Growth failure in children with cystic fibrosis

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 25, Issue 5-6, 2012, Pages 393-405

  Scaparrotta, Alessandra ^a   Di Pillo, Sabrina ^a   Attanasi, Marina ^a   Consilvio, Nicola Pietro ^a   Cingolani, Anna ^a   Rapino, Daniele ^a   Mohn, Angelika ^a   Chiarelli, Francesco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cystic fibrosis; Growth failure; Growth hormone; Nutritional support; Pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; CORTICOSTEROID; GLUCOCORTICOID; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; RECOMBINANT SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOSTATIN;

ADRENAL SUPPRESSION; BONE MATURATION; BREAST FEEDING; CATARACT; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DIETARY INTAKE; GENE MUTATION; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GROWTH DISORDER; GROWTH RETARDATION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN DEFICIENCY; IRON THERAPY; LIPID ABSORPTION; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG INFECTION; MALABSORPTION; MALNUTRITION; MEDLINE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MORBIDITY; NEWBORN SCREENING; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; OSTEOPENIA; PANCREAS INSUFFICIENCY; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; UNIPARENTAL DISOMY; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; WEIGHT GAIN; DIET THERAPY; NUTRITIONAL DISORDER; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

CHILD; CHILD NUTRITION DISORDERS; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; GROWTH DISORDERS; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT;

EID: 84865627596     PISSN: 0334018X     EISSN: 21910251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0012     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Assael BM, Casazza G, Iansa P, Volpi S, Milani S. Growth and long-term lung function in cystic fibrosis: a longitudinal study of patients diagnosed by neonatal screening. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009;44:209-15.
2. Sinaasappel M, Stern M, Littlewood J, Wolfe S, Steinkamp G, et al. Nutrition in patients with cystic fibrosis: a European Consensus. J Cyst Fibros 2002;1:51-75.
3. Cuthbert AW. New horizons in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2011;163:173-83.
4. van Dommelen P, Grote FK, Oostdijk W, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Bouquet J, et al. Growth monitoring to detect children with cystic fibrosis. Horm Res 2009;72:218-24.
5. Stalvey MS, Torrez DM, Hillan J, Gonzalez-Peralta RP, Haafiz A, et al. Growth hormone therapy improves growth in children with cystic fibrosis related liver disease. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2008;21:793-7.
6. Collins MS, Abbott MA, Wakefield DB, Lapin CD, Drapeau G, et al. Improved pulmonary and growth outcomes in cystic fibrosis by newborn screening. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008;43:648-55.
7. Farrell PM, Kosorok MR, Rock MJ, Laxova A, Zeng L, et al. Early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis through neonatal screening prevents severe malnutrition and improves long-term growth. Wisconsin Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Study Group. Pediatrics 2001;107:1-13.
8. Farrell PM. Improving the health of patients with cystic fibrosis through newborn screening. Wisconsin Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Study Group. Adv Pediatr 2000;47:79-115.
9. Waters DL, Wilcken B, Irwing L, Van Asperen P, Mellis C, et al. Clinical outcomes of newborn screening for cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999;80:F1-7.
10. Sims EJ, Clark A, McCormick J, Mehta G, Connett G, et al. Cystic fibrosis diagnosed after 2 months of age leads to worse outcomes and requires more therapy. Pediatrics 2007;119:19-28.
11. Dankert-Roelse JE, te Meerman GJ. Long term prognosis of patients with cystic fibrosis in relation to early detection by neonatal screening and treatment in a cystic fibrosis centre. Thorax 1995;50:712-8.
12. Konstan MW, Butler SM, Wohl ME, Stoddard M, Matousek R, et al. Growth and nutritional indexes in early life predict pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2003;142:624-30.
13. Pedreira CC, Robert RG, Dalton V, Oliver MR, Carlin JB, et al. Association of body composition and lung function in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2005;39:276-80.
