Hadidi (ed), Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan II, pp. 25-38. Amman: Department of Antiquities.
361. Shott, M. J. (1994) Size and form in the analysis of flake debris: review and recent approaches. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1: 69-110.
362. Simek, J. F. (1987) Spatial order and behavwural change in the French Paleolithic. Antiquity 61: 25-40.
363. Simek, J. F. (1992) Neanderthal cognition and the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. G. Brauer and F. H. Smith (eds.), Continuity or Replacement: Controversies in Homo Sapiens Evolution. Rotterdam, Brookfield: A A Balkema.
364. Simmons, T. (1994) Ongins of anatomically modern humans. M. H. Nitecki and D. V. Nitecki (eds.), Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, pp. 201-26. New York: Plenum Press.
365. Simms, S. R and Heath, K. M. (1990) Site structure of the Orbit Inn an application of ethno­archaeology. American Antiquity 55: 797-813.
366. Sjoberg, A (1976) Phosphate analysis of anthropic soils. Journal of Field Archaeology 3: 447-54.
367. Smith, W. G. (1984) Man, the Primeval Savage. London E. Stanford.
368. Snell, F. D. and Snell, C. T (1949) Colorimetric Methods of Analysis, 3rd edn. Vol. 2. Plinceton, NJ: van Nostrand.
369. Soffer, O. (1989) The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition on the Russian Plain. P. Mellars and C. Stringer (eds.), The Human Revolution: Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, pp 714-42. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
370. Soffer, O. (1994) Ancestral lifeways in Eurasia-the Middle and Upper Paleolithic records. M. H. NJtecki and D. V Nitecki (eds.), Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, pp. 101-19. New York: Plenum Press.
371. Solecki, R L. and Solecki, R. S. (1970) A new secondary flaking technique at Nahr Ibrahim cave sne. Bulletin du Must’e de Beyrouth 23: 137-42.
372. Sollberger, J. B. and Patterson, L. W (1976) Pnsmatic blade replication. American Antiquity 41: 517-31.
373. Speth, J. D. (1972) Mechamcal basis of percussion flaking. American Antiquity 37: 34-60.
374. Speth, J D. (1974) Experimental investigations of hard-hammer percussion flaking. Tebiwa 17: 7-36.
375. Speth, J D. and Tchernov, E. (1998) The role of hunting and scavenging in Neanderthal procurement strategies: new evidence from Kebara Cave (Israel) In T Akazawa, K. Aokl, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neanderthals and Modern Humans m Western Asia, pp. 223-39. New York: Plenum Press.
376. Spurrell, F C. J (1880a) On implements and chips from the t1oor of a Palaeolithic workshop. Archaeological Journal 37: 249-99.
377. Spurrell, F C. J. (1880b) On the discovery of the place where Palaeolithic implements were made at Crayford. Quarternary Journal of the Geological So1iety 36: 544-9.
378. Stahle, D. W. and Dunn, J E. (1982) An analysis and application of the size distribution of waste flakes from the manufacture of bifacial stone tools. World Archaeology 14: 84-97.
379. Stahle, D. W. and Dunn, J. E. (1984) An Experimental Analysis of the Size Distribution of Waste Flakes from Biface Reduction. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey Technical Paper No.2.
380. Stiner, M. C. (1994) Honor Among Thieves: A Zooarchaeological Study of Neanderthal Ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
381. Straus, L. G. (1979) Caves: a paleoanthropological resource. World Archaeology 10 331-9.
382. Straus, L. G. (1997) Convenient cavities: some human uses of caves and rockshelters. C. Bonsall and C. Tolan-Smith (eds.), The Human Use of Caves. Oxford: BAR International Series 667.
383. Stringer, C. B. and Gamble, C. (1993) In Search of the Neanderthals: Solving the Puzzle of Human Origins. London: Thames and Hudson.
384. Sullivan, A P. III and Rozen, K (1985) Debitage analysis and archaeological interpretation. American Antiquity 50: 755-79.
385. Suzuki, H. and Takai, F. (1970) The Amud Man and His Cave Site. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
386. Taborin, Y (1993) Shells of the French Aurignacian and Perigordian. H. Knecht, A Pike-Tay, and R. White (eds.), Before Lascaux: The Complex Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic, pp. 211-29. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
387. Tague, R. (1992) Sexual dimorphism in the human bony pelvis, with a consideration of the Neandertal pelvis from Kebara Cave, Israel. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88: 1-21
388. Tattersall, I. and Schwartz, J. H. (1999) Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 96, 7117-19.
389. Tchemov, E. (1992) Biochronology, paleoecology, and dispersal events of hominids in the southern Levant. T. Akazawa, K Aoki, and T. Kimura (eds.), The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, pp. 149-88. Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha.
