Diagnosis and prognosis in cardiac disease using cardiac PET perfusion imaging

Clinical Nuclear Cardiology

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 309-331

  Ziadi, Maria Cecilia ^a   Dekemp, Robert A ^a,b   Yoshinaga, Keiichiro ^c   Beanlands, Rob S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^c HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865084063     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-05796-7.00037-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (164)

1. Shaw L.J., Berman D.S., Hartigan P.H., et al. Differential improvement in stress myocardial perfusion ischemia following percutaneous coronary intervention as compared with optimal medical therapy alone: nuclear substudy results from the clinical outcomes using revascularization and aggressive drug evaluation (COURAGE) trial. Circulation 2007, 116:2628.
2. Townsend D.W., Cherry S.R. Combining anatomy and function: the path to true image fusion. Eur Radiol 2001, 11:1968-1974.
3. Di Carli M.F., Dorbala S., Moore S., et al. Clinical myocardial perfusion PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2007, 48:783-793.
4. Yoshinaga K., Chow B., deKemp R.A., Beanlands R.S., et al. Application of cardiac molecular imaging using positron emission tomography in evaluation of drug and therapeutics for cardiovascular disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2005, 11:903-932.
5. 82Rb PET myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med 2005, 46:1095-1101.
6. Marwick T., Go R.T., Patel S., et al. Incremental value of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography for prognostic assessment of known or suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1997, 80:865-870.
7. Yoshinaga K., Chow B., deKemp R.A., et al. Prognostic value of rubidium-82 perfusion positron emission tomography: Preliminary results from 153 consecutive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 43:338A.
8. Yoshinaga K., Chow B.J., deKemp R.A., Beanlands R.S., et al. What is the prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging using rubidium-82 positron emission tomography?. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:1029-1039.
9. Beanlands R., Chow B.J., Dick A., et al. CCS / CAR / CANM / CNCS / CanSCMR Joint Position Statement on Advanced Non-invasive Cardiac Imaging using Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multi-Detector Computed Tomographic Angiography in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Ischemic Heart Disease Abbreviated Report. Can J Cardiol 2007, 23:107-119.
10. Brown T.L., Bengel F.M., Merrill J., Volokh L. Determinants of the response of left ventricular ejection fraction to vasodilator stress in electrocardiographically gated 82rubidium myocardial perfusion PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008, 35:336-342.
11. deKemp R.A., Yoshinaga K., Beanlands R.S. Will 3-dimensional PET-CT enable the routine quantification of myocardial blood flow?. J Nucl Cardiol 2007, 14:380-397.
12. Machac J. Cardiac positron emission tomography imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2005, 35:17-36.
13. Machac J., Beanlands R.S., Di Carli M.F., et al. Positron emission tomography perfusion and glucose metabolism imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2006, 13:e121-e151.
14. Camici P.G. Positron emission tomography and myocardial imaging. Heart 2000, 83:475-480.
15. Furuyama H., Katoh C., Odagawa Y., et al. Assessment of coronary function in children with a history of Kawasaki disease using (15) O-water positron emission tomography. Circulation 2002, 105:2878-2884.
16. Loghin C., Gould K.L., Sdringola S. Common artifacts in PET myocardial perfusion images due to attenuation-emission misregistration: clinical significance, causes, and solutions. J Nucl Med 2004, 45:1029-1039.
17. Martinez-Moller A., Schwaiger M., Souvatzoglou M., et al. Artifacts from misaligned CT in cardiac perfusion PET/CT studies: frequency, effects, and potential solutions. J Nucl Med 2007, 48:188-193.
18. Schwaiger M., Ziegler S., et al. PET/CT: Challenge for nuclear cardiology. J Nucl Med 2005, 46:1664-1678.
19. Wassenaar R.W., Beanlands R.S., deKemp R.A., Ruddy T.D. Three dimensional cardiac positron emission tomography. Res Adv Nuc Med 2002, 1:51-60.
20. Rajappan K., Dutka D.P., Rimoldi O.E., et al. Mechanisms of coronary microcirculatory dysfunction in patients with aortic stenosis and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Circulation 2002, 105:470-476.
