Where are we at with point- of- care testing in haematology?

British Journal of Haematology

Volumn 158, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 679-690

  Briggs, Carol ^a   Kimber, Simon ^b   Green, Laura ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

^b MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c BARTS HEALTH NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CD4+ T lymphocytes; Haemoglobin; Malaria; Point of care testing; Quality assurance

Indexed keywords

COPPER SULFATE; HEMOGLOBIN;

ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BLOOD CELL COUNT; BLOOD DONOR; BLOOD SAMPLING; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; GOLD STANDARD; HEMATOLOGY; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HEMOGLOBINOMETER; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOAFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY; LABORATORY DEVICE; MALARIA; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; POINT OF CARE TESTING; PORTABLE EQUIPMENT; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SMALL BENCH TOP ANALYZER; STANDARDIZATION; TURNAROUND TIME; VALIDATION STUDY; VIRUS LOAD;

ANEMIA; BLOOD CELL COUNT; BLOOD DONORS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HEMATOLOGIC TESTS; HEMATOLOGY; HEMOGLOBINOMETRY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALARIA; PARASITEMIA; POINT-OF-CARE SYSTEMS;

EID: 84865539902     PISSN: 00071048     EISSN: 13652141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09207.x     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Abba, K., Deeks, J.J., Olliaro, P., Naing, C.M., Jackson, S.M., Takwoingi, Y., Donegan, S. & Garner, P. (2011) Rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosing uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in endemic countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, CD008122.
2. Ansah, E.K., Narh-Bana, S., Epokor, M., Akanpigbiam, S., Quartey, A.A., Gyapong, J. & Whitty, C.J. (2010) Rapid testing for malaria in settings where microscopy is available and peripheral clinics where only presumptive treatment is available: a randomised controlled trial in Ghana. BMJ, 340, c930.
3. Avoy, D.R., Canuel, M.L., Otton, B.M. & Mileski, E.B. (1977) Hemoglobin screening in prospective blood donors: a comparison of methods. Transfusion, 17, 261-264.
4. Bastiaens, G.J., Schaftenaar, E., Ndaro, A., Keuter, M., Bousema, T. & Shekalaghe, S.A. (2011) Malaria diagnostic testing and treatment practices in three different Plasmodium falciparum transmission settings in Tanzania: before and after a government policy change. Malaria Journal, 10, 76.
5. Bell, D., Wongsrichanalai, C. & Barnwell, J.W. (2006) Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis: how can it be achieved? Nature Reviews Microbiology, 4, S7-S20.
6. van Berkel, C., Gwyer, J.D., Deane, S., Green, N.G., Holloway, J., Hollis, V. & Morgan, H. (2011) Integrated systems for rapid point of care (PoC) blood cell analysis. Lab on a Chip, 11, 1249-1255.
7. Bisoffi, Z., Sirima, B.S., Angheben, A., Lodesani, C., Gobbi, F., Tinto, H. & Van den Ende, J. (2009) Rapid malaria diagnostic tests vs. clinical management of malaria in rural Burkina Faso: safety and effect on clinical decisions. A randomized trial. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 14, 491-498.
8. Boulton, F.E., Nightingale, M.J. & Reynolds, W. (1994) Improved strategy for screening prospective blood donors for anaemia. Transfusion Medicine (Oxford, England), 4, 221-225.
9. Briggs, C., Kunka, S., Pennaneach, C., Forbes, L. & Machin, S.J. (2003) Performance evaluation of a new compact hematology analyzer, the Sysmex pocH-100i. Laboratory Hematology, 9, 225-233.
10. Briggs, C., Guthrie, D., Hyde, K., Mackie, I., Parker, N., Popek, M., Porter, N. & Stephens, C. (2008) Guidelines for point-of-care testing: haematology. British Journal of Haematology, 142, 904-915.
