Targeted microbubbles in the experimental and clinical setting

American Journal of Surgery

Volumn 204, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 355-366

  Alzaraa, Ahmed ^a   Gravante, Gianpiero ^a   Chung, Wen Yuan ^a   Al Leswas, Dhya ^a   Bruno, Morgan ^b   Dennison, Ashley R ^a   Lloyd, David M ^a  

^a LEICESTER GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF LEICESTER NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Contrast enhanced ultrasonography; Microbubbles; Targeted microbubbles

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ALBUNEX; BETA GALACTOSIDASE; BLEOMYCIN; ECHISTATIN; ECHO CONTRAST MEDIUM; ECHOVIST; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; EPTIFIBATIDE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; LIPOCORTIN 5; LUCIFERASE; PERFLEXANE; PERFLUBUTANE; PERFLUOROPENTANE; PERFLUTREN; PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE; PROTEIN P53; SHU 508; SONOVIST; SONOVUE; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN ANTIBODY;

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG TARGETING; ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MICROBUBBLE; NONHUMAN; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THROMBOSIS;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CONTRAST MEDIA; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MICROBUBBLES; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC; THROMBOSIS; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 84865266404     PISSN: 00029610     EISSN: 18791883     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.10.024     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. R. Gramiak, P.M. Shah Echocardiography of the aortic root Invest Radiol 3 1968 356 366
2. O. Catalano, R. Lobianco, M.M. Raso Blunt hepatic trauma: evaluation with contrast-enhanced sonography: sonographic findings and clinical application J Ultrasound Med 24 2005 299 310 (Pubitemid 40315956)
3. J.J. Rychak, J.R. Lindner, K. Ley Deformable gas-filled microbubbles targeted to P-selectin J Control Release 114 2006 288 299 (Pubitemid 44310816)
4. A.M. Takalkar, A.L. Klibanov, J.J. Rychak Binding and detachment dynamics of microbubbles targeted to P-selectin under controlled shear flow J Control Release 96 2004 473 482 (Pubitemid 38553925)
5. J.J. Rychak, A.L. Klibanov, K.F. Ley Enhanced targeting of ultrasound contrast agents using acoustic radiation force Ultrasound Med Biol 33 2007 1132 1139 (Pubitemid 47002129)
6. J.R. Lindner, J. Song, F. Xu Noninvasive ultrasound imaging of inflammation using microbubbles targeted to activated leukocytes Circulation 102 2000 2745 2750
7. P.A. Dayton, D. Pearson, J. Clark Ultrasonic analysis of peptide- and antibody-targeted microbubble contrast agents for molecular imaging of alphavbeta3-expressing cells Mol Imaging 3 2004 125 134
8. D.B. Ellegala, H. Leong-Poi, J.E. Carpenter Imaging tumor angiogenesis with contrast ultrasound and microbubbles targeted to alpha(v)beta3 Circulation 108 2003 336 341 (Pubitemid 36899026)
9. H. Leong-Poi, J. Christiansen, A.L. Klibanov Noninvasive assessment of angiogenesis by ultrasound and microbubbles targeted to alpha(v)-integrins Circulation 107 2003 455 460 (Pubitemid 36158049)
10. J.K. Willmann, A.M. Lutz, R. Paulmurugan Dual-targeted contrast agent for US assessment of tumor angiogenesis in vivo Radiology 248 2008 936 944
11. P.A. Schumann, J.P. Christiansen, R.M. Quigley Targeted-microbubble binding selectively to GPIIb IIIa receptors of platelet thrombi Invest Radiol 37 2002 587 593 (Pubitemid 35231692)
12. A. Alonso, C.E. Dempfle, A. Della Martina In vivo clot lysis of human thrombus with intravenous abciximab immunobubbles and ultrasound Thromb Res 124 2009 70 74
