The Vestibular System

The Human Nervous System, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1239-1269

  Holstein, Gay R ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865839583     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10035-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (233)

1. S. Akbarian, O.J. Grusser and W.O. Guldin (1993) Corticofugal projections to the vestibular nuclei in squirrel monkeys: further evidence of multiple cortical vestibular fields. J Comp Neurol 332 89-104.
2. S. Akbarian, O.J. Grusser and W.O. Guldin (1994) Corticofugal connections between the cerebral cortex and brainstem vestibular nuclei in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 339 421-437.
3. T.V. Anderson, A.R. Moulton, A.J. Sansom, D.R. Kerr, R. Laverty, C.L. Darlington and P.F. Smith (1998) Evidence for reduced nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the ipsilateral medial vestibular nucleus and bilateral prepositus hypoglossi following unilateral vestibular deafferentation in the guinea pig. Brain Res 787 311-314.
4. D.E. Angelaki (2004) Eyes on target: what neurons must do for the vestibuloocular reflex during linear motion. J Neurophysiol 92 20-35.
5. J.M. Annoni, S.L. Cochran and W. Precht (1984) Pharmacology of the vestibular hair cell afferent fiber synapse in the frog. J Neurosci 4 2106-2116.
6. M. Auer, A.J. Koster, U. Ziese, C. Bajaj, N. Volkmann, D.N. Wang and A.J. Hudspeth (2008) Three-dimensional architecture of hair-bundle linkages revealed by electron microscopic tomography. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 9 215-224.
7. M.W. Bagnall, R.J. Stevens and S. du Lac (2007) Transgenic mouse lines subdivide medial vestibular nucleus neurons into discrete, neurochemically distinct poplations. J Neurosci 27 2318-2330.
8. R. Baker and S.M. Highstein (1975) Physiological identification of interneurons and motoneurons in the abducens nucleus. Brain Res 91 292-298.
9. C.D. Balaban and J.D. Porter (1998) Neuroanatomical substrates for vestibulo-autonomic interactions. J Vest Res 8 7-16.
10. C.D. Balaban and B.J. Yates (2004) Vestibulo-autonomic Interactions: A teleological perspective. S.H. Highstein, R.R. Fay, A.N. Popper (Eds) The vestibular system vol 19 Wein: Springer
11. N.H. Barmack (2003) Central vestibular system: vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum. Brain Res Bull 60 511-541.
12. N.H. Barmack (2006) Inferior olive and oculomotor system. Prog Brain Res 151 231-268.
13. N.H. Barmack and E. Mugnaini (1998) Parasolitary nucleus: a source of GABAergic vestibular information to the inferior olive of rat and rabbit. J Comp Neurol 392 352-372.
14. D.B. Belknap and R.A. McCrea (1988) Anatomical connections of the prepositus and abducens nuclei in the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 268 13-28.
15. N.H. Barmack, R.W. Baughman, P. Errico and H. Shojaku (1993) Vestibular primary afferent projection to the cerebellum of the rabbit. J Comp Neurol 327 521-534.
16. S. Bense, T. Stephan, T.A. Yousry, T. Brandt and M. Dieterich (2001) Multisensory cortical signal increases and decreases during vestibular galvanic stimulation (fMRI). J Neurophysiol 85 886-899.
17. F. Bergquist, A. Ruthven, M. Ludwig and M.B. Dutia (2006) Histaminergic and glycinergic modulation of GABA release in the vestibular nuclei of normal and labyrinthectomised rats. J Physiol Lond 577 857-868.
18. B. Bergström (1973) Morphology of the vestibular nerve I. Anatomical studies of the vestibular nerve in man. Acta Otolaryngol 76 162-172.
19. R.H. Blanks, I.S. Curthoys and C.H. Markham (1975) Planar relationships of the semicircular canals in man. Acta Otolaryngol 80 185-196.
20. P. Blazquez, A. Partsalis, N.M. Gerrits and S.M. Highstein (2000) Input of anterior and posterior semicircular canal interneurons encoding head-velocity to the dorsal Y group of the vestibular nuclei. J Neurophysiol 83 2891-2904.
21. W.W. Blessing, S.C. Hedger and W.H. Oertel (1987) Vestibulospinal pathway in rabbit includes GABA-synthesizing neurons. Neurosci Lett 80 158-162.
22. R. Boyle (2000) Morphology of lumbar-projecting lateral vestibulo-spinal neurons in the brainstem and cervical spinal cord in the squirrel monkey. Arch Ital Biol 138 107-122.
23. D.J. Bradley, B. Ghelarducci, J.F.R. Paton and K.M. Spyer (1987) The cardiovascular responses elicited from the posterior cerebellar cortex in the anesthetized and decerebrate rabbit. J Physiol 383 537-550.
24. A. Brodal (1984) The vestibular nuclei in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 227 252-266.
25. A. Brodal and O. Pompeiano (1957) The vestibular nuclei in the cat. J Anat 91 438-454.
26. A. Brodal, O. Pompeiano and F. Walberg (1962) The vestibular nuclei and their connections, anatomy and functional correlations. London: Oliver and Boyd
27. A.M. Bronstein (2006) What the vestibulo-spinal system does and what it doesn’t. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 120-133.
28. D.M. Broussard (2009) Dynamics of glutamatergic synapses in the medial vestibular nucleus of the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 29 502-517.
29. J.A. Büttner-Ennever (1992) Patterns of connectivity in the vestibular nuclei. B. Cohen, D. Tomko, F. Guedry (Eds) Sensing and controlling motion: vestibular and sensorimotor function vol 656 New York: New York Academy of Sciences 363-378. 1992
30. J.A. Büttner-Ennever (1999) A review of otolith pathways to brainstem and cerebellum. Ann NY Acad Sci 871 51-64.
31. J.A. Büttner-Ennever and N.M. Gerrits (2004) Vestibulars. G. Paxinos, J.K. Mai (Eds) The human nervous system London: Elsevier Academic Press 1212-1240.