14. Farrell PM. The meaning of " early " diagnosis in a new era of cystic fibrosis care. Pediatrics 2007;119:156-7.
15. Salvatore D, Buzzetti R, Baldo E, Forneris MP, Lucidi V, et al. An overview of international literature from cystic fibrosis registries 2. Neonatal screening and nutrition/growth. J Cyst Fibros 2010;9:75-83.
16. Milla PJ. Cystic fibrosis: present and future. Digestion 1998;59:579-88.
17. Patel L, Dixon M, David TJ. Growth and growth charts in cystic fibrosis. J R Soc Med 2003;96(Suppl 43):35-41.
18. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weightfor-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006.
19. Özaltin E, Hill K, Subramanian SV. Association of maternal stature with offspring mortality, underweight, and stunting in low- to middle-income countries. J Am Med Assoc 2010;303:1507-16.
20. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, et al. Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 2008;371:243-60.
21. Sproul A, Huang N. Growth patterns in children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1964;65:664-76.
22. Haeusler G, Frisch H, Waldhör T, Götz M. Perspectives of longitudinal growth in cystic fibrosis from birth to adult age. Eur J Pediatr 1994;153:158-63.
23. Lai HC, Kosorok MR, Sondel SA, Chen ST, FitzSimmons SC, et al. Growth status in children with cystic fibrosis based on the National Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry data: evaluation of various criteria used to identify malnutrition. J Pediatr 1998;132(Pt 1): 478-85.
24. Laursen EM, Koch C, Petersen JH, Müller J. Secular changes in anthropometric data in cystic fibrosis patients. Acta Paediatr 1999;88:169-74.
25. Greer R, Shepherd R, Cleghorn G, Bowling FG, Holt T. Evaluation of growth and changes in body composition following neonatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1991;13:52-8.
26. Marcus MS, Sondel SA, Farrell PM, Laxova A, Carey PM, et al. Nutritional status of infants with cystic fibrosis associated with early diagnosis and intervention. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:578-85.
27. Pederzini F, D ' Orazio C, Tamiazzo G, Faraguna D, Giglio L, et al. Growth evaluation at one year of life in infants with cystic fibrosis diagnosed by neonatal screening. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl 1991;7:64-8.
28. Hardin DS. Growth problems and growth hormone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002;15(Suppl 2):731-5.
29. Karlberg J, Kjellmer I, Kristiansson B. Linear growth in children with cystic fibrosis. I. Birth to 8 years of age. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991;80:508-14.
30. Morison S, Dodge JA, Cole TJ, Lewis PA, Coles EC, et al. Height and weight in cystic fibrosis: a cross sectional study. Arch Dis Child 1997;77:497-500.
31. Lucidi V, Alghisi F, Raia V, Russo B, Valmarana L, et al. Growth assessment of paediatric patients with CF comparing different auxologic indicators: a multicentre Italian study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;49:335-42.
32. Nir M, Lanng S, Johansen HK, Koch C. Long-term survival and nutritional data in patients with cystic fibrosis treated in a Danish centre. Thorax 1996;51:1023-7.
33. Byard PJ. Early childhood growth in patients with cystic fibrosis. Ann Hum Biol 1990;17:483-99.
34. Soutter VL, Kristidis P, Gruca MA, Gaskin KJ. Chronic undernutrition/growth retardation in cystic fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol 1986;15:137-55.
35. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Patient registry 1997 annual data report. Bethesda, MD: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 1997.
36. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Patient registry 2000 annual data report. Bethesda, MD: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 2000.
37. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Patient registry 2003 annual data report. Bethesda, MD: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 2003.
38. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Patient registry 2005 annual data report. Bethesda, MD: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 2005.
39. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Patient registry 2006 annual data report. Bethesda, MD: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 2006.
40. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Patient registry 2009 annual data report. Bethesda, MD: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 2009.
41. Gaskin KJ. The impact of nutrition in cystic fibrosis: a review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988;7(Suppl 1):S12-7.