13. M.J. Martin, E.M. Chung, A.H. Goodall Enhanced detection of thromboemboli with the use of targeted microbubbles Stroke 38 2007 2726 2732 (Pubitemid 47494010)
14. W.C. Culp, T.R. Porter, J. Lowery Intracranial clot lysis with intravenous microbubbles and transcranial ultrasound in swine Stroke 35 2004 2407 2411 (Pubitemid 39311272)
15. J.F. Wang, J.B. Wang, H. Chen Ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction enhances gene transfection in pancreatic cancer cells Adv Ther 25 2008 412 421
16. T. Yamashita, S. Sonoda, R. Suzuki A novel bubble liposome and ultrasound-mediated gene transfer to ocular surface: RC-1 cells in vitro and conjunctiva in vivo Exp Eye Res 85 2007 741 748 (Pubitemid 350166361)
17. X. Wang, H.D. Liang, B. Dong Gene transfer with microbubble ultrasound and plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle of mice: comparison between commercially available microbubble contrast agents Radiology 237 2005 224 229 (Pubitemid 41346167)
18. R.V. Shohet, S. Chen, Y.T. Zhou Echocardiographic destruction of albumin microbubbles directs gene delivery to the myocardium Circulation 101 2000 2554 2556 (Pubitemid 30350631)
19. W. Xing, W.Z. Gang, Z. Yong Treatment of xenografted ovarian carcinoma using paclitaxel-loaded ultrasound microbubbles Acad Radiol 15 2008 1574 1579
20. M. Susa, A.K. Iyer, K. Ryu Doxorubicin loaded polymeric nanoparticulate delivery system to overcome drug resistance in osteosarcoma BMC Cancer 9 2009 399
21. H. Maeda, K. Tominaga, K. Iwanaga Targeted drug delivery system for oral cancer therapy using sonoporation J Oral Pathol Med 38 2009 572 579
22. C.J. Harvey, M.J. Blomley, R.J. Eckersley Developments in ultrasound contrast media Eur Radiol 11 2001 675 689 (Pubitemid 32755511)
23. M. Kaya, T.S. Gregory, P.A. Dayton Changes in lipid-encapsulated microbubble population during continuous infusion and methods to maintain consistency Ultrasound Med Biol 35 2009 1748 1755
24. C. Dromain, T. de Baere, D. Elias Hepatic tumors treated with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: CT and MR imaging follow-up Radiology 223 2002 255 262 (Pubitemid 34258217)
25. M. Schneider Molecular imaging and ultrasound-assisted drug delivery J Endourol 22 2008 795 802
26. T. Kyoung Kim, H.-J. Jang, S.R. Wilson Microbubble contrast agents for ultrasound imagingsafety and efficacy in abdominal and vascular imaging Liver Imaging 2008 54 57
27. P.N. Burns, S.R. Wilson Microbubble contrast for radiological imaging: 1 Principles Ultrasound Q 22 2006 5 13 (Pubitemid 44510222)
28. D. Cosgrove, C. Harvey Clinical uses of microbubbles in diagnosis and treatment Med Biol Eng Comput 47 2009 813 826
29. J.R. Lindner Microbubbles in medical imaging: current applications and future directions Nat Rev Drug Discov 3 2004 527 532 (Pubitemid 38807535)
30. A.L. Klibanov Microbubble contrast agents: targeted ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-assisted drug-delivery applications Invest Radiol 41 2006 354 362 (Pubitemid 44406198)
31. G.E. Weller, F.S. Villanueva, E.M. Tom Targeted ultrasound contrast agents: in vitro assessment of endothelial dysfunction and multi-targeting to ICAM-1 and sialyl Lewisx Biotechnol Bioeng 92 2005 780 788 (Pubitemid 41772473)
32. S.R. Wilson, T.K. Kim, H.J. Jang Enhancement patterns of focal liver masses: discordance between contrast-enhanced sonography and contrast-enhanced CT and MRI AJR Am J Roentgenol 189 2007 W7 W12
33. B. Wang, W.J. Zang, M. Wang Prolonging the ultrasound signal enhancement from thrombi using targeted microbubbles based on sulfur-hexafluoride-filled gas Acad Radiol 13 2006 428 433