32. J.A. Büttner-Ennever and A.K. Horn (1996) Pathways from cell groups of the paramedian tracts to the floccular region. Ann NY Acad Sci 781 532-550.
33. J.A. Büttner-Ennever and A.K. Horn (1997) Anatomical substrates of oculomotor control. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7 872-879.
34. J.A. Büttner-Ennever, U. Büttner, B. Cohen and G. Baumgartner (1982) Vertical gaze paralysis and the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Brain 105 125-149.
35. J.P. Card, J.C. Sved, B. Craig, M. Raizada, J. Vazquez and A.F. Sved (2006) Efferent projections of rat rostroventrolateral medulla C1 catecholamine neurons: implications for the central control of cardiovaascular regulation. J Comp Neurol 499 840-859.
36. S.C. Carleton and M.B. Carpenter (1984) Distribution of primary vestibular fibres in the brainstem and cerebellum of the monkey. Brain Res 294 281-298.
37. L.-W. Chen, C.-H. Lai, H.-Y. Law, K.K.L. Yung and Y.-S. Chan (2003) Quantitative study of the coexpression of Fos and N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits in otolith-related vestibular nuclear neurons of rats. J Comp Neurol 460 292-301.
38. S.L. Cochran (2000) Vestibular hair cell-afferent transmission. A.J. Beitz, J.H. Anderson (Eds) Neurochemistry of the vestibular system Boca Raton: CRC Press 27-45.
39. S.L. Cochran, P. Kasik and W. Precht (1987) Pharmacological aspects of excitatory synaptic transmission to second-order vestibular neurons in the frog. Synapse 1 102-123.
40. B. Cohen, H. Reisine, J.I. Yokota and T. Raphan (1992) The nucleus of the optic tract. Its function in gaze stabilization and control of visual-vestibular interaction. Ann NY Acad Sci 656 277-296.
41. B. Cohen, P. John, S.B. Yakushin, J. Buettner-Ennever and T. Raphan (2002) The nodulus and uvula: source of cerebellar control of spatial orientation of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex. Ann NY Acad Sci 978 28-45.
42. J. Covera, C.S. Hallpike and E.H.J. Schuster (1958) A new method for the anatomical reconstruction of the human macular planes. Acta Otolaryngol 49 4-16.
43. B.T. Crane and J.L. Demer (1998) Human horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex initiation: effects of acceleration, target distance, and unilateral deafferentation. J Neurophysiol 80 1151-1166.
44. I.S. Curthoys, G.A. Betts, A.M. Burgess, H.G. MacDougall, A.D. Cartwright and G.M. Halmagyi (1999) The planes of the utricular and saccular maculae of the guinea pig. Ann NY Acad Sci 871 27-34.
45. R.A.L. Dampney (1994) Functional organization of central pathways regulating the cardiovascular system. Physiol Rev 74 323-364.
46. R.R. de la Cruz, A.M. Pastor, F.J. Martínez-Guijarro, C. López-García and J.M. Delgado-García (1992) Role of GABA in the extraocular motor nuclei of the cat: a postembedding immunocytochemical study. Neuroscience 51 911-929.
47. C. de Waele, N. Vibert, M. Baudrimont and P.P. Vidal (1990) NMDA receptors contribute to the resting discharge of vestibular neurons in normal and hemilabyrinthectomized guinea pig. Exp Brain Res 81 125-133.
48. C. de Waele, M. Abitbol, M. Chat, C. Menini, J. Mallet and P.P. Vidal (1994) Distribution of glutamatergic receptors and GAD mRNA-containing neurons in the vestibular nuclei of normal and hemilabyrinthectomized rats. Eur J Neurosci 6 565-576.
49. C. de Waele, M. Muhlethaler and P.P. Vidal (1995) Neurochemistry of the central vestibular pathways. Brain Res Rev 20 24-46.
50. C. de Waele, P.M. Baudonniere, J.C. Lepecq, P. Tran Ba Huy and P.P. Vidal (2001) Vestibular projections in the human cortex. Exp Brain Res 141 541-551.
51. C.I. De Zeeuw and A.S. Berrebi (1995) Postsynaptic targets of Purkinje cell terminals in the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 7 2322-2333.
52. C.C. Della Santina, V. Potyagaylo, A.A. Migliaccio, L.B. Minor and J.P. Carey (2005) Orientation of human semicircular canals measured by three-dimensional multiplanar CT reconstruction. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 6 191-206.
53. D. Dememes, J. Raymond and A. Sans (1984) Selective retrograde labeling of the cat vestibular ganglion with [3H]D-aspartate. Brain Res 304 188-191.
54. D. Dememes, A. Lleixa and C.J. Dechesne (1995) Cellular and subcellular localization of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors in the mammalian peripheral vestibular system. Brain Res 671 83-91.
55. S.S. Desai, C. Zeh and A. Lysakowski (2005) Comparative morphology of rodent vestibular periphery: II. Cristae ampullares. J Neurophysiol 93 267-280.
56. J.D. Dickman and D.E. Angelaki (2002) Vestibular convergence patterns in vestibular nuclei neurons of alert primates. J Neurophysiol 88 3518-3533.
57. A. Didier, J. Dupont and Y. Cazals (1990) GABA immunoreactivity of calyceal nerve endings in the vestibular system of the guinea pig. Cell Tiss Res 260 415-419.
58. M. Dieterich and T. Brandt (2008) Functional brain imaging of peripheral and central vestibular disorders. Brain 131 2538-2552.
59. M. Dieterich, P. Bartenstein, S. Spiegel, S. Bense, M. Schwaiger and T. Brandt (2005) Thalamic infarctions cause side-specific suppression of vestibular cortex activation. Brain 128 2052-2067.
60. M.J. Drescher and D.G. Drescher (1992) Glutamate, of the endogenous primary amino acids, is specifically released from hair cells by elevated extracellular potassium. J Neurochem 59 93-98.
61. M.B. Dutia, A.R. Johnston and D.S. McQueen (1992) Tonic activity of rat medial vestibular nucleus neurones in vitro and its inhibition by GABA. Exp Brain Res 88 466-472.