21. Di Carli M.F., Hachamovitch R. New Technology for Noninvasive evaluation of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2007, 115:1464-1480.
22. Yoshinaga K. Principles and Practice in Positron Emission Tomography. Chapter 8: Cardiac Applications 2007, ed 2. R. Wahl (Ed.).
23. Bateman T.M., Friedman J.D., Heller G.V., McGhie A.I., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rest/stress ECG-gated Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET: comparison with ECG-gated Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 2006, 13:24-33.
24. Krivokapich J., Huang S.C., MacDonald N.S., Phelps M.E., et al. Dependence of 13NH3 myocardial extraction and clearance on flow and metabolism. Am J Physiol 1982, 242:H536-H542.
25. Hutchins G.D., Krivokapich J., Rosenspire K.C., Schelbert H., Schwaiger M., et al. Noninvasive quantification of regional blood flow in the human heart using N-13 ammonia and dynamic positron emission tomographic imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990, 15:1032-1042.
26. Beanlands R.S., Hutchins G.D., Muzik O., et al. Heterogenicity of regional nitrogen 13-labeled ammonia tracer distribution in the normal human heart: comparison with rubidium 82 and copper 62-labeled PTSM. J Nucl Cardiol 1994, 1:225-235.
27. Alvarez-Diez T.M., Beanlands R.S., deKemp R., Vincent J. Manufacture of strontium-82/rubidium-82 generators and quality control of rubidium-82 chloride for myocardial perfusion imaging in patients using positron emission tomography. Appl Radiat Isot 1999, 50:1015-1023.
28. deKemp R.A., Hewitt T., Ruddy T.D., Beanlands R.S., et al. Detection of serial changes in absolute myocardial perfusion with 82Rb PET. J Nucl Med 2000, 41:1426-1435.
29. Parkash R., deKemp R.A., Ruddy T.D., Beanlands R.S., et al. Potential utility of rubidium 82 PET quantification in patients with 3-vessel coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol 2004, 11:440-449.
30. Scott N., deKemp R., LeMay M., et al. Evaluation of myocardial perfusion using rubidium-8/82 positron emission tomography after myocardial infarction in patients receiving primary stent implantation or thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol 2001, 88:886-889.
31. Yoshinaga K., deKemp R.A., Beanlands R.S., et al. Effect of exercise training on myocardial blood flow in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2006, 151(1324):e11-e18.
32. 15O. Circulation 1984, 70:724-733.
33. Gropler R.J., Geltman E.M., Siegel B.A. Myocardial uptake of carbon-11-acetate as an indirect estimate of regional myocardial blood flow. J Nucl Med 1991, 32:245-251.
34. van den Hoff J., Börner A.R., Burchert W., et al. [1-11C]acetate as a quantitative perfusion tracer in myocardial PET. J Nucl Med 2001, 42:1174-1182.
35. Sun K.T., Buxton D.B., Yeatman L.A., et al. Simultaneous measurement of myocardial oxygen consumption and blood flow using 11-carbon acetate. J Nucl Med 1998, 39:272-280.
36. Beanlands R.S., Mintun M., Muzik O., et al. The kinetics of copper-62-PTSM in the normal human heart. J Nucl Med 1992, 33:684-690.
37. Green M.A., Mathias C.J., Welch M.J., et al. Copper-62-labeled pyruvaldehyde bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II): synthesis and evaluation as a positron emission tomography tracer for cerebral and myocardial perfusion. J Nucl Med 1990, 31:1989-1996.
38. Shelton M.E., Bergmann S.R., Green M.A., Mathias C.J., Welch M.J. Assessment of regional myocardial and renal blood flow with copper-PTSM and positron emission tomography. Circulation 1990, 82:990-997.
39. Wallhaus T.R., Green M.A., Nickles R.J., Stone C.K., et al. Human biodistribution and dosimetry of the PET perfusion agent copper-62-PTSM. J Nucl Med 1998, 39:1958-1964.