34. D. Cosgrove Ultrasound contrast agents: an overview Eur J Radiol 60 2006 324 330
35. H. Rasmussen, H.A. Dirven, D. Grant Etiology of cecal and hepatic lesions in mice after administration of gas-carrier contrast agents used in ultrasound imaging Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 188 2003 176 184 (Pubitemid 36513599)
36. F. Kiessling, J. Huppert, M. Palmowski Functional and molecular ultrasound imaging: concepts and contrast agents Curr Med Chem 16 2009 627 642
37. C. Beaton, D. Cochlin, N. Kumar Contrast enhanced ultrasound should be the initial radiological investigation to characterise focal liver lesions Eur J Surg Oncol 36 2010 43 46
38. T.K. Kim, H.J. Jang, S.R. Wilson Benign liver masses: imaging with microbubble contrast agents Ultrasound Q 22 2006 31 39 (Pubitemid 44510225)
39. Y. Furusawa, Q.L. Zhao, M.A. Hassan Ultrasound-induced apoptosis in the presence of Sonazoid and associated alterations in gene expression levels: a possible therapeutic application Cancer Lett 288 2010 107 115
40. G. ter Haar Basic physics of therapeutic ultrasound Physiotherapy 64 1978 100 103 (Pubitemid 8309579)
41. J. Low, A. Reed Electrotherapy Explained: Principles and Practice 1994 Butterworth-Heinemann Oxford
42. B. Krasovitski, V. Frenkel, S. Shoham Intramembrane cavitation as a unifying mechanism for ultrasound-induced bioeffects Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 2011 3258 3263
43. C.B. Walton, C.D. Anderson, R. Boulay Introduction to the ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction technique J Vis Exp 52 2011
44. H. Ando, L.B. Feril Jr, T. Kondo An echo-contrast agent, Levovist, lowers the ultrasound intensity required to induce apoptosis of human leukemia cells Cancer Lett 242 2006 37 45 (Pubitemid 44485291)
45. G.R. ter Haar Ultrasonic contrast agents: safety considerations reviewed Eur J Radiol 41 2002 217 221 (Pubitemid 34171564)
46. D.L. Miller, C. Dou Induction of apoptosis in sonoporation and ultrasonic gene transfer Ultrasound Med Biol 35 2009 144 154
47. K. Kooiman, M. Foppen-Harteveld, N. de Jong Ultrasound-mediated targeted microbubble sonoporation of endothelial cells J Control Release 148 2010 e62 e63
48. E.P. Stride, C.C. Coussios Cavitation and contrast: the use of bubbles in ultrasound imaging and therapy Proc Inst Mech Eng H 224 2010 171 191
49. S.K. Tsao, J. Tsao A consistent tissue attenuation coefficient estimator using bubble harmonic echoes IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Contr 57 2010 2654 2661
50. X. Zhang, J.F. Greenleaf Measurement of wave velocity in arterial walls with ultrasound transducers Ultrasound Med Biol 32 2006 1655 1660 (Pubitemid 44716574)
51. R. Metoki, F. Moriyasu, N. Kamiyama Quantification of hepatic parenchymal blood flow by contrast ultrasonography with flash-replenishment imaging Ultrasound Med Biol 32 2006 1459 1466 (Pubitemid 44528109)
52. E. Stride, C. Porter, A.G. Prieto Enhancement of microbubble mediated gene delivery by simultaneous exposure to ultrasonic and magnetic fields Ultrasound Med Biol 35 2009 861 868
53. J. Collis, R. Manasseh, P. Liovic Cavitation microstreaming and stress fields created by microbubbles Ultrasonics 50 2010 273 279
54. K.S. Suslick Sonochemistry Science 247 1990 1439 1445 (Pubitemid 120007653)
55. A. Saraste, S.G. Nekolla, M. Schwaiger Cardiovascular molecular imaging: an overview Cardiovasc Res 83 2009 643 652
56. J.G. Ries Fluorocarbon-based injectable gaseous microbubbles for diagnosis and therapy Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 8 2003 256 266
57. S. Kaul Microbubbles and ultrasound: a bird's eye view Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 115 2004 137 148