62. H. Engström (1960) The innervation of the vestibular sensory cells. Acta Otolaryngol 163(suppl), 30-41.
63. H. Engström (1970) The first-order vestibular neuron. In Fourth Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration. Washington, DC: US Govt. Printing Office (NASA SP-187) 123–134
64. A.H. Epema, N.M. Gerrits and J. Voogd (1988) Commissural and intrinsic connections of the vestibular nuclei in the rabbit: a retrograde labeling study. Exp Brain Res 71 129-146.
65. D. Felix and K. Ehrenberger (1982) The action of putative neurotransmitter substances in the cat labyrinth. Acta Otolaryngol 93 101-105.
66. C. Fernández, A. Lysakowski and J.M. Goldberg (1995) Hair-cell counts and afferent innervation patterns in the cristae ampullares of the squirrel monkey with a comparison to the chinchilla. J Neurophysiol 73 1253-1269.
67. A. Flock and D.M.K. Lam (1974) Neurotransmitter synthesis in inner ear and lateral line sense organs. Nature 249 142-144.
68. F. Fonnum, J. Storm-Mathisen and F. Walberg (1970) Glutamate decarboxylase in inhibitory neurons. A study of the enzyme in Purkinje cell axons and boutons in the cat. Brain Res 20 259-275.
69. V.L.J. Friedrich, G.P. Martinelli, G.D. Prell and G.R. Holstein (2007) Distribution and cellular localization of imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide, an endogenous ligand at imidazol(in)e and adrenergic receptors, in rat brain. J Chem Neuroanat 33 53-64.
70. S. Fujita, S. Usami, H. Shinkawa, K. Sato, H. Kiyama and M. Tohyama (1994) Expression of NMDA receptor subunit mRNA in the vestibular ganglion of the rat and guinea-pig. NeuroReport 5 862-864.
71. N. Furuya, T. Yabe and T. Koizumi (1992) Neurotransmitters regulating the activity of the vestibular commissural inhibition in the cat. B. Cohen, D.L. Tomko, F. Guedry (Eds) Sensing and controlling motion: vestibular and sensorimotor function vol 656 New York: The New York Academy of Sciences 594-601.
72. R.R. Gacek (1969) The course and central distribution of first order neurons supplying vestibular endorgans in the cat. Acta Otolaryngol Stockholm Suppl 154 1-66.
73. R.R. Gacek (1971) Anatomical demonstration of the vestibulo-ocular projections in the cat. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 293 1-63.
74. R.R. Gacek (1978) Location of commissural neurons in the vestibular nuclei of the cat. Exp Neurol 59 479-491.
75. R.R. Gacek (1979) Location of trochlear vestibuloocular neurons in the cat. Exp Neurol 66 692-706.
76. R.R. Gacek (2002) Neuroanatomy of the nerves of the temporal bone. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 60 12-31.
77. J.P. Gallagher, K.D. Phelan and P. Shinnick-Gallagher (1992) Modulation of excitatory transmision at the rat medial vestibular nucleus synapse. B. Cohen, D. Tomko, F. Guedry (Eds) Sensing and controlling motion: vestibular and sensorimotor function vol 656 New York: New York Academy of Sciences 630-644.
78. G.T. Gdowski and R.A. McCrea (2000) Neck proprioceptive inputs to primate vestibular nucleus neurons. Exp Brain Res 135 511-526.
79. D.A. Godfrey, J.A. Carter, S.J. Berger, O.H. Lowry and F.M. Matschinsky (1977) Quantitative histochemical mapping of candidate transmitter amino acids in cat cochlear nucleus. J Histochem Cytochem 25 417-431.
80. J.M. Goldberg, A.M. Brichta and P.A. Wackym (2000) Efferent vestibular system: Anatomy, physiology, and neurochemistry. A.J. Beitz, J.H. Anderson (Eds) Neurochemistry of the vestibular system Boca Raton: CRC Press 61-94.
81. J.M. Goldberg, A. Lysakowski and C. Fernandez (1990) Morphophysiological and ultrastructural studies in the mammalian cristae ampullares. Hear Res 49 89-102.
82. D.S. Goldstein, D. Robertson, M. Esler, S.E. Straus and G. Eisenhofer (2002) Dysautonomias: clinical disorders of the autonomic nervous system. Ann Intern Med 137 753-763.
83. W. Graf, N.M. Gerrits, N. Yatim-Dhiba and G. Ugolini (2002) Mapping the oculomotor system: The power of transneuronal labeling with rabies virus. Eur J Neurosci 15 1557-1562.
84. S. Grassi and V.E. Pettorossi (2000) Role of nitric oxide in long-term potentiation of the rat medial vestibular nuclei. Neuroscience 101 157-164.
85. S. Grassi, G. Della Torre, G. Capocchi, M. Zampolini and V.E. Pettorossi (1995) The role of GABA in NMDA-dependent long term depression (LTD) of rat medial vestibular nuclei. Brain Res 699 183-191.
86. P.S. Guth, P. Perin, C.H. Norris and P. Valli (1998) The vestibular hair cells: post-transductional signal processing. Prog Neurobiol 54 193-247.
87. A.L. Halberstadt and C.D. Balaban (2007) Selective anterograde tracing of the individual serotonergic and nonserotonergic components of the dorsal raphe nucleus projection to the vestibular nuclei. Neuroscience 147 207-223.
88. A. Harper, W.R. Blythe, C.J. Zdanski, J. Prazma and H.C. Pillsbury III (1994) Nitric oxide in the rat vestibular system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 111 430-438.
89. E. Hauglie-Hanssen (1968) Intrinsic neuronal organization of the vestibular nuclear complex in the cat. A Golgi study. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 40 1-105.
90. A.W. Hendricson and P.S. Guth (2002) Signal discrimination in the semicircular canals: A role for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. NeuroReport 13 1765-1768.
