The impact of controlled solvent exposure on the morphology, structure and function of bulk heterojunction solar cells

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 107, Issue , 2012, Pages 112-124

  Hegde, Raghavendra ^a   Henry, Nathan ^a   Whittle, Ben ^a   Zang, Huidong ^c   Hu, Bin ^c   Chen, Jihua ^b   Xiao, Kai ^b   Dadmun, Mark ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^b OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c University of Tennessee Knoxville   (United States)

Author keywords

Crystallinity; Depth profile; Morphology; Organic solar cell; Solvent annealing

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE LAYER; ANNEALING TIME; AS-CAST; BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS; CRYSTAL SIZE; CRYSTALLINITIES; DEPTH PROFILE; METHYL ESTERS; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; OPTIMUM EFFICIENCY; ORGANIC SOLAR CELL; PHOTO-VOLTAIC EFFICIENCY; PHOTOVOLTAIC; SI SUBSTRATES; SOLVENT ANNEALING; SOLVENT EXPOSURE; SOLVENT VAPOR PRESSURE; STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS; THERMAL-ANNEALING;

ANNEALING; HETEROJUNCTIONS; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; MORPHOLOGY; SOLAR CELLS; THIN FILMS; VAPORS;

SOLVENTS;

EID: 84865815766     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2012.07.014     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. H. Hoppe, and N.S. Sariciftci Morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells Journal of Materials Chemistry 16 2006 45 61
2. M. Campoy-Quiles, T. Ferenczi, T. Agostinelli, P.G. Etchegoin, Y. Kim, T.D. Anthopoulos, P.N. Stavrinou, D.D. Bradley, and J. Nelson Morphology evolution via self-organization and lateral and vertical diffusion in polymer:fullerene solar cell blends Nature Materials 7 2008 158 164
3. J.Y. Kim, S.H. Kim, H.H. Lee, K. Lee, W. Ma, X. Gong, and A.J. Heeger New architecture for high-efficiency polymer photovoltaic cells using solution-based titanium oxide as an optical spacer Advanced Materials 18 2006 572 576
4. J.J.M. Halls, A.C. Arias, J.D. MacKenzie, W. Wu, M. Inbasekaran, E.P. Woo, and R.H. Friend Photodiodes based on polyfluorene composites: influence of morphology Advanced Materials 12 2000 498 502
5. M.R. Reyes, K. Kim, and D.L. Carroll High-efficiency photovoltaic devices based on annealed poly(3-hexylthiophene) and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1- phenyl-(6,6)C61 blends Applied Physics Letters 87 2005 083506
6. D.E. Motaung, G.F. Malgas, C.J. Arendse, S.E. Mavundla, C.J Oliphant, and D. Knoesen Influence of thermal annealing on the morphology and structural properties of a conjugated polymer in blends with an organic acceptor material Journal of Materials Science 44 2009 3192 3197
7. A. Swinnen, I. Haeldermans, M. vande Ven, J.D. Haen, G. Vanhoyland, S. Aresu, M.D. Olieslaeger, and J. Manca Tuning the dimensions of C60-based needlelike crystals in blended thin films Advanced Functional Materials 16 2006 760 765
8. Y. Kim, S.A. Choulis, J. Nelson, D.C. Bradley, S. Cook, and J.R. Durrant Device annealing effect in organic solar cells with blends of regioregular Poly (3-hexylthiophene) and soluble fullerene Applied Physics Letters 86 2005 article number 063502
9. M.Y. Chiu, U. Ser Jeng, C.H. Su, K.S. Liang, and K.H. Wei Simultaneous use of small- and wide-angle X-ray techniques to analyze nanometerscale phase separation in polymer heterojunction solar cells Advanced Materials 20 2008 2573 2757
10. G. Li, Y. Yao, H. Yang, V. Shrotriya, G. Yang, and Y. Yang Solvent annealing effect in polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) and methanofullerenes Advanced Functional Materials 17 2007 1636 1644
