Elementary relaxation processes investigated by femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy of two-dimensional materials

Laser and Photonics Reviews

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 589-606

  Bovensiepen, Uwe ^a   Kirchmann, Patrick S ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c FRITZ HABER INSTITUT DER MAX PLANCK GESELLSCHAFT   (Germany)

Author keywords

Femtosecond lasers.; Low dimensional systems; Photoelectron spectroscopy; Ultrafast dynamics

Indexed keywords

CHARGE-DENSITY WAVE MATERIAL; DECAY PROCESS; ELECTRON RELAXATION; ELEMENTARY INTERACTIONS; ELEMENTARY RELAXATION; ELEMENTARY SCATTERING; ENERGIES OF ELECTRONIC STATE; EXCITED ELECTRONS; FEMTOSECONDS; LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS; NONEQUILIBRIUM STATE; NUCLEAR MOTIONS; PUMP-PROBE EXPERIMENTS; SOLID MATTER; TIME DOMAIN; TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS; ULTRA-FAST DYNAMICS; ULTRAFAST TIMESCALES;

BINDING ENERGY; CHARGE DENSITY; DISPERSIONS; DYNAMICS; ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE; EXCITED STATES; PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTOEXCITATION; ULTRAFAST LASERS; ULTRASHORT PULSES;

TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS;

