Hormone replacement therapy or SERMS in the long term treatment of osteoporosis

Minerva Ginecologica

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 207-221

  Eriksen, E F ^a  

^a OSLO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Bone and bones; Hormone replacement therapy; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Selective estrogen receptor modulators; Steoporosis

Indexed keywords

BAZEDOXIFENE; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; LASOFOXIFENE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; RALOXIFENE; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; FIRST PASS EFFECT; FRACTURE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LONG TERM CARE; OSTEOLYSIS; POSTMENOPAUSE; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PUBLICATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS;

FEMALE; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL; OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES; RISK FACTORS; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84864381177     PISSN: 00264784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-33. (Pubitemid 34761611)
2. Farquhar CM, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Lamberts Q, Suckling JA. Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;CD004143.
3. Nelson HD, Helfand M, Woolf SH, Allan JD. Screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:529-41. (Pubitemid 35024625)
4. Sturdee DW, Pines A, Archer DF, Baber RJ, Barlow D, Birkhauser MH et al.Updated IMS recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climacteric 2011;14:302-20.
5. Berrodin TJ, Chang KC, Komm BS, Freedman LP, Nagpal S. Differential biochemical and cellular actions of Premarin estrogens: distinct pharmacology of bazedoxifene-conjugated estrogens combination. Mol Endocrinol 2009;23:74-85.
6. Eriksen EF, Colvard DS, Berg NJ, Graham ML, Mann KG, Spelsberg TC et al. Evidence of estrogen receptors in normal human osteoblast-like cells. Science 1988;241:84-6.
7. Oursler MJ, Osdoby P, Pyfferoen J, Riggs BL, Spelsberg TC. Avian osteoclasts as estrogen target cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991;88:6613-7. (Pubitemid 21914998)
8. Clowes JA, Eghbali-Fatourechi GZ, McCready L, Oursler MJ, Khosla S, Riggs BL. Estrogen action on bone marrow osteoclast lineage cells of postmenopausal women in vivo. Osteoporos Int 2009;20:761-9.
9. Couse JF, Lindzey J, Grandien K, Gustafsson JA, Korach KS: Tissue distribution and quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) messenger ribonucleic acid in the wild-type and ERalpha-knockout mouse. Endocrinology 1997;138:4613-21. (Pubitemid 27460895)
10. Beato M, Klug J. Steroid hormone receptors: an update. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6:225-36. (Pubitemid 30348891)
11. Spelsberg TC, Subramaniam M, Riggs BL, Khosla S. The actions and interactions of sex steroids and growth factors/cytokines on the skeleton. Mol Endocrinol 1999;13:819-28. (Pubitemid 30645300)
12. Shelly W, Draper MW, Krishnan V, Wong M, Jaffe RB. Selective estrogen receptor modulators: an update on recent clinical findings. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2008;63:163-81. (Pubitemid 351612435)
13. Paech K, Webb P, Kuiper GG, Nilsson S, Gustafsson J, Kushner PJ et al. Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta at API sites. Science 1997;277:1508-10. (Pubitemid 27449239)
14. Oursler MJ, Pederson L, Fitzpatrick L, Riggs BL, Spelsberg T: Human giant cell tumors of the bone (osteoclastomas) are estrogen target cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:5227-5231. (Pubitemid 24174299)
15. Hofbauer LC, Khosla S, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL. Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology 1999;140:4367-70. (Pubitemid 30647136)
16. Manolagas SC, Kousteni S, Jilka RL. Sex steroids and bone. Recent Prog Horm Res 2002;57:385-409.
17. Cheung J, Mak YT, Papaioannou S, Evans BA, Fogelman I, Hampson G. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblastic cells: comparison of the effects of 17-beta oestradiol and raloxifene. J Endocrinol 2003;177:423-33. (Pubitemid 36722298)
18. Abrahamsen B, Shalhoub V, Larson EK, Eriksen EF, Beck-Nielsen H, Marks SC, Jr. Cytokine RNA levels in transiliac bone biopsies from healthy early postmenopausal women. Bone 2000;26:137-45. (Pubitemid 30029206)
19. Modder UI, Roforth MM, Hoey K, McCready LK, Peterson JM, Monroe DG et al. Effects of estrogen on osteoprogenitor cells and cytokines/bone-regulatory factors in postmenopausal women. Bone 2011;49:202-7.
20. Modder UI, Clowes JA, Hoey K, Peterson JM, McCready L, Oursler MJ et al. Regulation of circulating sclerostin levels by sex steroids in women and in men. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:27-34.
21. Komm BS, Terpening CM, Benz DJ, Graeme KA, Gallegos A, Korc M et al. Estrogen binding, receptor mRNA, and biologic response in osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells. Science 1988;241:81-4.
22. Bodine PV, Riggs BL, Spelsberg TC. Regulation of cfos expression and TGF-beta production by gonadal and adrenal androgens in normal human osteoblastic cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995;52:149-58.