390. Tchemov, E. (1994) New comments on the bio­stratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene of the southern Levant. O. Bar-Yosef and R. S. Kra (eds.), Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, pp. 333-50. Tucson, AZ: Radiocarbon, Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona.
391. Tchernov, E. (1998) The faunal sequence of the Southwest Asian Middle Paleolithic in relation to hominid dispersal events. In T. Akazawa, K Aoki and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, pp. 77-90. New York: Plenum Press.
392. Thomas, D. H. (1983) The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: Gatcliff Shelter. Anthropological Papers, 59(1). New York: American Museum of Natural History.
393. Thomas, D. H. (1986) Refiguring Anthropology: First Principles of Probability and Statistics. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
394. Tillier, A.-M., Arensburg, B., Rak, Y., and Vandermeersch, B. (1988) Les sepultures neandertaliennes du Proche Orient: etat de la question. Paleorient 14: 130-4.
395. Todd, L. and Frison, G. (1992) Reassembly of bison skeletons from the Horner Site: a study in anatomical refitting. J Hofman and J. Enloe (eds), Piecing Together the Past: Applications of Refitting Studies in Archaeology, pp. 63-82. Oxford: BAR International Series 578.
396. Todd, L. and Stanford, D. (1992) Application of conjoined bone data to site structural studies. J. Hofman and J. Enloe (eds.), Piecing Together the Past: Applications of Refitting Studies in Archaeology, pp. 21-35. Oxford: BAR International Series 578.
397. Tomka, S. A (1989) Differentiating lithic reduction techniques: an experimental approach. D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin (eds), Experiments in Uthic Technology, pp. 137-61. Oxford: BAR International Series 528.
398. Towner, R. H. and Warburton, M. (1990) Projectile point rejuvenation: a technological analysis. Journal of Field Archaeology 17: 311-21.
399. Trinkaus, E. (1983) Neandertal postcrania and the adaptive shift to modern humans. E. Trinkaus (ed), The Mousterian Legacy, pp. 165-200. Oxford: BAR International Series 164.
400. Trinkaus, E. (1984) Western Asia. F. H. Smith and F. Spencer (eds.), A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence of Modern Humans, pp. 251-93. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.
401. Trinkaus, E. (1989) The Upper Pleistocene transition. E. Trinkaus (eel.), The Emergence of Modern Humans: Biocultural Adaptations in the Later Pleistocene, pp. 42-66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
402. Trinkaus, E. (1993) Comment. Current Anthropology 34: 620-2.
403. Trinkaus, E. (1995) Neanderthal mortality patterns. Journal of Archaeological Science 22: 121-42.
404. Trinkaus, E., Ruff, C. B., and Churchill, S. E. (1998) Upper limb versus lower limb loading patterns among Near Eastern Middle Paleolithic hominids. T. Akazawa, K Aoki, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, pp. 391-404. New York: Plenum Press.
405. Trinkaus, E. and Thompson, D. (1987) Femoral diaphyseal histophometric age determinators for the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals and Neandertal longevity. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 84: 249-60.
406. Usik, V.I. (1989) Korolevo-transition from Lower to Upper Palaeolithic according to reconstruction data. Anthropologie (Brno) 27 2/3: 179-212.
407. Valladas, H., Mercier, H., Joron, J.-L., and Reyss, J.-L. (1998) GIF laboratory dates for Middle Paleolithic Levant. T Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Neandertals and Modem Humans in Western Asia, pp. 69-75. New York: Plenum Press.
408. Van Peer, Ph. (1991) Interassemblage variability and Levallois styles: the case of the Northern African Middle Palaeolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10: 107-51.
409. Van Peer, Ph. (1992) The Levallois Reduction Strategy. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
410. Van Peer, Ph. (1995) Current issues in the Levallois problem. H. L Dibble and O Bar-Yosef (eds), The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, pp. 1-9. Madison, WI Prehistory Press.
411. Van Peer, Ph. (1998) The Nile Corridor and the Out-of-Africa model an examinatiOn of the archaeological record. Current Anthropology 39: 115-40.
412. Vandermeersch, B. (1981) Les Hommes fossiles de Qafzeh (Israel). Paris CNRS.
413. Vandermeersch, B. (1992) The Near Eastern hominids and the evolution of modern humans in Asia. T Akazawa, K Aokl, and T Kimura (eds.), The Evolution and Dispersal of Modem Humans in Asia, pp. 29-38. Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha.
414. Vermeersch, P. M., Paulissen, E., Stokes, S., Charlier, C., van Peer, P., Stringer, C., and Lmdsay, W. (1998) A Middle Palaeolithic burial of a modern human at Taramsa Hill, Egypt. Antiquity 72: 475-84.