58. K.M. Dittmar, J. Xie, F. Hunter Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound enhances systemic administration of naked DNA in squamous cell carcinoma model: initial experience Radiology 235 2005 541 546 (Pubitemid 40571094)
59. A.F. Lum, M.A. Borden, P.A. Dayton Ultrasound radiation force enables targeted deposition of model drug carriers loaded on microbubbles J Control Release 111 2006 128 134 (Pubitemid 43290001)
60. A.L. Klibanov, J.J. Rychak, W.C. Yang Targeted ultrasound contrast agent for molecular imaging of inflammation in high-shear flow Contrast Media Mol Imaging 1 2006 259 266
61. T. Yasu, Y. Greener, E. Jablonski Activated leukocytes and endothelial cells enhance retention of ultrasound contrast microspheres containing perfluoropropane in inflamed venules Int J Cardiol 98 2005 245 252 (Pubitemid 40431170)
62. S. Aigner, M. Ruppert, M. Hubbe Heat stable antigen (mouse CD24) supports myeloid cell binding to endothelial and platelet p-selectin Int Immunol 7 1995 1557 1565
63. J.R. Lindner, J. Song, J. Christiansen Ultrasound assessment of inflammation and renal tissue injury with microbubbles targeted to P-selectin Circulation 104 2001 2107 2112 (Pubitemid 33027054)
64. J. Yang, J. Galipeau, C.A. Kozak Mouse P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1: molecular cloning, chromosomal localization, and expression of a functional P-selectin receptor Blood 87 1996 4176 4186 (Pubitemid 26152262)
65. Y. Sato Update on endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis Endothelium 13 2006 147 155 (Pubitemid 44173114)
66. R. Soldi, S. Mitola, M. Strasly Role of alphavbeta3 integrin in the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 EMBO J 18 1999 882 892 (Pubitemid 29082268)
67. G. Korpanty, J.G. Carbon, P.A. Grayburn Monitoring response to anticancer therapy by targeting microbubbles to tumor vasculature Clin Cancer Res 13 2007 323 330 (Pubitemid 46121886)
68. F. Ciardiello, T. Troiani, R. Bianco Interaction between the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways: a rational approach for multi-target anticancer therapy Ann Oncol 17 Suppl 7 2006 vii109 vii114
69. G. Santulli, M.F. Basilicata, M. De Simone Evaluation of the anti-angiogenic properties of the new selective alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist RGDechiHCit J Transl Med 9 2011 7
70. A. Alonso, A. Della Martina, M. Stroick Molecular imaging of human thrombus with novel abciximab immunobubbles and ultrasound Stroke 38 2007 1508 1514 (Pubitemid 46684166)
71. K. Tachibana, S. Tachibana Albumin microbubble echo-contrast material as an enhancer for ultrasound accelerated thrombolysis Circulation 92 1995 1148 1150
72. Y. Birnbaum, H. Luo, T. Nagai Noninvasive in vivo clot dissolution without a thrombolytic drug: recanalization of thrombosed iliofemoral arteries by transcutaneous ultrasound combined with intravenous infusion of microbubbles Circulation 97 1998 130 134 (Pubitemid 28124667)
73. F. Xie, J. Lof, T. Matsunaga Diagnostic ultrasound combined with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-targeted microbubbles improves microvascular recovery after acute coronary thrombotic occlusions Circulation 119 2009 1378 1385
74. T. Ueland, P. Aukrust, T.R. Omdal Effect of eptifibatide on platelet-mediated inflammation in acute coronary syndromes Int J Cardiol 151 2011 385 387
75. X.H. Wang, Y. Qin, M.H. Hu Dendritic cells pulsed with hsp70-peptide complexes derived from human hepatocellular carcinoma induce specific anti-tumor immune responses World J Gastroenterol 11 2005 5614 5620 (Pubitemid 41684912)
76. M.G. Neuman Apoptosis in liver disease Rom J Gastroenterol 11 2002 3 7 (Pubitemid 34288786)