40. Mathias C.J., Bergmann S.R., Green M.A. Development and validation of a solvent extraction technique for determination of Cu-PTSM in blood. Nucl Med Biol 1993, 20:343-349.
41. Haynes N.G., Lacy J.L., Nayak N., et al. Performance of a 62Zn/62Cu generator in clinical trials of PET perfusion agent 62Cu-PTSM. J Nucl Med 2000, 41:309-314.
42. Ackerman L.J., Green M.A., Mathias C.J., West D.X. Synthesis and evaluation of copper radiopharmaceuticals with mixed bis (thiosemicarbazone) ligands. Nucl Med Biol 1999, 26:551-554.
43. Madar I., Du Y., Hilton J., Volokh L., et al. Characterization of uptake of the new PET imaging compound18F-fluorobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium in dog myocardium. J Nucl Med 2006, 47:1359-1366.
44. 99mTc-tetrofosmin. J Nucl Med 2007, 48:1021-1030.
45. Yalamanchili P., Hayes M., Wexler e., et al. Mechanism of uptake and retention of F-18 BMS-747158-02 in cardiomyocytes: a novel PET myocardial imaging agent. J Nucl Cardiol 2007, 14:782-788.
46. Yu M., Guaraldi M.T., Mistry M., Robinson S.P., et al. BMS-747158-02: A novel PET myocardial perfusion imaging agent. J Nucl Cardiol 2007, 14:789-798.
47. Plössla K., Chandraa R., Qua W., et al. A novel gallium bisaminothiolate complex as a myocardial perfusion imaging agent. Nucl Med Biol 2008, 35:83-90.
48. Udelson J.E., Heller G.V., Wackers F.J., et al. Randomized, controlled dose-ranging study of the selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist binodenoson for pharmacological stress as an adjunct to myocardial perfusion imaging. Circulation 2004, 109:457-464.
49. Iskandrian A.E., Bateman T.M., Hendel R.C., et al. Adenosine versus regadenoson comparative evaluation in myocardial perfusion imaging: Results of the ADVANCE phase 3 multicenter international trial. J Nucl Cardiol 2007, 14:645-658.
50. Cerqueira M.D. Advances in pharmacologic agents in imaging: new A2A receptor agonists. Curr Cardiol Rep 2006, 8:119-122.
51. Imaging guidelines for nuclear cardiology procedures, part 2. J Nucl Cardiol 1999, 6:G47-G84. American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.
52. Chow B.J., Lee A., Beanlands R.S., et al. Treadmill exercise produces larger perfusion defects than dipyridamole stress N-13 ammonia positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:411-416.
53. Chow B.J., Ananthasubramaniam K., deKemp R.A., Beanlands R.S., et al. Feasibility of exercise rubidium-82 positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41:428A.
54. Chow B.J., deKemp R.A., Ruddy T.D., Beanlands R.S., et al. Comparison of treadmill exercise versus dipyridamole stress with myocardial perfusion imaging using rubidium-82 positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005, 45:1227-1234.
55. Herrero P., Bergmann S.R., Markham J., Shelton M.E. Implementation and evaluation of a two-compartment model for quantification of myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82 and positron emission tomography. Circ Res 1992, 70:496-507.
56. Lortie M., Beanlands R., DaSilva J., deKemp R. Quantification of myocardial blood flow in subjects with coronary artery disease with 82Rb dynamic PET imaging. J Nucl Med 2007, 48.
57. 82Rb dynamic PET imaging. J Nucl Med 2006, 47:67P.
58. Yoshida K., Gould K.L., Mullani N. Coronary flow and flow reserve by PET simplified for clinical applications using rubidium-82 or nitrogen-13-ammonia. J Nucl Med 1996, 37:1701-1712.
59. Bellina C., Camici P., Parodi O., Salvadori P.A., et al. Simultaneous in vitro and in vivo validation of nitrogen-13-ammonia for the assessment of regional myocardial blood flow. J Nucl Med 1990, 31:1335-1343.