91. S.M. Highstein (1971) Organization of the inhibitory and excitatory vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways to the third and fourth nuclei in rabbit. Brain Res 32 218-224.
92. S.M. Highstein (1992) The efferent control of the organs of balance and equilibrium in the toadfish, Opsanus tau. B. Cohen, D.L. Tomko, F. Guedry (Eds) Sensing and controlling motion. Vestibular and sensorimotor function vol 656 New York: New York Academy of Sciences 108-123.
93. S.M. Highstein and G.R. Holstein (2006) The anatomy of the vestibular nuclei. J.A. Büttner-Ennever (Eds) Neuroanatomy of the oculomotor system vol 151 Amsterdam: Elsevier
94. S.M. Highstein and M. Ito (1971) Differential localization within the vestibular nuclear complex of the inhibitory and excitatory cells innervating IIIrd nucleus oculomotor neurons in rabbit. Brain Res 29 355-362.
95. S.M. Highstein, J.M. Goldberg, A.K. Moschovakis and C. Fernandez (1987) Inputs from regularly and irregularly discharging vestibular nerve afferents to secondary neurons in the vestibular nuclei of the squirrel monkey. II. Correlation with output pathways of secondary neurons. J Neurophysiol 58 719-738.
96. S.M. Highstein, R.D. Rabbitt, G.R. Holstein and R.D. Boyle (2005) Determinants of spatial and temporal coding by semicircular canal afferents. J Neurophysiol 93 2359-2370.
97. Y. Hirata, J.M. Lockard and S.M. Highstein (2002) Capacity of vertical VOR adaptation in squirrel monkey. J Neurophysiol 88 3194-3207.
98. T. Hironaka, Y. Morita, S. Bagihira, E. Tateno, H. Kita and M. Tohyama (1990) Localization of GABAB receptor alpha-1 subunit mRNA-containing neurons in the lower brainstem of the rat. Mol Brain Res 7 335-345.
99. M.J. Holmes, L.A. Cotter, H.E. Arendt, S.P. Cass and B.J. Yates (2002) Effects of lesions of the caudal cerebellar vermis on cardiovascular regulation in awake cats. Brain Res 938 62-72.
100. G. Holstege (1988) Brainstem-spinal cord projections in the cat, related to control of head and axial movements. J.A. Büttner-Ennever (Eds) Neuroanatomy of the oculomotor system: reviews of oculomotor research vol 2 Amsterdam: Elsevier 431-470.
101. G. Holstege (1989) Anatomical study of the final common pathway for vocalization in the cat. J Comp Neurol 284 242-252.
102. G.R. Holstein (2000) Inhibitory amino acid transmitters in the vestibular nuclei. A.J. Beitz, J.H. Anderson (Eds) Neurochemistry of the vestibular system Boca Raton: CRC Press
103. G.R. Holstein, G.P. Martinelli and B. Cohen (1992) L-Baclofen-sensitive GABAB binding sites in the medial vestibular nucleus localized by immunocytochemistry. Brain Res 581 175-180.
104. G.R. Holstein, G.P. Martinelli, J.W. Degen and B. Cohen (1996) GABAergic neurons in the primate vestibular nuclei. S.M. Highstein, B. Cohen, J.A. Büttner-Ennever (Eds) New directions in vestibular research vol 781 New York: New York Academy of Sciences 443-457.
105. G.R. Holstein, G.P. Martinelli and B. Cohen (1999) Ultrastructural features of non-commissural GABAergic neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus of the monkey. Neuroscience 93 183-193.
106. G.R. Holstein, G.P. Martinelli, S. Wearne and B. Cohen (1999) Ultrastructure of vestibular commissural neurons related to velocity storage in the monkey. Neuroscience 93 155-170.
107. G.R. Holstein, G.P. Martinelli and B. Cohen (1999) The ultrastructure of GABA-immunoreactive vestibular commissural neurons related to velocity storage in the monkey. Neuroscience 93 171-181.
108. G.R. Holstein, G.P. Martinelli, S.C. Henderson, V.L.J. Friedrich, R.D. Rabbitt and S.M. Highstein (2004) Gamma-aminobutyric acid is present in a spatially discrete subpopulation of hair cells in the crista ampullaris of the toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Comp Neurol 471 1-10.
109. G.R. Holstein, R.D. Rabbitt, G.P. Martinelli, V.L.J. Friedrich, R.D. Boyle and S.M. Highstein (2004) Convergence of excitatory and inhibitory hair cell transmitters shapes vestibular afferent responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 15766-15771.
110. A.K.E. Horn (2006) The reticular formation. J.A. Büttner-Ennever (Eds) Neuroanatomy of the oculomotor system vol 151 Amsterdam: Elsevier 127-155.
111. A.K. Horn, J.A. Buttner-Ennever, Y. Suzuki and V. Henn (1995) Histological identification of premotor neurons for horizontal saccades in monkey and man by parvalbumin immunostaining. J Comp Neurol 359 350-363.
112. C.R. Houser, R.P. Barber and J.E. Vaughn (1984) Immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase in the dorsal lateral vestibular nucleus: evidence for an intrinsic and extrinsic GABAergic innervation. Neurosci Lett 47 413-420.
113. M. Ito, T. Hongo and Y. Okada (1969) Vestibular-evoked postsynaptic potentials in Deiters neurones. Exp Brain Res 7 214-230.
114. S. Iurato (1967) Submicroscopic structure of the inner ear. Oxford: Pergamon Press
115. M. Kasahara and Y. Uchino (1971) Selective mode of commissural inhibition induced by semicircular canal afferents on secondary vestibular neurones in the cat. Brain Res 34 366-369.
116. E. Katz, J.M.B.V. DeJong, J. Buettner-Ennever and B. Cohen (1991) Effects of midline medullary lesions on velocity storage and the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Exp Brain Res 87 505-520.
117. H. Kaufmann, I. Biaggioni, A. Voustianiouk, A. Diedrich, F. Costa, R. Clarke, M. Gizzi, T. Raphan and B. Cohen (2002) Vestibular control of sympathetic activity. An otolith-sympathetic reflex in humans. Exp Brain Res 143 463-469.