77. I.M. Ghobrial, T.E. Witzig, A.A. Adjei Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer therapy CA Cancer J Clin 55 2005 178 194 (Pubitemid 40826487)
78. H. Honda, Q.L. Zhao, T. Kondo Effects of dissolved gases and an echo contrast agent on apoptosis induced by ultrasound and its mechanism via the mitochondria-caspase pathway Ultrasound Med Biol 28 2002 673 682 (Pubitemid 34665425)
79. W. Luo, X. Zhou, J. Zhang Analysis of apoptosis and cell proliferation after high intensity-focused ultrasound ablation combined with microbubbles in rabbit livers Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 2007 962 968 (Pubitemid 350287402)
80. L.B. Feril Jr, T. Kondo, Q.L. Zhao Enhancement of ultrasound-induced apoptosis and cell lysis by echo-contrast agents Ultrasound Med Biol 29 2003 331 337 (Pubitemid 36355855)
81. T. Yu, S. Xiong, T.J. Mason The use of a micro-bubble agent to enhance rabbit liver destruction using high intensity focused ultrasound Ultrason Sonochem 13 2006 143 149 (Pubitemid 41627831)
82. L.B. Feril Jr, T. Kondo Biological effects of low intensity ultrasound: the mechanism involved, and its implications on therapy and on biosafety of ultrasound J Radiat Res 45 2004 479 489 (Pubitemid 40255920)
83. J.P. Christiansen, B.A. French, A.L. Klibanov Targeted tissue transfection with ultrasound destruction of plasmid-bearing cationic microbubbles Ultrasound Med Biol 29 2003 1759 1767 (Pubitemid 38091725)
84. C.R. Lin, K.H. Chen, C.H. Yang Sonoporation-mediated gene transfer into adult rat dorsal root ganglion cells J Biomed Sci 17 2010 44
85. S. Hernot, A.L. Klibanov Microbubbles in ultrasound-triggered drug and gene delivery Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60 2008 1153 1166
86. D.M. Hallow, A.D. Mahajan, M.R. Prausnitz Ultrasonically targeted delivery into endothelial and smooth muscle cells in ex vivo arteries J Control Release 118 2007 285 293 (Pubitemid 46441549)
87. S. Tsunoda, O. Mazda, Y. Oda Sonoporation using microbubble BR14 promotes pDNA/siRNA transduction to murine heart Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336 2005 118 127 (Pubitemid 41253411)
88. R. Ogawa, T. Kondo, H. Honda Effects of dissolved gases and an echo contrast agent on ultrasound mediated in vitro gene transfection Ultrason Sonochem 9 2002 197 203 (Pubitemid 34835668)
89. Y. Manome, N. Nakayama, K. Nakayama Insonation facilitates plasmid DNA transfection into the central nervous system and microbubbles enhance the effect Ultrasound Med Biol 31 2005 693 702 (Pubitemid 40615189)
90. T. Kodama, Y. Tomita, K. Koshiyama Transfection effect of microbubbles on cells in superposed ultrasound waves and behavior of cavitation bubble Ultrasound Med Biol 32 2006 905 914 (Pubitemid 43903085)
91. A. Watanabe, R. Otake, T. Nozaki Effects of microbubbles on ultrasound-mediated gene transfer in human prostate cancer PC3 cells: comparison among Levovist, YM454, and MRX-815H Cancer Lett 265 2008 107 112
92. E.C. Unger, T. Porter, W. Culp Therapeutic application of lipid-coated microbubbles Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56 2004 1291 1314
93. J.C. Chapuis, R.M. Schmaltz, K.S. Tsosie Carbohydrate dependent targeting of cancer cells by bleomycin-microbubble conjugates J Am Chem Soc 131 2009 2438 2439
94. K.W. Ferrara, M.A. Borden, H. Zhang Lipid-shelled vehicles: engineering for ultrasound molecular imaging and drug delivery Acc Chem Res 42 2009 881 892
95. S. Qin, C.F. Caskey, K.W. Ferrara Ultrasound contrast microbubbles in imaging and therapy: physical principles and engineering Phys Med Biol 54 2009 R27 R57
96. J.R. Lindner Evolving applications for contrast ultrasound Am J Cardiol 90 2002 72J 80J (Pubitemid 35346871)