60. Hendel R.C., Berman D.S., Wackers F.J., et al. American Society of Nuclear Cardiology consensus statement: reporting of radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging studies. J Nucl Cardiol 2003, 10:705-708.
61. Klocke F.J., Baird M.G., Lorell B.H., et al. ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelines for the clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging: executive summary-a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASNC Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Clinical Use of Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:1318-1333.
62. Yoshinaga K., Chow B.J., deKemp R.A., Beanlands R.S., et al. Prognostic value of rubidium-82 perfusion positron emission tomography in patients referred after SPECT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2005, 12:S43.
63. Dorbala S., Di Carli M.F., Kwong R., et al. Value of left ventricular ejection fraction reserve in assessment of severe left main/three-vessel coronary artery disease: a rubidium-82 PET-CT Study. J Nucl Med 2007, 48:349-358.
64. Camici P., Chiriatti G., Lorenzoni R., et al. Coronary vasodilation is impaired in both hypertrophied and nonhypertrophied myocardium of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a study with nitrogen-13 ammonia and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 17:879-886.
65. Chan S.Y., Brunken R.C., Czernin J., et al. Comparison of maximal myocardial blood flow during adenosine infusion with that of intravenous dipyridamole in normal men. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20:979-985.
66. Czernin J., Chan S., Muller P., et al. Influence of age and hemodynamics on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 1993, 88:62-69.
67. Beanlands R.S., Hutchins G.D., Schwaiger M., et al. Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial flow reserve in patients with coronary atherosclerosis using nitrogen-13 ammonia positron emission tomography: determination of extent of altered vascular reactivity. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 26:1465-1475.
68. Laine H., Niinikoski H., Raitakari O.T., et al. Early impairment of coronary flow reserve in young men with borderline hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32:147-153.
69. Kaufmann P.A., Gnecchi-Ruscone T., Schafers K.P., et al. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary microvascular dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 36:103-109.
70. Yoshinaga K., Katoh C., Noriyasu K., et al. Reduction of coronary flow reserve in areas with and without ischemia on stress perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease: a study using oxygen 15-labeled water PET. J Nucl Cardiol 2003, 10:275-283.
71. Lin J.W., Chou R.L., Laine A.F., Sciacca R.R., et al. Quantification of myocardial perfusion in human subjects using 82Rb and wavelet-based noise reduction. J Nucl Med 2001, 42:201-208.
72. Lortie M., Kelly C., Mostert K., et al. Quantification of myocardial blood flow with rubidium-82 dynamic PET imaging. J Nucl Med 2005, 46:60P.
73. Cecchi F., Camici P.G., Gistri R., Olivotto I., et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction and prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1027-1035.
74. Neglia D., Michelassi C., Pratali L., Trivieri M.G., et al. Prognostic role of myocardial blood flow impairment in idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2002, 105:186-193.
75. DeGrado T.R., Hanson M.W., Turkington T.G., Vallee J.P., et al. Estimation of myocardial blood flow for longitudinal studies with 13N-labeled ammonia and positron emission tomography. J Nucl Cardiol 1996, 3:494-507.
76. 82Rb dynamic PET imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007, 34:1765-1774.
77. 13N-ammonia and PET: comparison of tracer models. J Nucl Med 1999, 40:1045-1055.
78. Herrero P., Bergmann S.R., Markham J., Shelton M.E., et al. Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82 and positron emission tomography: exploration of a mathematical model. Circulation 1990, 82:1377-1386.
79. Kety S.S. The theory and applications of the exchange of inert gas at the lungs and tissues. Pharmacol Rev 1951, 3:1-41.
80. Iida H., Kanno I., Takahashi A., et al. Measurement of absolute myocardial blood flow with H215O and dynamic positron-emission tomography. Strategy for quantification in relation to the partial-volume effect. Circulation 1988, 78:104-115.
81. 15O-water with PET. J Nucl Med 2004, 45:1908-1916.
82. Schelbert H.R., Phelps M.E., Wisenberg G., et al. Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation. VI. Detection of coronary artery disease in human beings with intravenous N-13 ammonia and positron computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 1982, 49:1197-1207.
