New STLV-3 strains and a divergent SIVmus strain identified in non-human primate bushmeat in Gabon

Retrovirology

Volumn 9, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Liégeois, Florian ^a,b   Boué, Vanina ^b   Mouacha, Fatima ^a   Butel, Christelle ^a   Ondo, Bertrand M ^d   Pourrut, Xavier ^c,d   Leroy, Eric ^c,d   Peeters, Martine ^a   Rouet, François ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER   (France)

^b CENTRE INTERNATIONAL DE RECHERCHES MÉDICALES DE FRANCEVILLE   (Gabon)

^c University de Montpellier   (France)

^d Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville   (Central African Republic)

Author keywords

Bushmeat; Gabon; Non human primate; SIV; STLV; Zoonotic infections

Indexed keywords

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ANTIBODY; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ANTIGEN; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS ANTIBODY; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS ANTIGEN;

ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CAMEROON; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS REACTION; CTORQUATUS; GABON; HAPLORHINI; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS; MANDRILLUS; MIXED INFECTION; MIXED SEIZURE; NON HUMAN PRIMATE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PILOT STUDY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; PRIMATE; RETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUS INFECTION; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; STLV 1 INFECTION; STLV 3 INFECTION; TISSUE SECTION; UNINDEXED SEQUENCE; VIRUS CARRIER; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS TYPING;

ANIMALS; COINFECTION; DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GABON; MEAT; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHYLOGENY; PRIMATE DISEASES; PRIMATES; SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3;

ANIMALIA; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1; PRIMATES; RETROVIRIDAE; SIMIAE; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS - AGM; SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1; SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3;