11. W. Ma, C. Yang, X. Gong, K. Lee, and A.J. Heeger Thermally stable efficient polymer solar cells with nanoscale control of the interpenetrating network morphology Advanced Functional Materials 15 2005 1617 1622
12. S. Pal, S. Roy, and A.K. Nandi Temperature variation of DC conductivity of poly(3-alkyl thiophenes) and their cocrystals Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109 2005 18332 18341
13. A.J. Parnell, A.D. Dunbar, A.J. Pearson, P.A. Staniec, A.J. Dennison, H. Hamamatsu, M.W. Skoda, D.G. Lidzey, and R.A.L. Jones Depletion of PCBM at the cathode interface in P3HT/PCBM thin films as quantified via neutron reflectivity measurements Advanced Materials 22 2010 2444 2447
14. M. Kobashi, and H. Takeuchi Inhomogeneity of spin-coated and cast non-regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) films structures and electrical and photophysical properties Macromolecules 31 1998 7273 7278
15. H. Sirringhaus, P.J. Brown, R.H. Friend, M.M. Nielsen, K. Bechgaard, B.M.W. Langeveld-Voss, A.J.H. Spiering, R.A.J. Janssen, E.W. Meijer, P. Herwig, and D.M. de Leeuw Two-dimensional charge transport in self-organized, high-mobility conjugated polymers Nature 401 1999 685 687
16. Z. Bao, A. Dodabalapur, and A.J. Lovinger Soluble and processable regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) for thin film field-effect transistor applications with high mobility Applied Physics Letters 69 1996 4108 4110
17. H. Sirringhaus, N. Tessler, and R.H. Friend Integrated optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers Science 280 1998 1741 1744
18. R.J. Kline, M.D. McGehee, E.N. Kadnikova, J. Liu, J.M.J. Fréchet, and M.F. Toney Dependence of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) film morphology and field-effect mobility on molecular weight Macromolecules 38 2005 3312 3319
19. Y. Kim, S. Cook, S.M. Tuladhar, S.A. Choulis, J. Nelson, J.R. Durrant, D.D.C. Bradley, M. Giles, I. McCulloch, C.S. Ha, and M. Ree A strong regioregularity effect in self-organizing conjugated polymer films and high-efficiency polythiophene:fullerene solar cells Nature Materials 5 2006 197 203
20. G. Lu, L. Li, and X. Yang Creating a uniform distribution of fullerene C60 nanorods in a polymer matrix and its photovoltaic applications Small 4 2008 601 606
21. S. Bertho, G. Janssen, T.J. Cleij, B. Conings, W. Moons, A. Gadisa, J. D'Haen, E. Goovaerts, L. Lutsen, J. Manca, and D. Vanderzande Effect of temperature on the morphological and photovoltaic stability of bulk heterojunction polymer:fullerene solarcells Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 92 2008 753 760
22. K. Balakrishnan, A. Datar, R. Oitker, H. Chen, J.M. Zuo, and L. Zang Nanobelt self-assembly from an organic n-type semiconductor: propoxyethyl-PTCD Journal of the American Chemical Society 127 2005 10496 10497
23. M.C. Scharber, D. Mühlbacher, M. Koppe, P. Denk, C. Waldaufl, A.J. Heeger, and C.J. Brabec Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells - towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency Advanced Materials 18 2006 789 794
24. J.C. Conboy, E.J.C. Olson, D.M. Adams, A.Z.J. Kerimo, A. Zaban, B.A. Gregg, and P.F. Barbara Impact of solvent vapor annealing on the morphology and photophysics of molecular semiconductor thin films Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102 1998 4516 4525
25. W. Liu, R. Liu, W. Wang, W. Li, W. Liu, K. Zheng, L. Ma, Y. Tian, Z. Bo, and Y. Huang Tailoring nanowire network morphology and charge carrier mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/C60 films Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 2009 11385 11389