83. Bol A., Melin J.A., Vanoverschelde J.L., et al. Direct comparison of [13N]ammonia and [15O]water estimates of perfusion with quantification of regional myocardial blood flow by microspheres. Circulation 1993, 87:512-525.
84. 13N-ammonia and reoriented dynamic positron emission tomographic imaging. Circulation 1992, 86:1004-1017.
85. Muzik O., Beanlands R.S., Hutchins G.D., Mangner T.J., et al. Validation of nitrogen-13-ammonia tracer kinetic model for quantification of myocardial blood flow using PET. J Nucl Med 1993, 34:83-91.
86. Choi Y., Hawkins R.A., Huang S.C., et al. A simplified method for quantification of myocardial blood flow using nitrogen-13-ammonia and dynamic PET. J Nucl Med 1993, 34:488-497.
87. Tadamura E., Tamaki N., Yonekura Y., et al. Assessment of coronary vasodilator reserve by N-13 ammonia PET using the microsphere method and Patlak plot analysis. Ann Nucl Med 1995, 9:109-118.
88. Burwash I., deKemp R., Pibarot P., et al. Myocardial blood flow in patients with low flow gradient aortic stenosis: differences between true and pseudo severe aortic stenosis. Results from the multicenter TOPAS study [abstract]. Circulation 2005, 112:718.
89. Kaufmann PA, Camici P.G. Myocardial blood flow measurement by PET: Technical aspects and clinical applications. J Nucl Med 2005, 46:75-88.
90. Naya M., Katoh C., Morita K., Tsukamoto T., et al. Olmesartan, but not amlodipine, improves endothelium-dependent coronary dilation in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:1144-1149.
91. Schafers K.P., Camici P.G., Spinks T.J., et al. Absolute quantification of myocardial blood flow with H215O and 3-dimensional PET: an experimental validation. J Nucl Med 2002, 43:1031-1040.
92. De Bruyne B., Baudhuin T., Melin J.A., et al. Coronary flow reserve calculated from pressure measurements in humans. Validation with positron emission tomography. Circulation 1994, 89:1013-1022.
93. Nagamachi S., Czernin J., Kim A.S., et al. Reproducibility of measurements of regional resting and hyperemic myocardial blood flow assessed with PET. J Nucl Med 1996, 37:1626-1631.
94. 15O-labeled water and PET. J Nucl Med 1999, 40:1848-1856.
95. Lortie M., Mostert K., Renaud J., et al. Myocardial blood flow quantification with Rb-82 and N-13-ammonia PET in healthy volunteers. Can J Cardiol 2004.
96. Yoshinaga K., Beanlands R.S., deKemp R.A., et al. Measurement of coronary endothelial function with rubidium-82 PET. Comparison with oxygen 15-labeled water PET. J Nucl Med 2008, 49(Suppl 1):75P.
97. Prior J.O., Allenbach G., Valenta L., et al. Myocardial blood flow quantification using Rb-82: Validation to O-15-Water in healthy volunteer and CAD patients. J Nucl Med 2008, In press.
98. Uren N.G., De Bruyne B., Camici P.G., Melin J.A. Relation between myocardial blood flow and the severity of coronary artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1994, 330:1782-1788.
99. Tamaki N., Senda M., Yonekura Y., et al. Myocardial positron computed tomography with 13N-ammonia at rest and during exercise. Eur J Nucl Med 1985, 11:246-251.
100. 13N ammonia and high resolution positron-emission computed tomography. Am Heart J 1987, 113:645-654.
101. Tamaki N., Koide H., Saji H., Yamashita K., et al. Value and limitation of stress thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography: comparison with nitrogen-13 ammonia positron tomography. J Nucl Med 1988, 29:1181-1188.
102. Gould K.L., Goldstein R.A., Mullani N.A., et al. Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation. VIII. Clinical feasibility of positron cardiac imaging without a cyclotron using generator-produced rubidium-82. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 7:775-789.
103. Demer L.L., Gould K.L., Goldstein R.A., et al. Assessment of coronary artery disease severity by positron emission tomography. Comparison with quantitative arteriography in 193 patients. Circulation 1989, 79:825-835.