EID: 84865718861     PISSN: 18638880     EISSN: 18638899     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201000035     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. S. Hüfner, Photoelectron spectroscopy, Springer series in solid-state science, Vol. 82 (Springer, Berlin, 1995).
2. A. Damascelli, Z. Hussain, and Z.X. Shen, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 473 (2003).
3. Koralek, J.F. Douglas, N.C. Plumb, Z. Sun, A. Fedorov, M.M. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn, S.T. Cundiff, Y. Aiura, K. Oka, H. Eisaki, and D.S. Dessau, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 017005 (2006).
4. T. Kiss, F. Kanetaka, T. Yokoya, T. Shimojima, K. Kanai, S. Shin, Y. Onuki, T. Togashi, C. Zhang, C.T. Chen, and S. Watanabe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 057001 (2005).
5. R. Haight, Surf. Sci. Rep. 21, 275 (1995).
6. T. Haarlammert and H. Zacharias, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 13, 13 (2009).
7. F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 163 (2009).
8. S. Mathias, M. Bauer, M. Aeschlimann, L. Miaja-Avila, H. Kapteyn, and M. Murnane, in: Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at surfaces using femtosecond XUV-pulses, edited by U. Bovensiepen, H. Petek, and M. Wolf, Dynamics at solid state surfaces and interfaces Vol. 1 (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2010).
9. M. Bauer, C.C. Lei, K. Read, R. Tobey, J. Gland, M.M. Murnane, and H.C. Kapteyn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 0255001 (2001).
10. L. Miaja-Avila, G. Saathoff, S. Mathias, J. Yin, C. Laovorakiat, M. Bauer, M. Aeschlimann, M.M. Murnane, and H.C. Kapteyn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(4), 046101 (2008).
11. T. Rohwer, S. Hellmann, M. Wiesenmayer, C. Sohrt, A. Stange, B. Slomski, A. Carr, Y. Liu, L. Miaja-Avila, M. Kalläne, S. Mathias, L. Kipp, K. Rossnagel, and M. Bauer, Nature 471, 490 (2011).
12. P. Drude, Ann. Phys. 1, 566 (1900).
13. H. Petek and S. Ogawa, Prog. Surf. Sci. 56, 239 (1997).
14. A. Mokhari, P. Cong, J.L. Herek, and A.H. Zewail, Nature 348, 225 (1990).
15. A. Assion, M. Geisler, J. Helbing, V. Seyfried, and T. Baumert, Phys. Rev. A 54, R4605 (1996).
16. M.F. Emde, A. Baltuska, A. Kummrow, M.S. Pshenichnikov, and D.A. Wiersma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4645 (1998).
17. K. Ishioka and O.V. Misochko, in: Coherent lattice oscillations in solids and their optical control, edited by K. Yamanouchi, A. Giulietti, and K. Ledingham, Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science Vol. 5 (Springer, Berlin, 2010), pp. 23-63.
18. J. Shah, Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Semiconductor Nanostructures, 2nd edn. (Springer, Berlin, 1983).
19. T. Kampfrath, L. Perfetti, F. Schapper, C. Frischkorn, and M. Wolf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 187403 (2005).
20. D. Song, F. Wang, G. Dukovic, M. Zheng, E.D. Semke, L.E. Brus, and T.F. Heinz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 225503 (2008).
21. S. Wall, D. Prabhakaran, A.T. Boothroyd, and A. Cavalleri, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 097402 (2009).
22. J. Hong and D.L. Mills, Phys. Rev. B 62, 5589 (2000).
23. R. Vollmer, M. Etzkorn, P.S.A. Kumar, H. Ibach, and J. Kirschner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 147201 (2003).
24. M. Weinelt, A.B. Schmidt, M. Pickel, and M. Donath, Prog. Surf. Sci. 82, 388 (2007).
25. E.V. Chulkov, A.G. Borisov, J.P. Gauyacq, D. Sanchez-Portal, V.M. Silkin, V.P. Zhukov, and P.M. Echenique, Chem. Rev. 106, 4160 (2006).
26. A. Mönnich, J. Lange, M. Bauer, M. Aeschlimann, I.A. Nechaev, V.P. Zhukov, P.M. Echenique, and E.V. Chulkov, Phys. Rev. B 74, 035102 (2006).
27. U. Bovensiepen, H. Petek, and M. Wolf, Dynamics in Solid States Surfaces and Interfaces, Vol. 1, Current Developments (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2010).
28. A. Föhlisch, P. Feulner, F. Hennies, A. Fink, D. Menzel, D. Sanchez-Portal, P.M. Echenique, and W. Wurth, Nature 436, 373 (2005).
29. F. Schwabl, Quantum mechanics (Springer, Berlin, 1992).
30. R.A. Marcus and N. Sutin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 811, 265 (1985).
31. M. Eckstein and M. Kollar, Phys. Rev. B 78, 245113 (2008).
32. A. Borisov, S. Sánchez-Portal, R. Díez Muiño, and P.M. Echenique, Chem. Phys. Lett. 387, 95 (2004).