11. van den Broek, N.R., Ntonya, C., Mhango, E. & White, S.A. (1999) Diagnosing anaemia in pregnancy in rural clinics: assessing the potential of the Haemoglobin Colour Scale. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77, 15-21.
12. Cable, R.G. (1995) Hemoglobin determination in blood donors. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 9, 131-144.
13. Cable, R.G. (2003) Hb screening of blood donors: how close is close enough? Transfusion, 43, 306-308.
14. Carter, P. (2006) Report of the Review of NHS Pathology Services in England. Chaired by Lord Carter of Coles http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4137607.pdf.
15. Casey, J.R. & Pichichero, M.E. (2009) A comparison of 2 white blood cell count devices to aid judicious antibiotic prescribing. Clinical Pediatrics (Phila), 48, 291-294.
16. Chen, P.P., Short, T.G., Leung, D.H. & Oh, T.E. (1992) A clinical evaluation of the Hemocue haemoglobinometer using capillary, venous and arterial samples. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 20, 497-500.
17. Cheng, X., Gupta, A., Chen, C., Tompkins, R.G., Rodriguez, W. & Toner, M. (2009) Enhancing the performance of a point-of-care CD4+ T-cell counting microchip through monocyte depletion for HIV/AIDS diagnostics. Lab on a Chip, 9, 1357-1364.
18. Critchley, J. & Bates, I. (2005) Haemoglobin colour scale for anaemia diagnosis where there is no laboratory: a systematic review. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 1425-1434.
19. Daae, L.N., Halvorsen, S., Mathisen, P.M. & Mironska, K. (1988) A comparison between haematological parameters in 'capillary' and venous blood from healthy adults. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 48, 723-726.
20. Department of Health (2011) Innovation, Health and Wealth. Department of Health Gateway Reference 131299. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_131299.
21. Diaw, P.A., Daneau, G., Coly, A.A., Ndiaye, B.P., Wade, D., Camara, M., Mboup, S., Kestens, L. & Dieye, T.N. (2011) Multisite evaluation of a point-of-care instrument for CD4(+) T-cell enumeration using venous and finger-prick blood: the PIMA CD4. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 58, e103-e111.
22. Ekberg, B.A., Larsen, U.D. & Andersen, N.F. (2005) A Real Point-of-Care System for Complete Blood Counting. Point of Care, 4, 64-65.
23. Frasca, D., Dahyot-Fizelier, C., Catherine, K., Levrat, Q., Debaene, B. & Mimoz, O. (2011) Accuracy of a continuous noninvasive hemoglobin monitor in intensive care unit patients. Critical Care Medicine, 39, 2277-2282.
24. Gehring, H., Hornberger, C., Dibbelt, L., Rothsigkeit, A., Gerlach, K., Schumacher, J. & Schmucker, P. (2002) Accuracy of point-of-care-testing (POCT) for determining hemoglobin concentrations. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 46, 980-986.
25. Glencross, D.K., Coetzee, L.M., Faal, M., Masango, M., Stevens, W.S., Venter, W.F. & Osih, R. (2012) Performance evaluation of the point-of-care CD4 analyser Pima using capillary blood sampling in field tests in South Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 15, 3.
26. Hamer, D.H., Ndhlovu, M., Zurovac, D., Fox, M., Yeboah-Antwi, K., Chanda, P., Sipilinyambe, N., Simon, J.L. & Snow, R.W. (2007) Improved diagnostic testing and malaria treatment practices in Zambia. JAMA, 297, 2227-2231.
27. Hinds, L.E., Brown, C.L. & Clark, S.J. (2007) Point of care estimation of haemoglobin in neonates. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Education and Practice Edition, 92, F378-F380.
28. Hopfer, S.M., Nadeau, F.L., Sundra, M. & Makowski, G.S. (2004) Effect of protein on hemoglobin and hematocrit assays with a conductivity-based point-of-care testing device: comparison with optical methods. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 34, 75-82.