104. Go R.T., Marwick T.H., MacIntyre W.J., et al. A prospective comparison of rubidium-82 PET and thallium-201 SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging utilizing a single dipyridamole stress in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Med 1990, 31:1899-1905.
105. Stewart R.E., Molina E., Popma J., Squicciarini S., et al. Comparison of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography and thallium-201 SPECT imaging for detection of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1991, 67:1303-1310.
106. Marwick T.H., Nemec J.J., Salcedo E.E., Stewart W.J. Diagnosis of coronary artery disease using exercise echocardiography and positron emission tomography: comparison and analysis of discrepant results. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1992, 5:231-238.
107. Grover-McKay M., Ratib O., Schwaiger M., et al. Detection of coronary artery disease with positron emission tomography and rubidium 82. Am Heart J 1992, 123:646-652.
108. Laubenbacher C., Rothley J., Sitomer J., et al. An automated analysis program for the evaluation of cardiac PET studies: initial results in the detection and localization of coronary artery disease using nitrogen-13-ammonia. J Nucl Med 1993, 34:968-978.
109. Wallhaus T.R., Lacy J., Stewart R., Stone C.K., et al. Copper-62-pyruvaldehyde bis(N-methyl-thiosemicarbazone) PET imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease in humans. J Nucl Cardiol 2001, 8:67-74.
110. 2O. Circulation 1988, 78:612-620.
111. Williams B.R., Jansen D.E., Mullani N.A., et al. A retrospective study of the diagnostic accuracy of a community hospital-based PET center for the detection of coronary artery disease using rubidium-82. J Nucl Med 1994, 35:1586-1592.
112. Simone G.L., Mullani N.A., Page D.A., et al. Utilization statistics and diagnostic accuracy of a nonhospital-based positron emission tomography center for the detection of coronary artery disease using rubidium-82. Am J Physiol Imaging 1992, 7:203-209.
113. Husmann L., Kaufmann P.A., Valenta L., Wiegand M., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of myocardial perfusion imaging with single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography: a comparison with coronary angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2007, In press.
114. Namdar M., Hany T.F., Koepfli P., et al. Integrated PET/CT for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a feasibility study. J Nucl Med 2005, 46:930-935.
115. Sampson U.K., Di Carli M.F., Dorbala S., Kwong R., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging with hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:1052-1058.
116. Yoshinaga K., Katoh C., Noriyasu K., et al. Reduction of coronary flow reserve in areas with and without ischemia on stress perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease: a study using oxygen 15-labeled water PET. J Nucl Cardiol 2003, 10:275-283.
117. Study of Myocardial Perfusion and Coronary Anatomy Imaging Roles in CAD (SPARC) Web page Available at:. http://www.sparctrial.org.
118. Marwick T.H., Go R.T., Lauer M.S., MacIntyre W.J., et al. Use of positron emission tomography for prediction of perioperative and late cardiac events before vascular surgery. Am Heart J 1995, 130:1196-1202.
119. MacIntyre W.J., Go R.T., King J.L., et al. Clinical outcome of cardiac patients with negative thallium-201 SPECT and positive rubidium-82 PET myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med 1993, 34:400-404.
120. Schächinger V., Britten M., Zeiher A.M. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation 2000, 101:1899-1906.
121. Deanfield E., Halcox J.P., Rabelink T.J. Contemporary reviews in cardiovascular medicine. Endothelial function and dysfunction testing and clinical relevance. Circulation 2007, 115:1285-1295.
122. Struijker-Boudier H.A., Bruneval P., Camiri P.G., Rosei A., et al. Evaluation of the microcirculation in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2007, 28:2834-2840.
123. Iwado Y., Yoshinaga K., Furuyama H., et al. Decreased endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion in healthy young smokers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002, 29:984-990.
124. Campisi R., Czernin J., Schoder H., et al. Effects of long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow, coronary vasomotion, and vasodilator capacity. Circulation 1998, 98:119-125.