118. I.A. Kerman and B.J. Yates (1998) Regional and functional differences in the distribution of vestibulosympathetic reflexes. Am J Physiol 275 R824-R835.
119. A. Kern, K. Seidel and H.H. Oelschläger (2009) The central vestibular complex in dolphins and humans: functional implications of Deiters’ nucleus. Brain Behav Evol 73 102-110.
120. G.A. Kevetter (1996) Pattern of selected calcium-binding proteins in the vestibular nuclear complex of two rodent species. J Comp Neurol 365 575-584.
121. G.A. Kevetter and A.R. Coffey (1991) Aspartate-like immunoreactivity in vestibulo-spinal neurons in gerbils. Neurosci Lett 123 273.
122. G.A. Kevetter and R.B. Leonard (1997) Use of calcium-binding proteins to map inputs in vestibular nuclei of the gerbil. J Comp Neurol 386 317-327.
123. G.A. Kevetter, D. Saxon and A.J. Beitz (2000) Excitatory amino acids and nitric oxide in the vestibular nuclei. A.J. Beitz, J.H. Anderson (Eds) Neurochemistry of the vestibular system Boca Raton: CRC Press 97-126.
124. G.A. Kinney, B.W. Peterson and N.T. Slater (1994) The synaptic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the rat medial vestibular nucleus. J Neurophysiol 72 1588-1595.
125. T. Kitahara, T. Noriaki and K. Ohno (1994) Expression of GABA-A receptor gamma-1 and gamma-2 subunits in the peripheral vestibular system of the rat. Brain Res 650 157-160.
126. T. Knopfel (1987) Evidence for N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor-mediated modulation of the commissural input to central vestibular neurons in the frog. Brain Res 426 212-224.
127. N. Kotchabhakdi and F. Walberg (1978) Cerebellar afferent projections from the vestibular nuclei in the cat: an experimental study with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Exp Brain Res 31 591-604.
128. S.-K. Lai, C.-H. Lai, Y.-C. Tse, K.K.L. Yung, D.K.Y. Shum and Y.-S. Chan (2008) Developmental maturation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in rat vestibular nuclear neurons responsive to vertical linear acceleration. Eur J Neurosci 28 2157-2172.
129. T. Langer, A.F. Fuchs, M.C. Chubb, C.A. Scudder and S.G. Lisberger (1985) Floccular efferents in the Rhesus macaque as revealed by autoradiography and horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 235 26-37.
130. T. Langer, A.F. Fuchs, C.A. Scudder and M.C. Chubb (1985) Afferents to the flocculus of the cerebellum in the Rhesus Macaque as revealed by horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 235 1-25.
131. T. Langer, C.R.S. Kaneko, C.A. Scudder and A.F. Fuchs (1986) Afferents to the abducens nucleus in the monkey and cat. J Comp Neurol 245 379-400.
132. D. Langosch, C.M. Becker and H. Betz (1990) The inhibitory glycine receptor: a ligand-gated channel of the central nervous system. Eur J Biochem 194 1-8.
133. P.N.M. Lapeyre, P.J. Kolston and J.F. Ashmore (1993) GABAB-mediated modulation of ionic conductancs in type I hair cells isolated from guinea pig semicircular canals. Brain Res 609 269-276.
134. I. López, J.-Y. Wu and G. Meza (1992) Immunocytochemical evidence for an afferent GABAergic neurotransmission in the guinea pig vestibular system. Brain Res 589 341-348.
135. R. Lorente de Nó (1933) Anatomy of the eighth nerve. The central projection of the nerve endings of the internal ear. Laryngoscope 43 1-38.
136. A. Lysakowski (1996) Synaptic organization of the crista ampullaris in vertebrates. S.M. Highstein, B. Cohen, J. Büttner-Ennever (Eds) Ann NY Acad Sci vol 781 New York: New York Academy of Sciences 164-182.
137. A. Lysakowski and J.M. Goldberg (2008) Ultrastructural analysis of the cristae ampullares in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J Comp Neurol 511 47-64.
138. A. Lysakowski and M. Singer (2000) Nitric oxide synthase localized in a subpopulation of vestibular efferents with NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemistry. J Comp Neurol 427 508-521.
139. V. Marlinski and R.A. McCrea (2008) Activity of ventroposterior thalamus neurons during rotation and translation in the horizontal plane in the alert squirrel monkey. J Neurophysiol 99 2533-2544.
140. V. Marlinski and R.A. McCrea (2008) Coding of self-motion signals in ventro-posterior thalamus neurons in the alert squirrel monkey. Exp Brain Res 189 463-472.
141. V. Marlinski and R.A. McCrea (2009) Self-motion signals in vestibular nuclei neurons projecting to the thalamus in the alert squirrel monkey. J Neurophysiol 101
142. J. Márquez-Ruiz, S. Morcuende, J.D. Navarro-López J.d.D. and M. Escudero (2007) Anatomical and pharmacological relationship between acetylcholine and nitric oxide in the prepositus hypoglossi nucleus of the cat: functional implications for eye-movement control. J Comp Neurol 503 407-420.
143. G.P. Martinelli, G.R. Holstein, P. Pasik and B. Cohen (1992) Monoclonal antibodies for ultrastructural visualization of L-baclofen-sensitive GABAB receptor site. Neuroscience 46 23-33.
144. G.P. Martinelli, V.L.J. Friedrich and G.R. Holstein (2002) L-Citrulline immuno-staining identifies nitric oxide production sites within neurons. Neuroscience 114 111-122.
145. G.P. Martinelli, V.L.J. Friedrich, G.D. Prell and G.R. Holstein (2007) Vestibular neurons in the rat contain imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide, a putative neurotransmitter involved in blood pressure regulation. J Comp Neurol 501 568-581.
146. R.A. McCrea and A.K.E. Horn (2006) Nucleus Prepositus. J.A. Büttner-Ennever (Eds) Neuroanatomy of the oculomotor system vol 151 Amsterdam: Elsevier 205-230.