42. Ranke MB, Stubbe P, Majewski F, Bierich J.R. Spontaneous growth in Turner ' s syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1988;343:22-30.
43. Lyon AJ, Preece MA, Grant DB. Growth curve for girls with Turner ' s syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1985;60:932-5.
44. Gawlik A, Gawlik T, Augustyn M, Woska W, Malecka-Tendera E. Validation of growth charts for girls with Turner syndrome. Int J Clin Pract 2006;60:150-5.
45. Rongen-Westerlaken C, Corel L, van den Broeck J, Massa G, Karlberg J, et al. Reference values for height, height velocity and weight in Turner ' s syndrome. Swedish Study Group for GH treatment. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:937-42.
46. Kerem E, Corey M, Kerem BS, Rommens J, Markiewicz D, et al. The relation between genotype and phenotype in cystic fibrosis - analysis of the most common mutation (Δ F508). N Engl J Med 1990;323:1517-22.
47. Keller BM, Aebischer CC, Kraemer R, Schöni MH. Growth in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis, homozygous for the Delta F508 mutation. J Cyst Fibros 2003;2: 76-83.
48. Borgo G, Mastella G, Gasparini P, Zorzanello A, Doro R, et al. Pancreatic function and gene deletion F508 in cystic fibrosis. J Med Genet 1990;27:665-9.
49. Kastner-Cole D, Palmer CN, Ogston SA, Mehta A, Mukhopadhyay S. Overweight and obesity in deltaF508 homozygous cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2005;147:402-4.
50. Decaestecker K, Decaestecker E, Castellani C, Jaspers M, Cuppens H, et al. Genotype/phenotype correlation of the G85E mutation in a large cohort of cystic fibrosis patients. Eur Respir J 2004;23:679-84.
51. Schibler A, Bolt I, Gallati S, Schöni MH, Kraemer R. High morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis patients compound heterozygous for 3905insT and deltaF508. Eur Respir J 2001;17:1181-6.
52. Spence JE, Perciaccante RG, Greig GM, Willard HF, Ledbetter DH, et al. Uniparental disomy as a mechanism for human genetic disease. Am J Hum Genet 1988;42:217-26.
53. Voss R, Ben-Simon E, Avital A, Godfrey S, Zlotogora J, et al. Isodisomy of chromosome 7 in a patient with cystic fibrosis: could uniparental disomy be common in humans ? Am J Hum Genet 1989;45:373-80.
54. Hehr U, Dörr S, Hagemann M, Hansmann I, Preiss U, et al. Silver-Russell syndrome and cystic fibrosis associated with maternal uniparental disomy 7. Am J Med Genet 2000;91:237-9.
55. Höglund P, Holmberg C, de la Chapelle A, Kere J. Paternal isodisomy for chromosome 7 is compatible with normal growth and development in a patient with congenital chloride diarrhea. Am J Hum Genet 1994;55:747-52.
56. Pan Y, McCaskill CD, Thomson KH, Hicks J, Casey B, et al. Paternal isodisomy of chromosome 7 associated with complete situs inversus and immotile cilia. Am J Hum Genet 1998;62:1551-5.
57. Fares F, David M, Lerner A, Diukman R, Lerer I, et al. Paternal isodisomy of chromosome 7 with cystic fibrosis and overgrowth. Am J Med Genet A 2006;140:1785-8.
58. Le Caignec C, Isidor B, de Pontbriand U, David V, Audrezet M-P, et al. Third case of paternal isodisomy for chromosome 7 with cystic fibrosis: a new patient presenting with normal growth. Am J Med Genet A 2007;143A:2696-9.
59. Pozo J, Argente J. Delayed puberty in chronic illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;16:73-90.
60. Lai HC, Kosorok MR, Laxova A, Davis LA, FitzSimmon SC, et al. Nutritional status of patients with cystic fibrosis with meconium ileus: a comparison with patients without meconium ileus and diagnosed early through neonatal screening. Pediatrics 2000;105(Pt 1):53-61.