125. Schoder H., Campisi R., Silverman D.H., et al. Effect of mental stress on myocardial blood flow and vasomotion in patients with coronary artery disease. J Nucl Med 2000, 41:11-16.
126. Gould K.L., Nakagawa K., Parker N., et al. Frequency and clinical implications of fluid dynamically significant diffuse coronary artery disease manifest as graded, longitudinal, base-to-apex myocardial perfusion abnormalities by noninvasive positron emission tomography. Circulation 2000, 101:1931-1939.
127. Johnson N.P., Gould K.L. Clinical evaluation of a new concept: Resting myocardial perfusion heterogeneity quantified by Markovian analysis of PET identifies coronary microvascular dysfunction and early atherosclerosis in 1,034 subjects. J Nucl Med 2005, 46:1427-1437.
128. Dayanikli F., Grambow D., Muzik O., Schwaiger M., et al. Early detection of abnormal coronary flow reserve in asymptomatic men at high risk for coronary artery disease using positron emission tomography. Circulation 1994, 90:808-817.
129. Yokoyama I., Murakami T., Ohtake T., et al. Reduced coronary flow reserve in familial hypercholesterolemia. J Nucl Med 1996, 37:1937-1942.
130. Czernin J., Brunken R., Schelbert H., Sun K., et al. Effect of acute and long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 1995, 91:2891-2897.
131. Di Carli M.F., Grunberger G., Janisse J., et al. Role of chronic hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of coronary microvascular dysfunction in diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41:1387-1393.
132. Schindler T.H., Facta A.D., Prior J.O., Schelbert H.R., et al. Improvement in coronary vascular dysfunction produced with euglycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Heart 2007, 93:345-349.
133. Muzik O., Beanlands R.S.B., Duvernoy C., Sawada S., et al. Assessment of diagnostic performance of quantitative flow measurements in normal subjects and patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease by means of nitrogen-13 ammonia and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:534-540.
134. Gould K.L., Hamilton G.W., Lipscomb K. Physiologic basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis. Instantaneous flow response and regional distribution during coronary hyperemia as measures of coronary flow reserve. Am J Cardiol 1974, 33:87-94.
135. Demer L.L., Goldstein R.A., Gould K.L., et al. Assessment of coronary artery disease severity by positron emission tomography. Comparison with quantitative arteriography in 193 patients. Circulation 1989, 79:825-835.
136. Seth R., deKemp R.A., Hart B., Ruddy T.D., et al. Quantification of absolute perfusion reserve using 82Rb positron emission tomography defines greater extent of disease in three vessel coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 37:387A.
137. Beanlands R.S., deKemp R., Iwanochko R.M., Ruddy T., et al. Positron emission tomography and recovery following revascularization (PARR-1): the importance of scar and the development of a prediction rule for the degree of recovery of left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 40:1735-1743.
138. Camici P.G., Lorenzoni R., Marraccini P., et al. Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in patients with syndrome X: response to pacing stress. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 17:1461-1470.
139. Knaapen P., Camici P.G., Germans T., et al. Determinants of coronary microvascular dysfunction in symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008, 294:H986-H993.
140. Burwash I.G., Beanlands R.S., deKemp R.A., Lortie M., et al. Myocardial blood flow in patients with low Flow, low gradient aortic stenosis: Differences between true and pseudo-severe aortic stenosis. Results from the multicenter TOPAS (Truly or Pseudo-Severe Aortic Stenosis) Study. Heart 2008, In press.
141. Guethlin M., Coppenrath K., Kasel A.M., Schwaiger M., Ziegler S., et al. Delayed response of myocardial flow reserve to lipid-lowering therapy with fluvastatin. Circulation 1999, 99:475-481.
142. Naoumova R.P., Camici P.G., Kindler H., et al. Pioglitazone improves myocardial blood flow and glucose utilization in nondiabetic patients with combined hyperlipidemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:2051-2058.
143. Ling M.C., deKemp R.A., Ruddy T.D., et al. Early effects of statin therapy on endothelial function and microvascular reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2005, 149(1137):e9-e16.