EID: 84864830376     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17424690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-28     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Aghokeng AF, Peeters M. Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in Afric. J Neurovirol 2005, 11(Suppl 1):27-32.
2. Aghokeng AF, Ayouba A, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Loul S, Liegeois F, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Extensive survey on the prevalence and genetic diversity of SIVs in primate bushmeat provides insights into risks for potential new cross-species transmission. Infect Genet Evol 2010, 10(3):386-396. 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.04.014, 2844463, 19393772.
3. Aghokeng AF, Bailes E, Loul S, Courgnaud V, Mpoudi-Ngolle E, Sharp PM, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Full-length sequence analysis of SIVmus in wild populations of mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus) from Cameroon provides evidence for two co-circulating SIVmus lineages. Virology 2007, 360(2):407-418. 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.048, 1900428, 17156809.
4. Ahuka-Mundeke S, Liegeois F, Ayouba A, Foupouopouognini Y, Nerriennet E, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Full-length genome sequence of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus infecting a captive Agile Mangabey (Cercocebus agilis) is closely related to SIVrcm infecting wild red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) in Cameroon. J Gen Virol 2010, 91(Pt 12):2959-2964. 3052563, 20797968.
5. Ahuka-Mundeke SAA, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Liegeois F, Esteban A, Lunguya-Metila O, Demba D, Bilulu G, Mbenzo-Abokome V, Inogwabini B-I, Muyembe-Tamfum J-J, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Inogwabini B-I, Muyembe-Tamfum J-J, Delaporte E, Peeters M. A novel multiplexed HIV/SIV antibody detection assay identified new simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bushmeat in the Democraphic Republic of Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 2011, 17(12):2277-2286. 10.3201/eid1712.110783, 3311211, 22172157.
6. Dazza MC, Ekwalanga M, Nende M, Shamamba KB, Bitshi P, Paraskevis D, Saragosti S. Characterization of a novel vpu-harboring simian immunodeficiency virus from a Dent's Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona denti). J Virol 2005, 79(13):8560-8571. 10.1128/JVI.79.13.8560-8571.2005, 1143702, 15956597.
7. Goldberg TL, Sintasath DM, Chapman CA, Cameron KM, Karesh WB, Tang S, Wolfe ND, Rwego IB, Ting N, Switzer WM. Coinfection of Ugandan red colobus (Procolobus [Piliocolobus] rufomitratus tephrosceles) with novel, divergent delta-, lenti-, and spumaretroviruses. J Virol 2009, 83(21):11318-11329. 10.1128/JVI.02616-08, 2772775, 19692478.
8. Leendertz FH, Junglen S, Boesch C, Formenty P, Couacy-Hymann E, Courgnaud V, Pauli G, Ellerbrok H. High variety of different simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 strains in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of the Tai National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. J Virol 2004, 78(8):4352-4356. 10.1128/JVI.78.8.4352-4356.2004, 374257, 15047848.
9. Leendertz SA, Junglen S, Hedemann C, Goffe A, Calvignac S, Boesch C, Leendertz FH. High prevalence, coinfection rate, and genetic diversity of retroviruses in wild red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus badius badius) in Tai National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. J Virol 2010, 84(15):7427-7436. 10.1128/JVI.00697-10, 2897606, 20484508.
10. Liegeois F, Butel C, Mouinga-Ondeme A, Verrier D, Motsch P, Gonzalez JP, Peeters M, Rouet F, Onanga R. Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from a Wild-Captured Sun-Tailed Monkey in Gabon Provides Evidence for a Species-Specific Monophyletic SIVsun Lineage. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011, 27(11):1237-1241. 10.1089/aid.2011.0076, 21453183.
11. Liegeois F, Lafay B, Formenty P, Locatelli S, Courgnaud V, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Full-length genome characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus lineage (SIVolc) from olive Colobus (Procolobus verus) and new SIVwrcPbb strains from Western Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius badius) from the Tai Forest in Ivory Coast. J Virol 2009, 83(1):428-439. 10.1128/JVI.01725-08, 2612338, 18922864.
12. Liegeois F, Lafay B, Switzer WM, Locatelli S, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Loul S, Heneine W, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Identification and molecular characterization of new STLV-1 and STLV-3 strains in wild-caught nonhuman primates in Cameroon. Virology 2008, 371(2):405-417. 10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.037, 17976676.
13. Ahuka-Mundeke S, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Liegeois F, Ayouba A, Lunguya-Metila O, Demba D, Bilulu G, Mbenzo-Abokome V, Inogwabini BI, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Identification and Molecular Characterization of New Simian T Cell Lymphotropic Viruses in Nonhuman Primates Bushmeat from the Democratic Republic of Congo. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011, (Epub ahead of print).
14. Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Abela B, Auzel P, Pourrut X, Bibollet-Ruche F, Loul S, Liegeois F, Butel C, Koulagna D, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Delaporte E. Risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bushmeat. Emerg Infect Dis 2002, 8(5):451-457. 10.3201/eid0805.010522, 2732488, 11996677.
15. Nerrienet E, Amouretti X, Muller-Trutwin MC, Poaty-Mavoungou V, Bedjebaga I, Nguyen HT, Dubreuil G, Corbet S, Wickings EJ, Barre-Sinoussi F, Georges AJ, Georges-Courbot MC. Phylogenetic analysis of SIV and STLV type I in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx): indications that intracolony transmissions are predominantly the result of male-to-male aggressive contacts. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998, 14(9):785-796. 10.1089/aid.1998.14.785, 9643378.
16. Locatelli S, Lafay B, Liegeois F, Ting N, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Full molecular characterization of a simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVwrcpbt from Temminck's red colobus (Piliocolobus badius temminckii) from Abuko Nature Reserve, The Gambia. Virology 2008, 376(1):90-100. 10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.049, 18442839.
17. Hahn BH, Shaw GM, De Cock KM, Sharp PM. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science 2000, 287(5453):607-614. 10.1126/science.287.5453.607, 10649986.
18. Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, Bibollet-Ruche F, Chen Y, Wain LV, Liegeois F, Loul S, Ngole EM, Bienvenue Y, Delaporte E, Brookfield JF, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Hahn BH. Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-Science 2006, 313(5786):523-526. 10.1126/science.1126531, 2442710, 16728595.
19. Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Neel C, Bailes E, Keele BF, Liu W, Loul S, Butel C, Liegeois F, Bienvenue Y, Ngolle EM, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Delaporte E, Hahn BH, Peeters M. Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorilla. Nature 2006, 444(7116):164. 10.1038/444164a, 17093443.
20. Plantier JC, Leoz M, Dickerson JE, De Oliveira F, Cordonnier F, Lemee V, Damond F, Robertson DL, Simon F. A new human immunodeficiency virus derived from gorillas. Nat Med 2009, 15(8):871-872. 10.1038/nm.2016, 19648927.
21. Santiago ML, Range F, Keele BF, Li Y, Bailes E, Bibollet-Ruche F, Fruteau C, Noe R, Peeters M, Brookfield JF, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in free-ranging sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys atys) from the Tai Forest, Cote d'Ivoire: implications for the origin of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus type 2. J Virol 2005, 79(19):12515-12527. 10.1128/JVI.79.19.12515-12527.2005, 1211554, 16160179.
22. Calattini S, Betsem E, Bassot S, Chevalier SA, Tortevoye P, Njouom R, Mahieux R, Froment A, Gessain A. Multiple retroviral infection by HTLV type 1, 2, 3 and simian foamy virus in a family of Pygmies from Cameroon. Virology 2011, 410(1):48-55. 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.025, 21087785.
23. Gessain A. Human retrovirus HTLV-1: descriptive and molecular epidemiology, origin, evolution, diagnosis and associated diseases. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2011, 104(3):167-180. 10.1007/s13149-011-0174-4, 21796326.
24. Wolfe ND, Heneine W, Carr JK, Garcia AD, Shanmugam V, Tamoufe U, Torimiro JN, Prosser AT, Lebreton M, Mpoudi-Ngole E, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Folks TM, Burke DS, Switzer WM. Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102(22):7994-7999. 10.1073/pnas.0501734102, 1142377, 15911757.
25. Zheng H, Wolfe ND, Sintasath DM, Tamoufe U, Lebreton M, Djoko CF, Diffo Jle D, Pike BL, Heneine W, Switzer WM. Emergence of a novel and highly divergent HTLV-3 in a primate hunter in Cameroon. Virology 2010, 401(2):137-145. 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.010, 2862145, 20353873.
26. Ahuka-Mundeke SLF, Lunguya O, Mbenzo V, Mbende M, Inogwabini B-I, Ayouba A, Muyembe J-J, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Evidence of STLV 2 and STLV 3 infections in wild living bonobos (P. paniscus) from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrovirology 2011, 8(Suppl 1):93. 10.1186/1742-4690-8-S1-A93, 3279310, 22078707.
27. Meertens L, Gessain A. Divergent simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) in wild-caught Papio hamadryas papio from Senegal: widespread distribution of STLV-3 in Africa. J Virol 2003, 77(1):782-789. 10.1128/JVI.77.1.782-789.2003, 140582, 12477886.
28. Salemi M, Van Dooren S, Audenaert E, Delaporte E, Goubau P, Desmyter J, Vandamme AM. Two new human T-lymphotropic virus type I phylogenetic subtypes in seroindeterminates, a Mbuti pygmy and a Gabonese, have closest relatives among African STLV-I strains. Virology 1998, 246(2):277-287. 10.1006/viro.1998.9215, 9657946.