97. T.A. Waldmann Immunotherapy: past, present and future Nat Med 9 2003 269 277 (Pubitemid 36362781)
98. K. Iwanaga, K. Tominaga, K. Yamamoto Local delivery system of cytotoxic agents to tumors by focused sonoporation Cancer Gene Ther 14 2007 354 363 (Pubitemid 46425785)
99. R. Rai, C. Richardson, P. Flecknell Study of apoptosis and heat shock protein (HSP) expression in hepatocytes following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) J Surg Res 129 2005 147 151 (Pubitemid 41501868)
100. G.J. Liu, F. Moriyasu, T. Hirokawa Expression of heat shock protein 70 in rabbit liver after contrast-enhanced ultrasound and radiofrequency ablation Ultrasound Med Biol 36 2010 78 85
101. M. Nikfarjam, V. Muralidharan, K. Su Patterns of heat shock protein (HSP70) expression and Kupffer cell activity following thermal ablation of liver and colorectal liver metastases Int J Hyperthermia 21 2005 319 332 (Pubitemid 40975182)
102. H.H. Wang, C.Y. Mao, L.S. Teng Recent advances in heat shock protein-based cancer vaccines Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 5 2006 22 27
103. G. Gravante, P. Giordano The role of three-dimensional endoluminal ultrasound imaging in the evaluation of anorectal diseases: a review Surg Endosc 22 2008 1570 1578
104. A. Bauer, G. Becker, P. Henz Transcranial duplex ultrasound: experience with contrast enhancing agents Int Angiol 16 1997 216 221 (Pubitemid 28120570)
105. M.J. Dill-Macky, S.R. Wilson, Y. Sternbach Detecting endoleaks in aortic endografts using contrast-enhanced sonography AJR Am J Roentgenol 188 2007 W262 W268
106. L. Solbiati, S.N. Goldberg, T. Ierace Radio-frequency ablation of hepatic metastases: postprocedural assessment with a US microbubble contrast agentearly experience Radiology 211 1999 643 649 (Pubitemid 29249457)
107. M.J. Blomley, T. Albrecht, D.O. Cosgrove Liver vascular transit time analyzed with dynamic hepatic venography with bolus injections of an US contrast agent: early experience in seven patients with metastases Radiology 209 1998 862 866 (Pubitemid 28564929)
108. A.K. Siosteen, A. Elvin Intra-operative uses of contrast-enhanced ultrasound Eur Radiol 14 Suppl 8 2004 87 95
109. D. Cosgrove Future prospects for SonoVue and CPS Eur Radiol 14 Suppl 8 2004 116 124
110. K. Darge, J. Troeger, T. Duetting Reflux in young patients: comparison of voiding US of the bladder and retrovesical space with echo enhancement versus voiding cystourethrography for diagnosis Radiology 210 1999 201 207 (Pubitemid 29004305)
111. M.H. Chaudhari, F. Forsberg, A. Voodarla Breast tumor vascularity identified by contrast enhanced ultrasound and pathology: initial results Ultrasonics 38 2000 105 109 (Pubitemid 30592600)
112. E.J. Halpern, L. Verkh, F. Forsberg Initial experience with contrast-enhanced sonography of the prostate AJR Am J Roentgenol 174 2000 1575 1580 (Pubitemid 30346717)
113. C. Serra, G. Menozzi, A.M. Labate Ultrasound assessment of vascularization of the thickened terminal ileum wall in Crohn's disease patients using a low-mechanical index real-time scanning technique with a second generation ultrasound contrast agent Eur J Radiol 62 2007 114 121 (Pubitemid 46413629)
114. R. Bekeredjian, R.D. Kroll, E. Fein Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction increases capillary permeability in hepatomas Ultrasound Med Biol 33 2007 1592 1598 (Pubitemid 47444492)
115. M. Postema, G. Schmitz Bubble dynamics involved in ultrasonic imaging Expert Rev Mol Diagn 6 2006 493 502 (Pubitemid 44174350)
116. S.B. Feinstein The powerful microbubble: from bench to bedside, from intravascular indicator to therapeutic delivery system, and beyond Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287 2004 H450 H457