26. G. Li, Y. Yao, H. Yang, V. Shrotriya, G. Yang, and Y. Yang Solvent annealing effect in polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) and methanofullerenes Advanced Functional Materials 17 2007 1636 1644
27. G.H. Lu, L.G. Li, and X.N. Yang Achieving perpendicular alignment of rigid polythiophene backbones to the substrate by using solvent-vapor treatment Advanced Materials 19 2007 3594 3598
28. 2O nanoarchitectures by a solution phase route Crystal Growth & Design 7 2007 87 92
29. T.A. Bull, L.S.C. Pingree, S.A. Jenekhe, D.S. Ginger, and C.K. Luscombe The role of mesoscopic PCBM crystallites in solvent vapor annealed copolymer solar cells ACS Nano 3 2009 627 636
30. G. De Luca, A. Liscio, P. Maccagnani, F. Nolde, V. Palermo, K. Müllen, and P. Samorì Nucleation-governed reversible self-assembly of an organic semiconductor at surfaces: long-range mass transport forming giant functional fibers Advanced Functional Materials 17 2007 3791 3798
31. D.J. Mascaroa, M.E. Thompsonb, H.I. Smithc, and V. Bulovićc Forming oriented organic crystals from amorphous thin films on patterned substrates via solvent-vapor annealing Organic Electronics 6 2005 211 220
32. J.W. Chung, B.K. An, F. Hirato, J.H. Kim, H. Jinnai, and S.Y. Park Selected-area in situ generation of highly fluorescent organic nanowires embedded in a polymer film: the solvent-vapor-induced self-assembly process Journal of Materials Chemistry 20 2010 7715 7720
33. J.W. Kiel, B.J. Kirby, C.F. Majkrzak, B.B. Maranville, and M.E. Mackay Nanoparticle concentration profile in polymer-based solar cells Soft Matter 6 2010 641 646
34. H. Chen, R. Hegde, J. Browning, and M.D. Dadmun The miscibility and depth profile of PCBM in P3HT: thermodynamic information to improve organic photovoltaics Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14 2012 5635 5641
35. W. Yin, and M.D. Dadmun A new model for the morphology of P3HT/PCBM organic photovoltaics from small-angle neutron scattering: rivers and streams ACS Nano 5 2011 4756 4768
36. M.J. Arlen, M.D. Dadmun, and W.A. Hamilton Using neutron reflectivity to determine the dynamic properties of a copolymer in a homopolymer matrix Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics 42 2004 3235 3247
37. R.R. Hegde, G.S. Bhat, and B. Deshpande Morphology and properties of nylon 6 blown films reinforced with different weight percentage of nanoclay additives International Journal of Polymer Science 2012 2012 1 14
38. B. Watts, W.J. Belcher, L. Thomsen, H. Ade, and P.C. Dastoor A quantitative study of PCBM diffusion during annealing of P3HT:PCBM blend films Macromolecules 42 2009 8392 8397
39. S.H. Anastasiadis, T.P. Russell, S.K. Satija, and C.F. Majkrzak Neutron reflectivity studies of the surface-induced ordering of diblock copolymer films Physical Review Letters 62 1989 1852 1855
40. A.P.Y. Wong, A. Karim, and C.C. Han Neutron reflection studies of phase separation and transesterification in thin film polymer blends Physica B: Condensed Matter 221 1996 301 305
41. H. Lu, B. Akgun, and T.P. Russell Morphological characterization of a low-bandgap crystalline polymer:PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cells Advanced Energy Materials 1 2011 870 878
42. T. Wang, A.D.F. Dunbar, P.A. Staniec, A.J. Pearson, P.E. Hopkinson, J.E. MacDonald, S. Lilliu, C. Pizzey, N.J. Terrill, A.M. Donald, A.J. Ryan, R.A.L. Jones, and D.G. Lidzey The development of nanoscale morphology in polymer: fullerene photovoltaic blends during solvent casting Soft Matter 6 2010 4128 4134