33. J. Fraxedas, J. Trodahl, S. Gopalan, L. Ley, and M. Cardona, Phys. Rev. B 41, 10068 (1990).
34. B.A. McDougall, T. Balasubramanian, and E. Jensen, Phys. Rev. B 51, 13891 (1995).
35. T. Valla, A.V. Fedorov, P.D. Johnson, and S.L. Hulbert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2085 (1999).
36. M. Weinelt, J. Phys.: Cond. Mat. 14, R 1099 (2002).
37. N.H. Ge, C. Wong, and C. Harris, Acc. Chem. Res. 33, 111 (2000).
38. T. Fauster and W. Steinmann, in: Two-photon photoemission spectroscopy of image states, edited by P. Halewi, Electromagnetic Waves: Recent Developments in Research Vol. 2 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995), p. 347.
39. J. Güdde, M. Rohleder, and U. Höfer, Appl. Phys. A 85, 345 (2006).
40. S. Mathias, A. Ruffing, F. Deicke, M. Wiesenmayer, M. Aeschlimann, and M. Bauer, Phys. Rev. B 81, 155429 (2010).
41. J. Güdde and U. Höfer, Prog. Surf. Sci. 80, 49 (2005).
42. J. Güdde, M. Rohleder, T. Meier, S.W. Koch, and U. Höfer, Science 318, 1287 (2007).
43. J. Lindhard, Dan. Mat.-fys. Medd. 28, 2 (1954).
44. P.C. Becker, H.L. Fragnito, C.H.B. Cruz, R.L. Fork, J.E. Cunningham, J.E. Henry, and C.V. Shank, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1647 (1988).
45. R. Huber, F. Tauser, A. Brodschelm, M. Bichler, G. Abstreiter, and A. Leitenstorfer, Nature 414, 286 (2001).
46. J.J. Quinn and R.A. Ferrell, Physical Review 112(3), 812 (1958).
47. D. Pines and P. Nozieres, The Theory of Quantum Liquids (Benjamin, New York, 1966).
48. G.F. Giuliani and G. Vignale, Quantum Theory of the Electron Liquid (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2005).
49. S.D. Brorson, J.G. Fujimoto, and E.P. Ippen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1962 (1987).
50. M. Lisowski, P.A. Loukakos, U. Bovensiepen, and M. Wolf, Appl. Phys. A 79, 739 (2004).
51. E. Knoesel, A. Hotzel, and M. Wolf, Phys. Rev. B 57, 12812 (1998).
52. M. Aeschlimann, M. Bauer, S. Pawlik, R. Knorren, G. Bouzerar, and K.H. Bennemann, Appl. Phys. A 71, 485 (2000).
53. R. Knorren, K.H. Bennemann, R. Burgermeister, and M. Aeschlimann, Phys. Rev. B 61, 9427 (2000).
54. T.C. Chiang, Surface Science Reports 39, 181 (2000).
55. S. Ogawa, H. Nagano, and H. Petek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 116801 (2002).
56. M. Milun, P. Pervan, and D.P. Woodruff, Rep. Prog. Phys. 65, 99 (2002).
57. A.G. Borisov, J.P. Gauyacq, A.K. Kazansky, E.V. Chulkov, V.M. Silkin, and P.M. Echenique, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 488 (2001).
58. M. Bauer, S. Pawlik, and M. Aeschlimann, Phys. Rev. B 60, 5016 (1999).
59. H. Petek, M.J. Weida, H. Nagamo, and S. Ogawa, Science 288, 1402 (2000).
60. A. Zugarramurdi, N. Zabala, V.M. Silkin, A.G. Borisov, and E.V. Chulkov, Phys. Rev. B 80, 115425 (2009).
61. M. Kutschera, T. Groth, C. Kentsch, I.L. Shumay, M. Weinelt, and T. Fauster, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21, 134006 (2009).
62. P.S. Kirchmann, L. Rettig, X. Zubizarreta, V.M. Silkin, E.V. Chulkov, and U. Bovensiepen, Nature Physics 6, 782 (2010).
63. Z. Zhang, Q. Niu, and C.K. Shi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 5381 (1998).
64. M. Hupalo, J. Schmalian, and M.C. Tringides, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 216106 (2003).
65. Y. Guo, Y.F. Zhang, X.Y. Bao, T.Z. Han, Z. Tang, L.X. Zhang, W.G. Zhu, E.G. Wang, Q. Niu, Z.Q. Qiu, J.F. Jia, Z.X. Zhao, and Q.K. Xue, Science 306, 1915 (2004).
66. S. Qin, J. Kim, Q. Niu, and C.K. Shih, Science 324, 1314 (2009).
67. I. Vilfan, M. Henzler, O. Pfennigstorf, and H. Pfnür, Phys. Rev. B 66, 241306 (2002).
68. P.S. Kirchmann, M. Wolf, J.H. Dil, K. Horn, and U. Bovensiepen, Phys. Rev. B 76, 075406 (2007).
69. C. Wei and Y. Chou, Phys. Rev. B 66, 233408 (2002).
70. R.K. Kawakami, E. Rotenberg, H.J. Choi, E.J. Escorcia-Aparicio, M.O. Bowen, J.H. Wolfe, E. Arenholz, Z.D. Zhang, N.V. Smith, and Z.Q. Qiu, Nature 398, 132 (1999).
71. P.S. Kirchmann and U. Bovensiepen, Phys. Rev. B 78, 035437 (2008).
72. M.H. Upton, C.M. Wei, M.Y. Chou, T. Miller, and T.C. Chiang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(2), 026802 (2004).
73. Y.F. Zhang, J.F. Jia, T.Z. Han, Z. Tang, Q.T. Shen, Y. Guo, Z.Q. Qiu, and Q.K. Xue, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 096802 (2005).
74. P.M. Echenique, R. Berndt, E.V. Chulkov, T. Fauster, A. Goldmann, and U. Höfer, Surf. Sci. Rep. 52, 219 (2004).