147. R.A. McCrea, K. Yoshida, A. Berthoz and R. Baker (1980) Eye movement related activity and morphology of second order vestibular neurons terminating in the cat abducens nucleus. Exp Brain Res 40 468-473.
148. R.A. McCrea, A. Strassman and S.M. Highstein (1987) Anatomical and physiological characteristics of vestibular neurons mediating the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflexes of the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 264 571-594.
149. R.A. McCrea, A. Strassman, E. May and S.M. Highstein (1987) Anatomical and physiological characteristics of vestibular neurons mediating the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex in the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 264 547-570.
150. H. Meng, R.S. Bai, H. Sato, M. Imagawa, M. Sasaki and Y. Uchino (2001) Otolith-activated vestibulothalamic neurons in cats. Exp Brain Res 141 415-424.
151. H. Meng, P.J. May, J.D. Dickman and D.E. Angelaki (2007) Vestibular signals in primate thalamus: properties and origins. J Neurosci 27 13590-13602.
152. P. Mettens, G. Cheron and E. Godaux (1994) Involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors of the vestibular nucleus in the gaze-holding system of the cat. Neurosci Lett 174
153. G. Meza (2008) Modalities of GABA and glutamate neurotransmission in the vertebrate inner ear vestibule. Neurochem Res 33 1634-1642.
154. D.M. Miller, D.A. Reighard, A.S. Mehta, A.S. Mehta, R. Kalash and B.J. Yates (2009) Responses of thoracic spinal interneurons to vestibular stimulation. Exp Brain Res 195 89-100.
155. L.B. Minor, R.A. McCrea and J.M. Goldberg (1990) Dual projections of secondary vestibular axons in the medial longitudinal fasciculus to extraocular motor nuclei and the spinal cord of the squirrel monkey. Exp Brain Res 83 9-21.
156. A. Mitsacos, H. Reisine and S.M. Highstein (1983) The superior vestibular nucleus: an intracellular HRP study in the cat. I. Vestibulo-ocular neurons. J Comp Neurol 215 78-91.
157. A. Mitsacos, H. Reisine and S.M. Highstein (1983) The superior vestibular nucleus: an intracellular HRP study in the cat. II. Non-vestibulo-ocular neurons. J Comp Neurol 215 92-107.
158. B. Moreno-López, M. Escudero, J.M. Delgado-García and C. Estrada (1996) Nitric oxide production by brain stem neurons is required for normal performance of eye movements in alert animals. Neuron 17 739-745.
159. L.J.J. Muskens (1913) An anatomico-physiological study of the posterior longitudinal bundle in relation to forced movements. Brain 36 352-426.
160. S.D. Newlands and A.A. Perachio (2003) Central projections of the vestibular nerve: a review and single fiber study in the Mongolian gerbil. Brain Res Bull 60 475-495.
161. J. Olszewski and D. Baxter (1982) Cytoarchitecture of the human brain stem. Basel: Karger
162. O.P. Ottersen, Y. Takumi, A. Matsubara, A.S. Landsend, J.H. Laake and S.-I. Usami (1998) Molecular organization of a type of peripheral glutamate synapse: the afferent synapses of hair cells in the inner ear. Prog Neurobiol 54 127-148.
163. A.M. Partsalis, Y. Zhang and S.M. Highstein (1995) Dorsal Y group in the squirrel monkey. I. Neuronal responses during rapid and long-term modifications of the vertical VOR. J Neurophysiol 73 615-631.
164. J.F.R. Paton and K.M. Spyer (1990) Brain stem regions mediating the cardiovascular responses elicited from the posterior cerebellar cortex in the rabbit. J Physiol 427 533-552.
165. J.F.R. Paton, A. LaNoce, R.M. Sykes, L. Sebastiani, P. Bagnoli, B. Ghelarducci and D.J. Bradley (1991) Efferent connections of lobule IX of the posterior cerebellar cortex in the rabbit – some functional considerations. J Autonom Nerv Syst 36 209-224.
166. B.W. Peterson and R. Boyle (2004) Vestibulocollic reflexes. S.M. Highstein, R.R. Fay, A.N. Popper (Eds) The vestibular system vol 19 New York: Springer 343-374.
167. B.W. Peterson and J.D. Coulter (1977) A new long spinal projection from the vestibular nuclei in the cat. Brain Res 122 351-356.
168. R.S. Petralia, N. Yokotani and R.J. Wenthold (1994) Light and electron microscope distribution of the NMDA receptor subunit NMDAR1 in the rat nervous system suing a selective anti-peptide antibody. J Neurosci 14 6102-6120.
169. O. Pompeiano (1972) Spinovestibular relations: Anatomical and physiological aspects. Prog Brain Res 37 263-296.
170. O. Pompeiano and A. Brodal (1957) Spino-vestibular fibers in the cat. An experimental study. J Comp Neurol 108 353-382.
171. O. Pompeiano, T. Mergner and N. Corvaja (1978) Commissural perihypoglossal and reticular afferent projections to the vestibular nuclei in the cat. Arch Ital Biol 116 130-172.
172. P. Popper, J.P. Rodrigo, J.C. Alvarez, I. Lopez and V. Honrubia (1997) Expression of the AMPA-selective receptor subunits in the vestibular nuclei of the chinchilla. Mol Brain Res 44 21-30.
173. W. Precht, P.C. Schwindt and R. Baker (1973) Removal of vestibular commissural inhibition by antagonists of GABA and glycine. Brain Res 62 222-226.
174. G.D. Prell, G.P. Martinelli, G.R. Holstein, J. Matulic-Adamic, K.A. Watanabe, S.L. Chan, N.G. Morgan, M.A. Haxhiu and P. Ernsberger (2004) Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide: an endogenous ligand that stimulates imidazol(in)e receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 13677-13682.
175. I. Prigioni, G. Russo and S. Masetto (1994) Non-NMDA receptors mediate glutamate-induced depolarization in frog crista ampullaris. NeuroRep 5 516-518.