29. Liu HF, Goubau P, Van Brussel M, Van Laethem K, Chen YC, Desmyter J, Vandamme AM. The three human T-lymphotropic virus type I subtypes arose from three geographically distinct simian reservoir. J Gen Virol 1996, 77(Pt 2):359-368.
30. Koralnik IJ, Boeri E, Saxinger WC, Monico AL, Fullen J, Gessain A, Guo HG, Gallo RC, Markham P, Kalyanaraman V, et al. Phylogenetic associations of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I strains: evidence for interspecies transmission. J Virol 1994, 68(4):2693-2707. 236747, 7908063.
31. Vandamme AM, Salemi M, Desmyter J. The simian origins of the pathogenic human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Trends Microbiol 1998, 6(12):477-483. 10.1016/S0966-842X(98)01406-1, 10036726.
32. Beer BE, Bailes E, Goeken R, Dapolito G, Coulibaly C, Norley SG, Kurth R, Gautier JP, Gautier-Hion A, Vallet D, Sharp PM, Hirsch VM. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from sun-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus solatus): evidence for host-dependent evolution of SIV within the C. lhoesti superspecies. J Virol 1999, 73(9):7734-7744. 104300, 10438863.
33. Bibollet-Ruche F, Bailes E, Gao F, Pourrut X, Barlow KL, Clewley JP, Mwenda JM, Langat DK, Chege GK, McClure HM, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. New simian immunodeficiency virus infecting De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus): evidence for a cercopithecus monkey virus clade. J Virol 2004, 78(14):7748-7762. 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7748-7762.2004, 434087, 15220449.
34. Allan JS, Short M, Taylor ME, Su S, Hirsch VM, Johnson PR, Shaw GM, Hahn BH. Species-specific diversity among simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys. J Virol 1991, 65(6):2816-2828. 240900, 2033656.
35. Souquiere S, Bibollet-Ruche F, Robertson DL, Makuwa M, Apetrei C, Onanga R, Kornfeld C, Plantier JC, Gao F, Abernethy K, White LJ, Karesh W, Telfer P, Wickings EJ, Mauclere P, Marx PA, Barre-Sinoussi F, Hahn BH, Muller-Trutwin MC, Simon F. Wild Mandrillus sphinx are carriers of two types of lentivirus. J Virol 2001, 75(15):7086-7096. 10.1128/JVI.75.15.7086-7096.2001, 114437, 11435589.
36. Bibollet-Ruche F, Galat-Luong A, Cuny G, Sarni-Manchado P, Galat G, Durand JP, Pourrut X, Veas F. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas): evidence for cross-species transmission from African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in the wild. J Gen Virol 1996, 77(Pt 4):773-781.
37. Jin MJ, Rogers J, Phillips-Conroy JE, Allan JS, Desrosiers RC, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Infection of a yellow baboon with simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys: evidence for cross-species transmission in the wild. J Virol 1994, 68(12):8454-8460. 237322, 7966642.
38. van Rensburg EJ, Engelbrecht S, Mwenda J, Laten JD, Robson BA, Stander T, Chege GK. Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from eastern and southern Africa: detection of a SIVagm variant from a chacma baboon. J Gen Virol 1998, 79(Pt 7):1809-1814.
39. Bailes E, Gao F, Bibollet-Ruche F, Courgnaud V, Peeters M, Marx PA, Hahn BH, Sharp PM. Hybrid origin of SIV in chimpanzees. Science 2003, 300(5626):1713. 10.1126/science.1080657, 12805540.
40. Groves C. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian series in comparative evolutionary biology. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001.
41. Courgnaud V, Van Dooren S, Liegeois F, Pourrut X, Abela B, Loul S, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Vandamme A, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Simian T-cell leukemia virus (STLV) infection in wild primate populations in Cameroon: evidence for dual STLV type 1 and type 3 infection in agile mangabeys (Cercocebus agilis). J Virol 2004, 78(9):4700-4709. 10.1128/JVI.78.9.4700-4709.2004, 387697, 15078952.
42. Makuwa M, Souquiere S, Clifford SL, Telfer PT, Salle B, Bourry O, Onanga R, Mouinga-Ondeme A, Wickings EJ, Abernethy KA, Rouquet P, Simon F, Roques P. Two distinct STLV-1 subtypes infecting Mandrillus sphinx follow the geographic distribution of their hosts. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004, 20(10):1137-1143. 10.1089/aid.2004.20.1137, 15585107.
43. Makuwa M, Souquiere S, Telfer P, Mouinga-Ondeme A, Bourry O, Roques P. A New STLV-1 in a household pet Cercopithecus nictitans from Gabon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004, 20(6):679-683. 10.1089/0889222041217365, 15242546.
44. Calattini S, Betsem E, Bassot S, Chevalier SA, Mahieux R, Froment A, Gessain A. New strain of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 3 in a Pygmy from Cameroon with peculiar HTLV serologic results. J Infect Dis 2009, 199(4):561-564. 10.1086/596206, 19099485.
45. Calattini S, Chevalier SA, Duprez R, Bassot S, Froment A, Mahieux R, Gessain A. Discovery of a new human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-3) in Central Africa. Retrovirology 2005, 2(1):30. 10.1186/1742-4690-2-30, 1142341, 15882466.