415. Villa, P. (1982) Conjoinable pieces and site formation processes. American Antiquity 47: 276-90.
416. Vita-Finzi, C. and Higgs, E. S. (1970) Prehistoric economy in the Mount Carmel area of Palestine site catchment analysis. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 36, 1-37.
417. Volkman, Ph. W. (1983) Boker Tachtit core reconstructions. A E. Marks (ed), Prehistory and Paleoenvironments m the Central Negev, lsrael. Vol. 3, pp. 127-90. Dallas, IX: Department of Anthropology, ISEM, Southern Methodist University.
418. Waters, M. R. (1992) Princip1es of Geoarchaeology: A North American Perspective. Tucson, AZ: The University of Anzona Press.
419. Weinstein-Evron, M. (1988) Middle Paleolithic sequence from the Hula Valley, Israel. M. Otte (ed.), L’Homme de Neandertal. Vol. 2, pp 207-22. Liege ERAUL
420. Wenban-Smtth, F F (1989) The use of canonical variates for determination of biface manufacturing technology at Boxgrove Lower Paleolithic Site and the behavioral implications of this technology. Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 17-26.
421. Whallon, R. (1989) Elements of cultural change in the later Palaeolithic. P. Mellars and C. Stringer (eds), The Human RevolutiOn: Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, pp. 433-54. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
422. White, R. (1989) Production complexity and standardization in early Aurignacian bead and pendant manufacture: evolutionary implications. P. Mellars and C. Stringer (eds.), The Human Revolution: Behavioral and Bwlogical Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, pp. 366-90. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
423. White, R. (1998) Comments: Neandertal acculturation in western Europe? Current Anthropology 39: S30-32.
424. Whitelaw, T (1991) Some dimensions of variability in the social orgamzation of community space among foragers. C. S. Gamble and W. A Boismier (eds), Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to Mobile Campsites, pp 139-88. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory, Ethnoarchaeological Series l.
425. Whitelaw, T M. (1983) People and space in hunter­gatherer camps: a generalising approach in ethnoarchaeology. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 2 48-66.
426. Wilkins, W. K. and Wakefield, J (1995) Brain, evolution and neurolinguistic preconditions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18: 161-226.
427. Wiseman, M. F (1993) Lithtc blade elements from the southern Levant: a diachronic view of changing technology and design process. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 25: 13-102.
428. Wolpoff, M. (1996) Human Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill.
429. Wood, W. R. and Johnson, D. L (1978) A survey of disturbance processes in archaeological site formation. M. B. Schiffer (ed.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. Vol. 1, pp. 315-81. New York: Academic Press.
430. Wynn, T. (1979) The mtelligence of later Acheulean hominids. Man 14: 379-91.
431. Wynn, T. (1985) Piaget, stone tools and the evolution of human intelligence. World Archaeology 17: 32-43.
432. Wynn, T. (1991) Tools, grammar and the archaeology of cognition. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1: 191-206.
433. Wynn, T. (1993) Layers of thinking in tool behavior. K. R. Gibson and T. Ingold (eds.), Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Revolution, pp. 389-405. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
434. Wynn, T. (1995) Handaxe enigmas. World Archaeology 27: 10-24.
435. Yellen, J E. (1977) Archaeological Approaches to the Present. New York: Academic Press.
436. Yellen, J. E. (1996) Analysis of a Middle Stone Age ‘pavement’ at Katanda 9, Semliki River, Zaire. N. J. Conard and F Wendorf (eds), Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age Settlement Systems, pp. 313-18. Forli: AB.A.C.O. Edizioni.
437. Yellen, J. E., Brooks, A S., Cornelissen, E., Klein, R. M, Mehlman, M., and Stewart, K (1995) A Middle Stone Age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki River (Kivu) Zaire. Science 268: 553-6.
438. Yevtushenko, A I. (1998) Kabazi V: introduction and excavations. A. E. Marks and V: P. Chabai (eds), The Paleolithic of Crimea: The Middle Paleolithic of Western Crimea, Vol 1, ERAUL 84, pp. 273-85.
439. Ziaei, M., Schwarcz, H., Hall, C., and Grün, R. (1990) Radiometric dating of the Mousterian site of Quneitra. N. Goren-Inbar (ed.), Quneitra: A Mousterian Site on the Golan Heights, pp. 232-5. Jerusalem: Qedem. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University.
440. Zohary, D. (1962) Plant Life of Palestine. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
441. Zohary, D. (1973) Geobotanical Foundation of the Middle East. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger.
442. Zohary, D. and Hopf, M. (1994) Domestication of Plants in the Old World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
443. Zubrow, E. (1989) The demographic modelling of Neanderthal extinction. P. Mellars and C. Stringer (eds.), The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, pp. 212-31. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.