75. U. Bovensiepen, J. Phys.: Cond. Matter 19, 083201 (2007).
76. P.A. Loukakos, M. Lisowski, G. Bihlmayer, S. Blügel, M. Wolf, and U. Bovensiepen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 097401 (2007).
77. S.I. Anisimov, B.L. Kapeliovich, and T.L. Perel'man, Sov. Phys. JETP 39, 375 (1974).
78. P.B. Allen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1460 (1987).
79. J. Hohlfeld, S.S. Wellershoff, J. Güdde, U. Conrad, V. Jähnke, and E. Matthias, Chem. Phys. 251, 237 (2000).
80. M. Lisowski, P.A. Loukakos, U. Bovensiepen, J. Stähler, C. Gahl, and M. Wolf, Appl. Phys. A 78, 165 (2004).
81. A. Melnikov, H. Prima-Garcia, M. Lisowski, T. Gießel, R. Weber, R. Schmidt, C. Gahl, N.M. Bulgakova, U. Bovensiepen, and M. Weinelt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 107202 (2008).
82. M. Wietstruk, A. Melnikov, C. Stamm, T. Kachel, N. Pontius, M. Sultan, C. Gahl, M. Weinelt, H. Dürr, and U. Bovensiepen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 127401 (2011).
83. A. Melnikov, I. Radu, U. Bovensiepen, O. Krupin, K. Starke, E. Matthias, and M. Wolf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 227403 (2003).
84. A. Melnikov, I. Radu, A. Povolotskiy, T. Wehling, A. Lichtenstein, and U. Bovensiepen, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41, 164004 (2008).
85. A. Melnikov and U. Bovensiepen, in: Coherent Excitations at Ferromagnetic Gd(0001) and Tb(0001) Surfaces, edited by U. Bovensiepen, H. Petek, and M. Wolf, Dynamics at solid state surfaces and interfaces Vol. 1 (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2010).
86. M. Lisowski, P.A. Loukakos, A. Melnikov, I. Radu, L. Ungureanu, M. Wolf, and U. Bovensiepen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 137402 (2005).
87. M. Wolf, A. Hotzel, E. Koesel, and D. Velic, Phys. Rev. B 59, 5926 (1999).
88. L. Perfetti, P.A. Loukakos, M. Lisowski, U. Bovensiepen, H. Berger, S. Biermann, P.S. Cornaglia, A. Georges, and M. Wolf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 067402 (2006).
89. F. Schmitt, P. Kirchmann, U. Bovensiepen, R.G. Moore, L. Rettig, M. Krenz, J.H. Chu, N. Ru, L. Perfetti, D.H. Lu, M. Wolf, I. Fisher, and Z.X. Shen, Science 321, 1649 (2008).
90. L. Rettig, R. Cortes, S. Thirupathaiah, P. Gegenwart, H.S. Jeevan, M. Wolf, J. Fink, and U. Bovensiepen, Phys. Rev. Lett., in press, available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1110.3938.
91. G. Grüner, Density Waves in Solids, Frontiers in Physics, Vol. 89 (Addison-Wesley, 1994).
92. N. Ru, C.L. Condron, G.Y. Margulis, K.Y. Shin, J. Laverock, S.B. Dugdale, M.F. Toney, and I.R. Fisher, Phys. Rev. B 77, 035114 (2008).
93. E. DiMasi, M.C. Aronson, J.F. Mansfield, B. Foran, and S. Lee, Phys. Rev. B 52, 14516 (1995).
94. R.G. Moore, V. Brouet, R. He, D.H. Lu, N. Ru, J.H. Chu, I.R. Fisher, and Z.X. Shen, Phys. Rev. B 81, 073102 (2010).
95. V. Brouet, W.L. Yang, X.J. Zhou, Z. Hussain, R.G. Moore, R. He, D.H. Lu, Z.X. Shen, J. Laverock, S.B. Dugdale, N. Ru, and I.R. Fisher, Phys. Rev. B 77, 235104 (2008).
96. O.V. Misochko, K. Ishioka, M. Hase, and M. Kitajima, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 18, 10571 (2006).
97. M. Hase, K. Ishioka, J. Demsar, K. Ushida, and M. Kitajima, Phys. Rev. B 71, 184301 (2005).
98. A.L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V.S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P.M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, Nature 449, 1029 (2007).
99. H. Dachraoui, M. Michelswirth, P. Siffalovic, P. Bartz, C. Schäfer, B. Schnatwinkel, J. Mattay, W. Pfeiffer, M. Drescher, and U. Heinzmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 107401 (2011).
100. J.C. Petersen, S. Kaiser, N. Dean, A. Simoncig, H.Y. Liu, A.L. Cavalieri, C. Cacho, I.C.E. Turcu, E. Springate, F. Frassetto, L. Poletto, S.S. Dhesi, H. Berger, and A. Cavalleri, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 177402 (2011).
101. M. Rohlfing and S.G. Louie, Phys. Rev. B 62, 4927 (2000).
102. J.K. Freericks and V.V. Zlatic, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 1333 (2003).
103. M. Eckstein, M. Kollar, and P. Werner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 056403 (2009).
104. B. Moritz, T.P. Devereaux, and J.K. Freericks, Phys. Rev. B 81(16), 165112 (2010).
105. E. Runge and E.K.U. Gross, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 997 (1984).