61. Johannesson M, Gottlieb C, Hjelte L. Delayed puberty in girls with cystic fibrosis despite good clinical status. Pediatrics 1997;99:29-34.
62. Aswani N, Taylor CJ, McGaw J, Pickering M, Rigby AS. Pubertal growth and development in cystic fibrosis: a retrospective review. Acta Paediatr 2003;92:1029-32.
63. Abrams SA. Chronic pulmonary insufficiency in children and its effects on growth and development. J Nutr 2001;131:938S-41S.
64. Dodge JA, Turck D. Cystic fibrosis: nutritional consequences and management. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006;20:531-46.
65. Byard PJ. The adolescent growth spurt in children with cystic fibrosis. Ann Hum Biol 1994;21:229-40.
66. Borowitz D. The interrelationship of nutrition and pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1996;2:457-61.
67. Milla CE. Association of nutritional status and pulmonary function in children with cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2004;10:505-9.
68. Steinkamp G, Wiedemann B, On behalf of the German CFQA Group. Relationship between nutritional status and lung function in cystic fibrosis: cross sectional and longitudinal analyses from the German CF quality assurance (CFQA) project. Thorax 2002;57:596-601.
69. Peterson ML, Jacobs DR Jr, Milla CE. Longitudinal changes in growth parameters are correlated with changes in pulmonary function in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 2003;112(Pt 1):588-92.
70. Zemel BS, Kawchak DA, Cnaan A, Zhao H, Scanlin TF, et al. Prospective evaluation of resting energy expenditure, nutritional status, pulmonary function, and genotype in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1996;40:578-86.
71. Fried MD, Durie PR, Tsui LC, Corey M, Levison H, et al. The cystic fibrosis gene and resting energy expenditure. J Pediatr 1991;119:913-6.
72. Auerbach HS, Williams M, Kirkpatrick JA, Colten HR. Alternateday prednisone reduces morbidity and improves pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1985;2:686-8.
73. Eigen H, Rosenstein BJ, FitzSimmons S, Schidlow DV, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Prednisone Trial Group. A multicenter study of alternate-day prednisone therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1995;126:515-23.
74. Allen DB. Growth suppression by glucocorticoid therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996;25:699-717.
75. Allen DB. Influence of inhaled corticosteroids on growth: a pediatric endocrinologist ' s perspective. Acta Paediatr 1998;87:123-9.
76. Doull IJ, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST. Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1715-9.
77. Allen DB, Mullen M, Mullen B. A meta-analysis of the effect of oral and inhaled corticosteroids on growth. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994;93:967-76.
78. Todd G, Dunlop K, McNaboe J, Ryan MF, Carson D, et al. Growth and adrenal suppression in asthmatic children treated with high dose fluticasone propionate. Lancet 1996;348:27-9.
79. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Leeder S.R. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of cataracts. N Engl J Med 1997;337:8-14.
80. Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, et al. Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2000;342:851-9.
81. Bismuth E, Laborde K, Taupin P, Velho G, Ribault V, et al. Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion, morbidity, and death in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2008;152:540-5.
82. Hardin DS. A review of the management of two common clinical problems found in patients with cystic fibrosis: cystic fibrosis-related diabetes and poor growth. Horm Res 2007;68(Suppl 5):113-6.
83. Hameed S, Morton JR, JafféA, Field PI, Belessis Y, et al. Early glucose abnormalities in cystic fibrosis are preceded by poor weight gain. Diabetes Care 2010;33:221-6.
84. Cheung MS, Bridges NA, Prasad SA, Francis J, Carr SB, et al. Growth in children with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009;44:1223-5.
85. Mohan K, Israel KL, Miller H, Grainger R, Ledson MJ, et al. Long-term effect of insulin treatment in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Respiration 2008;76:181-6.
86. Ripa P, Robertson I, Cowley D, Harris M, Masters IB, et al. The relationship between insulin secretion, the insulin-like growth factor axis and growth in children with cystic fibrosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002;56:383-9.