176. S. Ramón y Cajal (1909) Histologie du Systeme Nerveux de l`Homme et des Vertébrés. Paris: Maloine
177. T. Raphan and B. Cohen (2002) The vestibulo-ocular reflex in three dimensions. Exp Brain Res 145 1-27.
178. A.T. Rasmussen (1940) Studies of the VIIIth cranial nerve of man. Laryngoscope 50 67-83.
179. J. Raymond, A. Nieoullon, D. Dememes and A. Sans (1984) Evidence for glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the cat vestibular nerve: radioautographic and biochemical studies. Exp Brain Res 56 523-531.
180. I. Reichenberger and N. Dieringer (1994) Size-related colocalization of glycine and glutamate immunoreactivity in frog and rat vestibular afferents. J Comp Neurol 349 603-614.
181. D.J. Reis (1996) Neurons and receptors in the rostroventrolateral medulla mediating the antihypertensive actions of drugs acting at imidazoline receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 27(Suppl 3), S11-S18.
182. A.J. Ricci, B. Kachar, J. Gale and S.M. Van Netten (2006) Mechano-electrical transduction: new insights into old ideas. J Membr Biol 209 71-88.
183. U. Rosenhall (1972) Vestibular macular mapping in man. Ann Otol Rhinol Lanyngol 81 339-351.
184. K. Sadjadpour and A. Brodal (1967) The vestibular nuclei in man. A morphological study in the light of experimental findings in the cat. J Hirn 299-323.
185. N. Sans, B. Moniot and J. Raymond (1995) Distribution of calretinin mRNA in the vestibular nuclei of rat and guinea pig and the effects of unilateral labyrinthectomy: a non-radioactive in situ hybridization study. Mol Brain Res 28 1-11.
186. D.W. Saxon and A.J. Beitz (2000) The normal distribution and projections of constitutive NADPH-d/NOS neurons in the brainstem vestibular complex of the rat. J Comp Neurol 425 97-120.
187. D.W.F. Schwarz, I.E. Schwarz and J.M. Fredrickson (1977) Fine structure of the medial and descending vestibular nuclei in normal rats and after unilateral transection of the vestibular nerve. Acta Otolaryngol 84 79-90.
188. W.F. Sewell and E.A. Mroz (1990) Purification of a low-molecular weight excitatory substance from the inner ears of goldfish. Hear Res 50 127-137.
189. W.T. Shaia, S.M. Shapiro, A.J. Heller, D.L. Galiani, A. Sismanis and R.F. Spencer (2002) Immunohistochemical localization of calcium-binding proteins in the brainstem vestibular nuclei of the jaundiced Gunn rat. Hearing 173 82-90.
190. M. Shao, J.C. Hirsch, C. Giaume and K.D. Peusner (2003) Spontaneous synaptic activity is primarily GABAergic in vestibular nucleus neurons of the chick embryo. J Neurophysiol 90 1182-1192.
191. H. Shimazu and W. Precht (1966) Inhibition of central vestibular neurons from the contralateral labyrinth and its mediating pathway. J Neurophysiol 29 467-492.
192. C.A. Smith and F. Sjostrand (1961) A synaptic structure in the hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea. J Ultrastruct Res 5 184-192.
193. P.F. Smith, C. de Waele, P.-P. Vidal and C.L. Darlington (1991) Excitatory amino acid receptors in normal and abnormal vestibular function. Mol Neurobiol 5 369.
194. E. Soto and R. Vega (1988) Actions of excitatory amino acid agonists and antagonists on the primary afferents of the vestibular system of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Brain Res 462 104-111.
195. R.F. Spencer and R. Baker (1992) GABA and glycine as inhibitory neurotransmitters in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. B. Cohen, F. Guedry, T. Tomko (Eds) Sensing and controlling motion: vestibular and sensorimotor function vol 656 New York: The New York Academy of Sciences 602-611.
196. R.F. Spencer, S.-F. Wang and R. Baker (1992) The pathways and functions of GABA in the oculomotor system. Prog Brain Res 90 307-334.
197. H. Spoendlin (1965) Ultrastructural studies of the labyrinth in squirrel monkeys. A. Graybiel (Eds) The role of the vestibular organs in the exploration of space, vol SP-77 Washington, DC: NASA 7-21.
198. H.W.M. Steinbusch (1991) Distribution of histaminergic neurons and fibers in rat brain. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 479(Suppl), 12-23.
199. H. Straka and N. Dieringer (1993) Electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of vestibular inputs to identified frog abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 5 251-260.
200. H. Straka, K. Debler and N. Dieringer (1995) Size-related properties of vestibular afferent fibers in the frog: differential synaptic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Neuroscience 70 697-707.
201. H. Straka, S. Biesdorf and N. Dieringer (1997) Canal-specific excitation and inhibition of frog second-order vestibular neurons. J Neurophysiol 78 1363-1372.
202. H. Straka, I. Reichenberger and N. Dieringer (2000) Synaptic transmission by vestibular nerve afferent fibers. J.H. Anderson, A.J. Beitz (Eds) Neurochemistry of the vestibular system Boca Raton: CRC Press
203. H. Straka, S. Holler and F. Goto (2002) Patterns of canal and otolith afferent input convergence in frog second-order vestibular neurons. J Neurophysiol 88 2287-2301.
204. C. Suarez, C. Diaz, J. Tolivia, J.C. Alvarez, C. Gonzlez del Rey and A. Navarro (1997) Morphometric analysis of the human vestibular nuclei. Anat Rec 247 271-288.
205. J. Szentagothai (1942) Die innere Gliederung des oculomotoriuskernes. Arch Psychiat 115 127-135.
206. Y. Takahashi, T. Tsumoto and T. Kubo (1994) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors contribute to afferent synaptic transmission in the medial vestibular nucleus of young rats. Brain Res 659 287-291.