46. Meertens L, Mahieux R, Mauclere P, Lewis J, Gessain A. Complete sequence of a novel highly divergent simian T-cell lymphotropic virus from wild-caught red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) from Cameroon: a new primate T-lymphotropic virus type 3 subtype. J Virol 2002, 76(1):259-268. 10.1128/JVI.76.1.259-268.2002, 135714, 11739691.
47. Mouinga-Ondeme A, Betsem E, Caron M, Makuwa M, Salle B, Renault N, Saib A, Telfer P, Marx P, Gessain A, Kazanji M. Two distinct variants of simian foamy virus in naturally infected mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and cross-species transmission to human. Retrovirology 2010, 7:105. 10.1186/1742-4690-7-105, 3009703, 21156043.
48. Worobey M, Telfer P, Souquiere S, Hunter M, Coleman CA, Metzger MJ, Reed P, Makuwa M, Hearn G, Honarvar S, Roques P, Apetrei C, Kazanji M, Marx PA. Island biogeography reveals the deep history of SI. Science 2010, 329(5998):1487. 10.1126/science.1193550, 20847261.
49. Aghokeng AF, Liu W, Bibollet-Ruche F, Loul S, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Laurent C, Mwenda JM, Langat DK, Chege GK, McClure HM, Delaporte E, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Peeters M. Widely varying SIV prevalence rates in naturally infected primate species from Cameroon. Virology 2006, 345(1):174-189. 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.046, 16257029.
50. Sintasath DM, Wolfe ND, Lebreton M, Jia H, Garcia AD, Le Doux-Diffo J, Tamoufe U, Carr JK, Folks TM, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Burke DS, Heneine W, Switzer WM. Simian T-lymphotropic virus diversity among nonhuman primates, Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis 2009, 15(2):175-184. 10.3201/eid1502.080584, 2657614, 19193260.
51. Apetrei C, Metzger MJ, Richardson D, Ling B, Telfer PT, Reed P, Robertson DL, Marx PA. Detection and partial characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm strains from bush meat samples from rural Sierra Leone. J Virol 2005, 79(4):2631-2636. 10.1128/JVI.79.4.2631-2636.2005, 546599, 15681464.
52. Blom A, Alers MPT, Feistner ATC, Barnes RFW, Barnes KL. Primates in Gabon-Current status and distribution. Oryx 1992, 26(04):223-234.
53. Locatelli S, Liegeois F, Lafay B, Roeder AD, Bruford MW, Formenty P, Noe R, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Prevalence and genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus badius badius) from the Tai forest, Cote d'Ivoire SIVwrc in wild-living western red colobus monkeys. Infect Genet Evol 2008, 8(1):1-14. 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.08.004, 17916449.
54. Gautier-Hion A. Colyn M 1999, Histoire naturelle des primates d'afrique centrale. Ecofac, Gautier J-P.
55. Fa E, John RFS, Diana BJ. Hunting vulnerability, ecological characteristics and harvest rates of bushmeat species in afrotropical forests. Biol Conserv 2005, 121:167-176.
56. Kingdon J. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. 1997, Academic Press.
57. Simon F, Souquiere S, Damond F, Kfutwah A, Makuwa M, Leroy E, Rouquet P, Berthier JL, Rigoulet J, Lecu A, Telfer PT, Pandrea I, Plantier JC, Barre-Sinoussi F, Roques P, Muller-Trutwin MC, Apetrei C. Synthetic peptide strategy for the detection of and discrimination among highly divergent primate lentiviruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001, 17(10):937-952. 10.1089/088922201750290050, 11461679.
58. van der Kuyl AC, Dekker JT, Goudsmit J. Primate genus Miopithecus: evidence for the existence of species and subspecies of dwarf guenons based on cellular and endogenous viral sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2000, 14(3):403-413. 10.1006/mpev.1999.0721, 10712845.
59. Vandamme AM, Van Laethem K, Liu HF, Van Brussel M, Delaporte E, de CastroCosta CM, Fleischer C, Taylor G, Bertazzoni U, Desmyter J, Goubau P. Use of a generic polymerase chain reaction assay detecting human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I, II and divergent simian strains in the evaluation of individuals with indeterminate HTLV serology. J Med Virol 1997, 52(1):1-7. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199705)52:1<1::AID-JMV1>3.0.CO;2-8, 9131450.
60. Mahieux R, Ibrahim F, Mauclere P, Herve V, Michel P, Tekaia F, Chappey C, Garin B, Van Der Ryst E, Guillemain B, Ledru E, Delaporte E, de The G, Gessain A. Molecular epidemiology of 58 new African human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) strains: identification of a new and distinct HTLV-1 molecular subtype in Central Africa and in Pygmies. J Virol 1997, 71(2):1317-1333. 191187, 8995656.
61. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4. Mol Biol Evol 2007, 24(8):1596-1599. 10.1093/molbev/msm092, 17488738.
62. Milne I, Lindner D, Bayer M, Husmeier D, McGuire G, Marshall DF, Wright F. TOPALi v2: a rich graphical interface for evolutionary analyses of multiple alignments on HPC clusters and multi-core desktops. Bioinformatics 2009, 25(1):126-127. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn575, 2638937, 18984599.
63. Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3. Syst Biol 2010, 59(3):307-321. 10.1093/sysbio/syq010, 20525638.
64. Ray S. SImPLot version 2.5 software. Documentation, 1999.