29. Hudson-Thomas, M., Bingham, K.C. & Simmons, W.K. (1994) An evaluation of the HemoCue for measuring haemoglobin in field studies in Jamaica. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 72, 423-426.
30. Ingram, C.F. & Lewis, S.M. (2000) Clinical use of WHO haemoglobin colour scale: validation and critique. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 53, 933-937.
31. James, V., Jones, K.F., Turner, E.M. & Sokol, R.J. (2003) Statistical analysis of inappropriate results from current Hb screening methods for blood donors. Transfusion, 43, 400-404.
32. Jani, I.V., Sitoe, N.E., Alfai, E.R., Chongo, P.L., Quevedo, J.I., Rocha, B.M., Lehe, J.D. & Peter, T.F. (2011) Effect of point-of-care CD4 cell count tests on retention of patients and rates of antiretroviral therapy initiation in primary health clinics: an observational cohort study. Lancet, 378, 1572-1579.
33. Johns, W.L. & Lewis, S.M. (1989) Primary health screening by haemoglobinometry in a tropical community. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 67, 627-633.
34. Kattenberg, J.H., Ochodo, E.A., Boer, K.R., Schallig, H.D., Mens, P.F. & Leeflang, M.M. (2011) Systematic review and meta-analysis: rapid diagnostic tests versus placental histology, microscopy and PCR for malaria in pregnant women. Malaria Journal, 10, 321.
35. Kendall, J., Reeves, B. & Clancy, M. (1998) Point of care testing: randomised controlled trial of clinical outcome. BMJ, 316, 1052-1057.
36. Kinoshita, Y., Yamane, T., Takubo, T., Kanashima, H., Kamitani, T., Tatsumi, N. & Hino, M. (2002) Measurement of hemoglobin concentrations using the astrim noninvasive blood vessel monitoring apparatus. Acta Haematologica, 108, 109-110.
37. Lamhaut, L., Apriotesei, R., Combes, X., Lejay, M., Carli, P. & Vivien, B. (2011) Comparison of the accuracy of noninvasive hemoglobin monitoring by spectrophotometry (SpHb) and HemoCue(R) with automated laboratory hemoglobin measurement. Anesthesiology, 115, 548-554.
38. Lardi, A.M., Hirst, C., Mortimer, A.J. & McCollum, C.N. (1998) Evaluation of the HemoCue for measuring intra-operative haemoglobin concentrations: a comparison with the Coulter Max-M. Anaesthesia, 53, 349-352.
39. Leman, P., Guthrie, D., Simpson, R. & Little, F. (2004) Improving access to diagnostics: an evaluation of a satellite laboratory service in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Journal, 21, 452-456.
40. Lewis, S.M. & Emmanuel, J. (2001) Validity of the haemoglobin colour scale in blood donor screening. Vox Sanguinis, 80, 28-33.
41. Lewis, S.M. & Osei-Bimpong, A. (2003) Haemoglobinometry in general practice. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology, 25, 343-346.
42. Lewis, S.M., Osei-Bimpong, A. & Bradshaw, A. (2004) Measurement of haemoglobin as a screening test in general practice. Journal of Medical Screening, 11, 103-105.
43. Lewis, S.M., Bain, B.J. & Bates, I. (2006) Basic haematological techniques. In: Practical Haematology. (ed. by B.J. Bain, I. Bates & S.M. Lewis), pp. 26-57. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.
44. Lindblade, K.A., Mwololo, K., van Eijk, A.M., Peterson, E., Odhiambo, F., Williamson, J. & Slutsker, L. (2006) Evaluation of the WHO Haemoglobin Colour Scale for diagnosis of anaemia in children and pregnant women as used by primary health care nurses and community health workers in western Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 11, 1679-1687.
45. Loose, J., Southgate, C. & Raper, C.G. (1986) Benefits of the portable haemoglobinometer in group practices. The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 36, 574-575.