87. Taylor AM, Thomson A, Bruce-Morgan C, Ahmed ML, Watts A, et al. The relationship between insulin, IGF-I and weight gain in cystic fibrosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;51:659-65.
88. Abdul-Karim FW, Dahms BB, Velasco ME, Rodman HM. Islets of Langerhans in adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis. A quantitative study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986;110:602-6.
89. Holl RW, Heinze E, Wolf A, Rank M, Teller WM. Reduced pancreatic insulin release and reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity contribute to hyperglycaemia in cystic fibrosis. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:356-61.
90. Moran A, Diem P, Klein DJ, Levitt MD, Robertson RP. Pancreatic endocrine function in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1991;118:715-23.
91. Thissen GP, Ketelslegers JM. Endocrine response to undernutrition: from the experimental model to human physiology. In: Prader A, Rappaport R, editors. Clinical issue in growth disorders: evaluation, diagnosis and therapy. London, UK: Freund Publishing, 1994:131-50.
92. Laursen EM, Lanng S, Rasmussen MH, Koch C, Skakkebaek NE, et al. Normal spontaneous and stimulated GH levels despite decreased IGF-I concentrations in cystic fibrosis patients. Eur J Endocrinol 1999;140:315-21.
93. Taylor AM, Bush A, Thomson A, Oades PJ, Marchant JL, et al. Relation between insulin-like growth factor-I, body mass index, and clinical status in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1997;76:304-9.
94. Ozen M, Cokugras H, Ozen N, Camcioglu Y, Akcakaya N. Relation between serum insulin-like growth factor-I and insulinlike growth factor-binding protein-3 levels, clinical status and growth parameters in prepubertal cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Int 2004;46:429-35.
95. Argente J, Barrios V, Chowen JA, Sinha MK, Considine RV. Leptin plasma levels in healthy Spanish children and adolescents, children with obesity and adolescents with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. J Pediatr 1997;131:833-8.
96. Kiess W, Reich A, Meyer K, Glasow A, Deutscher J, et al. A role for leptin in sexual maturation and puberty ? Horm Res 1999;51(S3):55-63.
97. Carro E, Señaris R, Considine RV, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Regulation of in vivo growth hormone secretion by leptin. Endocrinology 1997;138:2203-6.
98. Boguszewski MC, Kamoi TO, Bento Radominski R, Boguszewski CL, Rosberg S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, body composition, and clinical status interactions in children with cystic fibrosis. Horm Res 2007;67: 250-6.
99. Ahme ML, Ong KK, Thomson AH, Dunger DB. Reduced gains in fat and fat-free mass, and elevated leptin levels in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:1185-91.
100. Levy E, Gurbindo C, Lacaille F, Paradis K, Thibault L, et al. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and lipid abnormalities in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1993;34:162-6.
101. Nixon LS, Yung B, Bell SC, Elborn JS, Shale DJ. Circulating immunoreactive interleukin-6 in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(Pt 1):1764-9.
102. De Benedetti F, Alonzi T, Moretta A, Lazzaro D, Costa P, et al. Interleukin 6 causes growth impairment in transgenic mice through a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-I. A model for stunted growth in children with chronic inflammation. J Clin Invest 1997;99:643-50.
103. Street ME, Spaggiari C, Volta C, Ziveri MA, Viani I, et al. The IGF system and cytokine interactions and relationships with longitudinal growth in prepubertal patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;70:593-8.
104. Street ME, de ' Angelis GL, Camacho-Hû bner C, Giovannelli G, Ziveri MA, et al. Relationships between serum IGF-I, IGFBP-2, interleukin-1βand interleukin-6 in inflammatory bowel disease. Horm Res 2004;61:159-64.
105. Street ME, Volta C, Ziveri MA, Zanacca C, Banchini G, et al. Changes and relationships of IGFS and IGFBPS and cytokines in coeliac disease at diagnosis and on gluten-free diet. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008;68:22-8.