144. Sdringola S., Gould K.L., Zamarka L.G., et al. A 6 month randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, multi-center trial of high dose atorvastatin on myocardial perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2008, 155:245-253.
145. Schneider C.A., Moka D., Voth E., et al. Improvement of myocardial blood flow to ischemic regions by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinaprilat IV: a study using [15O] water dobutamine stress positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 34:1005-1011.
146. Akinboboye O.O., Bergmann S.R., Chou R.L. Augmentation of myocardial blood flow in hypertensive heart disease by angiotensin antagonists: a comparison of lisinopril and losartan. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 40:703-709.
147. Camici P.G., Crea F. Coronary microvascular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:830-840.
148. Pitkänen O.P., Nuutila P., Raitakari O.T., et al. Coronary flow reserve is reduced in young men with IDDM. Diabetes 1998, 47:248-254.
149. Di Carli M.F., Ager J., Grunberger G., et al. Role of chronic hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of coronary microvascular dysfunction in diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41:1387-1393.
150. Yokoyama I., Momomura S., Ohtake T., et al. Reduced myocardial flow reserve in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 30:1472-1477.
151. Kjaer A., Meyer C., Nielsen F.S., Parving H.H., et al. Dipyridamole, cold pressor test, and demonstration of endothelial dysfunction: a PET study of myocardial perfusion in diabetes. J Nucl Med 2003, 44:19-23.
152. McMahon G.T., Di Carli M.F., Plutzky J., et al. Effect of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist on myocardial blood flow in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:1145-1150.
153. Sdringola S., Nakagawa K., Nakagawa Y., Gould K.L., et al. Combined intense lifestyle and pharmacologic lipid treatment further reduce coronary events and myocardial perfusion abnormalities compared with usual-care cholesterol-lowering drugs in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41:263-272.
154. van Tosh A., Garza D., Roberti R., et al. Serial myocardial perfusion imaging with dipyridamole and rubidium-82 to assess restenosis after angioplasty. J Nucl Med 1995, 36:1553-1560.
155. Scott N.S., Beanlands R.S., de Kemp R., Ruddy T.D., et al. Evaluation of myocardial perfusion using rubidium-82 positron emission tomography after myocardial infarction in patients receiving primary stent implantation or thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol 2001, 88:886-889.
156. Rechavia E., Araujo L.I., De Silva R., et al. Dipyridamole vasodilator response after human orthotopic heart transplantation: quantification by oxygen-15-labeled water and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19:100-106.
157. Chan S.Y., Kobashigawa J., Stevenson L.W., Schelbert H.R., et al. Myocardial blood flow at rest and during pharmacological vasodilation in cardiac transplants during and after successful treatment of rejection. Circulation 1994, 90:204-212.
158. Zanco P., Gambino A., Livi U., et al. Changes in myocardial blood flow and coronary reserve evaluated by PET early and late heart transplant. J Nucl Med 2000, 41:41P.
159. Knaapen P., van Campen L.M., de Cock C.C., et al. Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on myocardial perfusion reserve. Circulation 2004, 110:646-651.
160. Lindner O., Kammeier A., Vogt J., et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on global and regional oxygen consumption and myocardial blood flow in patients with non-ischaemic and ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2005, 26:70-76.
161. Chang G.Y., Xie X., Wu J.C. Overview of stem cells and imaging modalities for cardiovascular diseases. J Nucl Cardiol 2006, 13:554-569.
162. Zhou R., Acton P.D., Ferrari V.A. Imaging stem cells implanted in infarcted myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:2094-2106.
163. Bengel F.M., Anton M., Richter T., et al. Noninvasive imaging of transgene expression by use of positron emission tomography in a pig model of myocardial gene transfer. Circulation 2003, 108:2127-2133.
164. Ruel M., Beanlands R.S., deKemp R.A., Lortie M., et al. Concomitant treatment with oral L-arginine improves the efficacy of surgical angiogenesis in patients with severe diffuse coronary artery disease: the Endothelial Modulation in Angiogenic Therapy randomized controlled trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008, 135:762-770.