46. Van de Louw, A., Lasserre, N., Drouhin, F., Thierry, S., Lecuyer, L., Caen, D. & Tenaillon, A. (2007) Reliability of HemoCue in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Intensive Care Medicine, 33, 355-358.
47. Lubell, Y., Reyburn, H., Mbakilwa, H., Mwangi, R., Chonya, K., Whitty, C.J. & Mills, A. (2007) The cost-effectiveness of parasitologic diagnosis for malaria-suspected patients in an era of combination therapy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77, 128-132.
48. Lubell, Y., Reyburn, H., Mbakilwa, H., Mwangi, R., Chonya, S., Whitty, C.J. & Mills, A. (2008a) The impact of response to the results of diagnostic tests for malaria: cost-benefit analysis. BMJ, 336, 202-205.
49. Lubell, Y., Hopkins, H., Whitty, C.J., Staedke, S.G. & Mills, A. (2008b) An interactive model for the assessment of the economic costs and benefits of different rapid diagnostic tests for malaria. Malaria Journal, 7, 21.
50. Marx, A., Pewsner, D., Egger, M., Nuesch, R., Bucher, H.C., Genton, B., Hatz, C. & Juni, P. (2005) Meta-analysis: accuracy of rapid tests for malaria in travelers returning from endemic areas. Annals of Internal Medicine, 142, 836-846.
51. McMahon, D.J. & Carpenter, R.L. (1990) A comparison of conductivity-based hematocrit determinations with conventional laboratory methods in autologous blood transfusions. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 71, 541-544.
52. McNulty, S.E., Torjman, M., Grodecki, W., Marr, A. & Schieren, H. (1995) A comparison of four bedside methods of hemoglobin assessment during cardiac surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 81, 1197-1202.
53. Medina, L.A., Mundy, C., Kandulu, J., Chisuwo, L. & Bates, I. (2005) Evaluation and costs of different haemoglobin methods for use in district hospitals in Malawi. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 58, 56-60.
54. Mills, A.F. & Meadows, N. (1989) Screening for anaemia: evaluation of a haemoglobinometer. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 64, 1468-1471.
55. Mimoz, O., Frasca, D., Medard, A., Soubiron, L., Debaene, B. & Dahyot-Fizelier, C. (2011) Reliability of the HemoCue(R) hemoglobinometer in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Minerva Anestesiologica, 77, 979-985.
56. Miyakis, S., Karamanof, G., Liontos, M. & Mountokalakis, T.D. (2006) Factors contributing to inappropriate ordering of tests in an academic medical department and the effect of an educational feedback strategy. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 82, 823-829.
57. Moody, A. (2002) Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15, 66-78.
58. Morris, S.S., Ruel, M.T., Cohen, R.J., Dewey, K.G., de la Briere, B. & Hassan, M.N. (1999) Precision, accuracy, and reliability of hemoglobin assessment with use of capillary blood. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 1243-1248.
59. Morris, L.D., Osei-Bimpong, A., McKeown, D., Roper, D. & Lewis, S.M. (2007) Evaluation of the utility of the HemoCue 301 haemoglobinometer for blood donor screening. Vox Sanguinis, 93, 64-69.
60. Msellem, M.I., Martensson, A., Rotllant, G., Bhattarai, A., Stromberg, J., Kahigwa, E., Garcia, M., Petzold, M., Olumese, P., Ali, A. & Bjorkman, A. (2009) Influence of rapid malaria diagnostic tests on treatment and health outcome in fever patients, Zanzibar: a crossover validation study. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000070.
61. Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S., Chideme, M., Mangwanya, D., Mugurungi, O., Gudukeya, S., Hatzold, K., Mangwiro, A., Bhattacharya, G., Lehe, J. & Peter, T. (2010) Evaluation of the PIMA point-of-care CD4 analyzer in VCT clinics in Zimbabwe. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 55, 1-7.