106. Street ME, Ziveri MA, Spaggiari C, Viani I, Volta C, et al. Inflammation is a modulator the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/IGF-binding protein system inducing reduced bioactivity of IGFs in cystic fibrosis. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:47-52.
107. Stallings VA, Tomezsko JL, Schall JI, Mascarenhas MR, Stettler N, et al. Adolescent development and energy expenditure in females with cystic fibrosis. Clinical Nutrition 2005;24:737-45.
108. Allen JR, McCauley JC, Selby AM, Waters DL, Gruca MA, et al. Differences in resting energy expenditure between male and female children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2003;142:15-9.
109. Stallings VA. Gender, death and cystic fibrosis: is energy expenditure a component ? J Pediatr 2003;142:4-6.
110. Vaisman N, Pencharz PB, Corey M, Canny GJ, Hahn E. Energy expenditure of patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1987;111:496-500.
111. Allen JR, Barclay A, Prior R, Byler E, Gruca MA, et al. Resting energy expenditure in female children with cystic fibrosis - effect of puberty. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004;13(Suppl):S41.
112. Landon C, Rosenfeld RG. Short stature and pubertal delay in cystic fibrosis. Pediatrician 1987;14:253-60.
113. Hintz RL, Suskind R, Amatayakul K, Thanangkul O, Olson R. Plasma somatomedin and growth hormone values in children with protein-calorie malnutrition. J Pediatr 1978;92:153-6.
114. Mohan PS, Jaya Rao KS. Plasma somatomedin activity in protein calorie malnutrition. Arch Dis Child 1979;54:62-4.
115. Rosenfeld RG, Landon C, Lewiston N, Nagashima R, Hintz RL. Demonstration of normal plasma somatomedin concentrations in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1981;99:252-4.
116. Michel SH, Maqbool A, Hanna MD, Mascarenhas M. Nutrition management of pediatric patients who have cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009;56:1123-41.
117. Ramsey BW, Farrell PM, Pencharz PB, the Consensus Committee. Nutritional assessment and management in cystic fibrosis: a consensus report. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:108-16.
118. Borowitz D, Baker RD, Stallings V. Consensus report on nutrition for pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;35:246-59.
119. Aris RM, Merkel PA, Bachrach LK, Borowitz DS, Boyle MP, et al. Consensus statement: guide to bone health and disease in cystic fibrosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:1888-96.
120. Cantin AM, White TB, Cross CE, Forman HJ, Sokol RJ, et al. Antioxidants in cystic fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2007;42:15-31.
121. Stallings VA, Stark LJ, Robinson KA, Feranchak AP, Quinton H, Clinical Practice Guidelines on Growth and Nutrition Subcommittee, Ad Hoc Working Group. Evidence-based practice recommendations for nutrition-related management of children and adults with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency: results of a systematic review. J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108:832-9.
122. Colombo C, Costantini D, Zazzeron L, Faelli N, Russo MC, et al. Benefits of breastfeeding in cystic fibrosis: a single-centre follow-up survey. Acta Paediatr 2007;96:1228-32.
123. Ellis L, Kalnins D, Corey M, Brennan J, Pencharz P, et al. Do infants with cystic fibrosis need a protein hydrolysate formula ? A prospective, randomized, comparative study. J Pediatr 1998;132:270-6.
124. Hakim F, Kerem E, Rivlin J, Bentur L, Stankiewicz H, et al. Vitamins A and E and pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;45:347-53.
125. Bines JE, Truby HD, Armstrong DS, Carzino R, Grimwood K. Vitamin A and E deficiency and lung disease in infants with cystic fibrosis. J Paediatr Child Health 2005;41:663-8.
126. Steinkamp G, Demmelmair H, Ruhl-Bagheri I, von der Hardt H, Koletzko B. Energy supplements rich in linoleic acid improve body weight and essential fatty acid status of cystic fibrosis patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;31:418-23.