207. N. Takeda, M. Morita, Y. Kubo, A. Yamatodani, T. Watanabe, M. Tohyama, H. Wada and T. Matsunaga (1987) Histaminergic projection from the posterior hypothalamus to the medial vestibular nucleus of rats and its relation to motion sickness. M.D. Graham, J.L. Kemink (Eds) The vestibular system: neurophysiologic and clinical research New York: Raven Press
208. R. Thalmann, E. Ignatova, B. Kachar, D.M. Ornitz and I. Thalmann m.I. (2001) Development and maintenance of otoconia: biochemical considerations. Ann NY Acad Sci 942 162-178.
209. B. Tighilet, C. Mourre, S. Trottier and M. Lacour (2007) Histaminergic ligands improve vestibular compensation in the cat: behavioural, neurochemical and molecular evidence. Eur J Pharmacol 568 149-163.
210. S.-I. Usami, J. Hozawa, M. Tazawa, M. Igarashi, G.C. Thompson, J.-Y. Wu and R.J. Wenthold (1989) Immunocytochemical study of the GABA system in chicken vestibular endorgans and the vestibular ganglion. Brain Res 503 214-218.
211. S.-I. Usami, A. Matsubara, S. Fujita, H. Shinkawa and M. Hayashi (1995) NMDA (NMDAR1) and AMPA-type (GluR2/3) receptor subunits are expressed in the inner ear. NeuroReport 6 1161-1164.
212. J. Ventre-Dominey, N. Nighoghossian and P. Denise (2003) Evidence for interacting cortical control of vestibular function and spatial representation in man. Neuropsychologia 41 1884-1898.
213. P.P. Vidal, A. Babalian, C. de Waele, M. Serafin, N. Vibert and M. Muhlethaler (1996) NMDA receptors of the vestibular nuclei neurones. Brain Res Bull 40 347-352.
214. P.P. Vidal, N. Vibert, M. Serafin, A. Babalian, M. Muhlethaler and C. de Waele (1999) Intrinsic physiological and pharmacological properties of central vestibular neurons. U. Büttner (Eds) Vestibular dysfunction and its therapy vol 55 Basel: Karger 26-81.
215. J. Voogd, N.M. Gerrits and T.J.H. Ruigrok (1996) Organization of the vestibulocerebellum. S.M. Highstein, B. Cohen, J.A. Büttner-Ennever (Eds) New directions in vestibular research vol 781 New York: New York Academy of Sciences 553-579.
216. F. Walberg, D. Bowsher and A. Brodal (1958) The termination of primary vestibular fibers in the vestibular nuclei in the cat. An experimental study with silver methods. J Comp Neurol 110 391-419.
217. F. Walberg, O.P. Ottersen and E. Rinvik (1990) GABA, glycine, aspartate, glutamate and taurine in the vestibular nuclei: An immunocytochemical investigation in the cat. Exp Brain Res 79 547-563.
218. R.J. Wenthold, D.R. Hampson, K. Wada, C. Hunter, M.D. Oberdorfer and C.J. Dechesne (1990) Isolation, localization and cloning of a kainic acid binding protein from frog brain. J Histochem Cytochem 12 1717.
219. P.R. Wentzel, N.M. Gerrits and C.I. deZeeuw (1996) GABAergic and glycinergic inputs to the rabbit oculomotor nucleus with special emphasis on the medial rectus subdivision. Brain Res 707 314-319.
220. J. Wersäll (1954) The minute structure of the crista ampullaris in the guinea pig as revealed by the electron microscope. Acta Otolaryngol 44 359-369.
221. J. Wersäll and D. Bagger-Sjöbäck (1974) Morphology of the vestibular sense organ. H.H. Kronhuber (Eds) Handbook of sensory physiology: the vestibular system, Part 1: Basic mechanisms New York: Springer-Verlag 123-170.
222. V.J. Wilson and G. Melvill Jones (1979) Mammalian vestibular physiology. New York: Plenum Press
223. V.J. Wilson and R.H. Schor (1999) The neural substrate of the vestibulocollic reflex. Exp Brain Res 129 483-493.
224. D.R. Wylie, C.I. DeZeeuw, P.L. Gigiogi and J.I. Simpson (1994) Projections of individual Purkinje cells of identified zones in the ventral nodulus to the vestibular and cerebellar nuclei in the rabbit. J Comp Neurol 349 448-463.
225. Y. Xiang, S.B. Yakushin, M. Kunin, T. Raphan and B. Cohen (2008) Head stabilization by vestibulocollic reflexes during quadrupedal locomotion in monkey. J Neurophysiol 100 763-780.
226. M. Yamamoto, I. Shimoyama and S.M. Highstein (1978) Vestibular nucleus neurons relaying excitation from the anterior canal to the oculomotor nucleus. Brain Res 148 31-42.
227. A. Yamauchi, R.D. Rabbitt, R. Boyle and S.M. Highstein (2002) Relationship between inner-ear fluid pressure and semicircular canal afferent nerve discharge. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 3 26-44.
228. B.J. Yates (1996) Vestibular influences on the autonomic nervous system. Ann NY Acad Sci 781 458-473.
229. B.J. Yates and A.M. Bronstein (2005) The effects of vestibular system lesions on autonomic regulation: Observations, mechanisms, and clinical implications. J Vest Res 15 119-129.
230. B.J. Yates and S.D. Stocker (1998) Integration of somatic and visceral inputs by the brainstem. Functional considerations. Exp Brain Res 119 269-275.
231. J. Zhang, X.-H. Han, H.-Z. Li, J.-N. Zhu and J.-J. Wang (2008) Histamine excites rat lateral vestibular nuclear neurons through activation of post-synaptic H2 receptors. Neurosci Lett 448 15-19.
232. G. Zucca, L. Botta, V. Milesi, F. Dagani and P. Valli (1992) Evidence for L-glutamate release in frog vestibular organs. Hear Res 63 52-56.
233. A. Zwergal, J. Büttner-Ennever, T. Brandt and M. Strupp (2008) An ipsilateral vestibulothalamic tract adjacent to the medial lemniscus in humans. Brain 131 2928-2935.