62. Munoz, G.M., Naveira, A.E., Romero, R.A. & Ramirez, R.G. (2003) [Precision and accuracy of the immediate determination of hemoglobin using HemoCueB Hemoglobin in urgent, surgical, and critical patients]. Revista Espanola de Anestesiologia y Reanimacion, 50, 332-339.
63. Munoz, M., Romero, A., Gomez, J.F., Manteca, A., Naveira, E. & Ramirez, G. (2005) Utility of point-of-care haemoglobin measurement in the HemoCue-B haemoglobin for the initial diagnosis of anaemia. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology, 27, 99-104.
64. Murray, C.K., Gasser, Jr, R.A., Magill, A.J. & Miller, R.S. (2008) Update on rapid diagnostic testing for malaria. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 21, 97-110.
65. Neville, R.G. (1987) Evaluation of portable haemoglobinometer in general practice. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 294, 1263-1265.
66. Ochola, L.B., Vounatsou, P., Smith, T., Mabaso, M.L. & Newton, C.R. (2006) The reliability of diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis and management of malaria in the absence of a gold standard. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 6, 582-588.
67. al-Odeh, A., Varga, Z.A. & Angelin, G.D. (1994) Haematocrit measurements during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: comparison of three stat methods with a blood cell counter. Perfusion, 9, 127-134.
68. Osei-Bimpong, A., Jury, C., McLean, R. & Lewis, S.M. (2009) Point-of-care method for total white cell count: an evaluation of the HemoCue WBC device. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 31, 657-664.
69. Osei-Bimpong, A., McLean, R., Bhonda, E. & Lewis, S.M. (2012) The use of the white cell count and haemoglobin in combination as an effective screen to predict the normality of the full blood count. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 34, 91-97.
70. Papadea, C., Foster, J., Grant, S., Ballard, S.A., Cate, J.C., Southgate, W.M. & Purohit, D.M. (2002) Evaluation of the i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyzer for point-of-care blood testing in the intensive care units of a university children's hospital. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 32, 231-243.
71. Perry, D.J., Fitzmaurice, D.A., Kitchen, S., Mackie, I.J. & Mallett, S. (2010) Point-of-care testing in haemostasis. British Journal of Haematology, 150, 501-514.
72. Phillips, R.A., Van Slyke, D.D. & Hamilton, P.B. (1950) Measurement of specific gravities of whole blood and plasma by standard copper sulfate solutions. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 183, 305-347.
73. Rabe, H., Alvarez, R.F., Whitfield, T., Lawson, F. & Jungmann, H. (2010) Spectroscopic noninvasive measurement of hemoglobin compared with capillary and venous values in neonates. Neonatology, 98, 1-5.
74. Radtke, H., Polat, G., Kalus, U., Salama, A. & Kiesewetter, H. (2005) Hemoglobin screening in prospective blood donors: comparison of different blood samples and different quantitative methods. Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 33, 31-35.
75. Rao, L.V., Ekberg, B.A., Connor, D., Jakubiak, F., Vallaro, G.M. & Snyder, M. (2008) Evaluation of a new point of care automated complete blood count (CBC) analyzer in various clinical settings. Clinica Chimica Acta, 389, 120-125.
76. Rao, L.V., Moiles, D. & Snyder, M. (2011) Finger-stick complete blood counts. Comparison between venous and capillary blood. Point of Care, 10, 120-122.
77. Rechner, I.J., Twigg, A., Davies, A.F. & Imong, S. (2002) Evaluation of the HemoCue compared with the Coulter STKS for measurement of neonatal haemoglobin. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Education and Practice Edition, 86, F188-F189.
78. Reyburn, H., Mbakilwa, H., Mwangi, R., Mwerinde, O., Olomi, R., Drakeley, C. & Whitty, C.J. (2007) Rapid diagnostic tests compared with malaria microscopy for guiding outpatient treatment of febrile illness in Tanzania: randomised trial. BMJ, 334, 403.