127. Van Egmond AW, Kosorok MR, Koscik R, Laxova A, Farrell PM. Effect of linoleic acid intake on growth of infants with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:746-52.
128. Hankard R, Munck A, Navarro J. Nutrition and growth in cystic fibrosis. Horm Res 2002;58(Suppl 1):16-20.
129. Borowitz DS, Grand RJ, Durie PR. Use of pancreatic enzyme supplements for patients with cystic fibrosis in the context of fibrosing colonopathy. Consensus Committee. J Pediatr 1995;127:681-4.
130. Nasr SZ, Drury D. Appetite stimulants use in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008;43:209-19.
131. Kraemer R, Rüdeberg A, Hadorn B, Rossi E. Relative underweight in cystic fibrosis and its prognostic value. Acta Paediatr 1978;67:33-7.
132. Lai HC, Corey M, FitzSimmons S, Kosorok MR, Farrell PM. Comparison of growth status of patients with cystic fibrosis between the United States and Canada. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:531-8.
133. Hardin DS, Ellis KJ, Dyson M, Rice J, McConnell R, et al. Growth hormone decreases protein catabolism in children with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4424-8.
134. Hardin DS, Sy JP. Effects of growth hormone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis: the National Co-operative Study experience. J Pediatr 1997;131(Pt 1):S65-9.
135. Huseman CA, Colombo JL, Brooks MA, Smay JR, Greger NG, et al. Anabolic effect of biosynthetic growth hormone in cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996;22:90-5.
136. Hubbard VS, Davis PB, di Sant ' Agnese PA, Gorden P, Schwartz RH. Isolated growth hormone deficiency and cystic fibrosis: a report of two cases. Am J Dis Child 1980;134:317-9.
137. Sackey AH, Taylor CJ, Barraclough M, Wales JKH, Pickering M. Growth hormone as a nutritional adjunct in cystic fibrosis: results of a pilot study. J Hum Nutr Diet 1995;8:185-91.
138. Hardin DS, Stratton R, Kramer JC, Reyes de la Rocha S, Govaerts K, et al. Growth hormone improves weight velocity and height velocity in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis. Horm Metab Res 1998;30:636-41.
139. Alemzadeh R, Upchurch L, McCarthy V. Anabolic effects of growth hormone treatment in young children with cystic fibrosis. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:419-24.
140. Hardin DS, Ellis K, Dyson M, McConnell R, Rice J, et al. Growth hormone improves clinical status in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2001;139:636-42.
141. Hütler M, Schnabel D, Staab D, Tacke A, Wahn U, et al. Effect of growth hormone on exercise tolerance in children with cystic fibrosis. Med Sci Sports Exer 2002;34:567-72.
142. Hardin DS, Rice J, Ahn C, Ferkol T, Howenstine M, et al. Growth hormone treatment enhances nutrition and growth in children with cystic fibrosis receiving enteral nutrition. J Pediatr 2005;146:324-8.
143. Schibler A, von der Heiden R, Birrer P, Mullis PE. Prospective randomized treatment with recombinant human growth hormone in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 2003;88:1078-81.
144. Hardin DS, Adams-Huet B, Brown D, Chatfield B, Dyson M, et al. Growth hormone treatment improves growth and clinical status in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis: results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4925-9.
145. Schnabel D, Grasemann C, Staab D, Wollmann H, Ratjen F, German Cystic Fibrosis Growth Hormone Study Group. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the metabolic and respiratory effects of growth hormone in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 2007;119:e1230-8.
146. Hardin DS, Ferkol T, Ahn C, Dreimane D, Dyson M, et al. A retrospective study of growth hormone use in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62:560-6.
147. Switzer M, Rice J, Rice M, Hardin DS. Insulin-like growth factor-I levels predict weight, height and protein catabolism in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009;22:417-24.
148. Bucuvalas JC, Chernausek SD, Alfaro MP, Krug SK, Ritschel W, et al. Effect of insulinlike growth factor-1 treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;33:576-81.