79. Rippmann, C.E., Nett, P.C., Popovic, D., Seifert, B., Pasch, T. & Spahn, D.R. (1997) Hemocue, an accurate bedside method of hemoglobin measurement? Journal of Clinical Monitoring, 13, 373-377.
80. Sari, M., de Pee, S., Martini, E., Herman, S., Sugiatmi, Bloem, M.W. & Yip, R. (2001) Estimating the prevalence of anaemia: a comparison of three methods. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79, 506-511.
81. Sawant, R.B., Bharucha, Z.S. & Rajadhyaksha, S.B. (2007) Evaluation of hemoglobin of blood donors deferred by the copper sulphate method for hemoglobin estimation. Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 36, 143-148.
82. Schalk, E., Heim, M.U., Koenigsmann, M. & Jentsch-Ullrich, K. (2007) Use of capillary blood count parameters in adults. Vox Sanguinis, 93, 348-353.
83. von Schenck, H., Falkensson, M. & Lundberg, B. (1986) Evaluation of "HemoCue, "a new device for determining hemoglobin. Clinical Chemistry, 32, 526-529.
84. Seguin, P., Kleiber, A., Chanavaz, C., Morcet, J. & Malledant, Y. (2011) Determination of capillary hemoglobin levels using the HemoCue system in intensive care patients. Journal of Critical Care, 26, 423-427.
85. Shillcutt, S., Morel, C., Goodman, C., Coleman, P., Bell, D., Whitty, C.J. & Mills, A. (2008) Cost-effectiveness of malaria diagnostic methods in sub-Saharan Africa in an era of combination therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86, 101-110.
86. Skarbinski, J., Ouma, P.O., Causer, L.M., Kariuki, S.K., Barnwell, J.W., Alaii, J.A., de Oliveira, A.M., Zurovac, D., Larson, B.A., Snow, R.W., Rowe, A.K., Laserson, K.F., Akhwale, W.S., Slutsker, L. & Hamel, M.J. (2009) Effect of malaria rapid diagnostic tests on the management of uncomplicated malaria with artemether-lumefantrine in Kenya: a cluster randomized trial. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80, 919-926.
87. Van Slyke, D.D., Phillips, R.A. & Dole, V.P. (1950) Calculation of hemoglobin from blood specific gravities. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 183, 349-360.
88. Spielmann, N., Mauch, J., Madjdpour, C., Schmugge, M., Weiss, M. & Haas, T. (2012) Accuracy and precision of hemoglobin point-of-care testing during major pediatric surgery. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 34, 86-90.
89. Ssekabira, U., Bukirwa, H., Hopkins, H., Namagembe, A., Weaver, M.R., Sebuyira, L.M., Quick, L., Staedke, S., Yeka, A., Kiggundu, M., Schneider, G., McAdam, K., Wabwire-Mangen, F. & Dorsey, G. (2008) Improved malaria case management after integrated team-based training of health care workers in Uganda. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79, 826-833.
90. Stadlbauer, V., Wallner, S., Stojakovic, T. & Smolle, K.H. (2011) Comparison of 3 different multianalyte point-of-care devices during clinical routine on a medical intensive care unit. Journal of Critical Care, 26, 433.e1-433.e11.
91. Steinfelder-Visscher, J., Weerwind, P.W., Teerenstra, S., Pop, G.A. & Brouwer, R.M. (2007) Conductivity-based hematocrit measurement during cardiopulmonary bypass. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 21, 7-12.
92. Stone, J.E., Simmons, W.K., Jutsum, P.J. & Gurney, J.M. (1984) An evaluation of methods of screening for anaemia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 62, 115-120.
93. Stott, G.J. & Lewis, S.M. (1995) A simple and reliable method for estimating haemoglobin. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 73, 369-373.
94. Stott, R.A., Hortin, G.L., Wilhite, T.R., Miller, S.B., Smith, C.H. & Landt, M. (1995) Analytical artifacts in hematocrit measurements by whole-blood chemistry analyzers. Clinical Chemistry, 41, 306-311.
95. Sukapirom, K., Onlamoon, N., Thepthai, C., Polsrila, K., Tassaneetrithep, B. & Pattanapanyasat, K. (2011) Performance evaluation of the Alere PIMA CD4 test for monitoring HIV-infected individuals in resource-constrained settings. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 58, 141-147.
96. Tatsumi, N., Miwa, S. & Lewis, S.M. (2002) Specimen collection, storage, and transmission to the laboratory for hematological tests. International Journal of Hematology, 75, 261-268.
97. Thiam, S., Thior, M., Faye, B., Ndiop, M., Diouf, M.L., Diouf, M.B., Diallo, I., Fall, F.B., Ndiaye, J.L., Albertini, A., Lee, E., Jorgensen, P., Gaye, O. & Bell, D. (2011) Major reduction in anti-malarial drug consumption in Senegal after nation-wide introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS ONE, 6, e18419.
98. Timan, I.S., Tatsumi, N., Aulia, D. & Wangsasaputra, E. (2004) Comparison of haemoglobinometry by WHO Haemoglobin Colour Scale and copper sulphate against haemiglobincyanide reference method. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology, 26, 253-258.
99. UNAIDS. (2010) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Available at:www.unaids.org/globalreport/Global_report.html.
100. US Dept of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration (1992) Clinical laboratory improvement amendments of 1988 (CLIA-88): final rules and notices. Federal Register, 57, 7188-7288.
101. WHO (2000) Malaria Diagnosis New Perspectives. Report of a Joint WHO/USAID Informal Consultation. October 25-27, 2000. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/who_cds_rbm_2000_14/en/index.html.
102. WHO (2002) The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/whr02_en.pdf.
103. WHO (2007) Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests: Assesing RDT Cost Effectiveness. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. www.wpro.who.int/sites/rdt/Assessing+RDT+Cost-Effectiveness.htm.
104. WHO (2008) World Malaria Report 2008. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/malaria/wmr2008/malaria2008.pdf.
105. WHO (2009) List of known commercially available antigen-detecting malaria RDTs. Information for national public health services and UN Agencies wishing to procure RDTs. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www2.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/E4823BBF-69FC-45DE-B924-1A9FCDD7406C/0/RoundIII_SummaryFINAL.pdf.
106. WHO (2010a) Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. 2nd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
107. WHO (2010b) Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Treatment of Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations for A Public Health Approach. 2010 revision. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/adult2010/en/index.html.
108. Widness, J.A., Madan, A., Grindeanu, L.A., Zimmerman, M.B., Wong, D.K. & Stevenson, D.K. (2005) Reduction in red blood cell transfusions among preterm infants: results of a randomized trial with an in-line blood gas and chemistry monitor. Pediatrics, 115, 1299-1306.
109. Wongsrichanalai, C., Barcus, M.J., Muth, S., Sutamihardja, A. & Wernsdorfer, W.H. (2007) A review of malaria diagnostic tools: microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77, 119-127.
110. Wood, E.M., Kim, D.M. & Miller, J.P. (2001) Accuracy of predonation Hct sampling affects donor safety, eligibility, and deferral rates. Transfusion, 41, 353-359.
111. Zhou, X., Yan, H., Xing, Y., Dang, S., Zhuoma, B. & Wang, D. (2009) Evaluation of a portable hemoglobin photometer in pregnant women in a high altitude area: a pilot study. BMC Public Health, 9, 228.
112. Zwart, A., van Assendelft, O.W., Bull, B.S., England, J.M., Lewis, S.M. & Zijlstra, W.G. (1996) Recommendations for reference method for haemoglobinometry in human blood (ICSH standard 1995) and specifications for international haemiglobinocyanide standard (4th edition). Journal of Clinical Pathology, 49, 271-274.