23. Kassem M, Harris SA, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL. Estrogen inhibits interleukin-6 production and gene expression in a human osteoblastic cell line with high levels of estrogen receptors. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:193-9. (Pubitemid 26054176)
24. Gohel A, McCarthy MB, Gronowicz G. Estrogen prevents glucocorticoid- induced apoptosis in osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 1999;140:5339-47.
25. Hofbauer LC, Schoppet M. Clinical implications of the osteoprotegerin/RANKL/RANK system for bone and vascular diseases. JAMA 2004;292:490-5. (Pubitemid 38988958)
26. van Essen HW, Holzmann PJ, Blankenstein MA, Lips P, Bravenboer N. Effect of raloxifene treatment on osteocyte apoptosis in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 2007;81:183-90. (Pubitemid 47373354)
27. Lindsay R, Aitken JM, Hart DM, Purdie D. The effect of ovarian sex steroids on bone mineral status in the oophorectomized rat and in the human. Postgrad Med J 1978;54(Suppl 2):50-8. (Pubitemid 9046570)
28. Tremollieres FA, Strong DD, Baylink DJ, Mohan S. Progesterone and promegestone stimulate human bone cell proliferation and insulin-like growth factor-2 production. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1992;126:329-37.
29. Steiniche T, Hasling C, Charles P, Eriksen EF, Mosekilde L, Meisen F. A randomized study on the effects of estrogen/gestagen or high dose oral calcium on trabecular bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 1989;10:313-20. (Pubitemid 20072023)
30. Eriksen EF, Langdahl B, Vesterby A, Rungby J, Kassem M. Hormone replacement therapy prevents osteoclastic hyperactivity: A histomorphometric study in early postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14:1217-21. (Pubitemid 29314067)
31. Lufkin EG, Wahner HW, O'Fallon WM, Hodgson SF, Kotowicz MA, Lane AW et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with transdermal estrogen. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1-9.
32. Weinstein RS, Parfit AM, Marcus R, Greenwald M, Crans G, Muchmore DB. Effects of raloxifene, hormone replacement therapy, and placebo on bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2003;14:814-22. (Pubitemid 37462131)
33. Studd JW, Holland EF, Leather AT, Smith RN. The dose-response of percutaneous oestradiol implants on the skeletons of postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:787-91. (Pubitemid 24285198)
34. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:319-24. (Pubitemid 15134678)
35. Christiansen C, Christensen MS, McNair P, Hagen C, Stocklund KE, Transbol I. Prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss: controlled 2-year study in 315 normal females. Eur J Clin Invest 1980;10:273-9. (Pubitemid 10004130)
36. Hasling C, Eriksen EF, Melkko J, Risteli L, Charles P, Mosekilde L et al. Effects of a combined estrogen-gestagen regimen on serum levels of the carboxyterminal propeptide of human type I procollagen in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1991;6:1295-300.
37. Lindsay R, Hart DM. Effect of oestrogens on postmenopausal bone loss. Br Med J 1977;2:1087. (Pubitemid 8199101)
38. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R, Johnson KC, Cummings SR, Yankov V et al. Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:443-51. (Pubitemid 40458828)
39. Eiken P, Kolthoff N, Nielsen SP. Effect of 10 years' hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Bone 1996;19:191S-193S. (Pubitemid 26397222)
40. Gallagher JC, Rapuri PB, Haynatzki G, Detter JR. Effect of discontinuation of estrogen, calcitriol, and the combination of both on bone density and bone markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4914-23. (Pubitemid 35316325)
41. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1016-37.
42. Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Ensrud K, Ettinger B, Black D, Cummings SR. Estrogen replacement therapy and fractures in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:9-16.
43. Michaelsson K, Baron JA, Farahmand BY, Johnell O, Magnusson C, Persson PG et al. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of hip fracture: population based case-control study. The Swedish Hip Fracture Study Group. BMJ 1998;316:1858-63. (Pubitemid 28276930)
44. Heiss G, Wallace R, Anderson GL, Aragaki A, Beresford SA, Brzyski R et al. Health risks and benefits 3 years after stopping randomized treatment with estrogen and progestin. JAMA 2008;299:1036-45. (Pubitemid 351347060)
45. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1701-12. (Pubitemid 38489892)
46. LaCroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Johnson KC, Martin L et al. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011;305:1305-14.
47. Yates J, Barrett-Connor E, Barlas S, Chen YT, Miller PD, Siris ES. Rapid loss of hip fracture protection after estrogen cessation: evidence from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:440-6. (Pubitemid 40459055)
48. Lindsay R, Hart DM, MacLean A, Clark AC, Kraszewski A, Garwood J. Bone response to termination of oestrogen treatment. Lancet 1978;1:1325-7. (Pubitemid 8367125)
49. Christiansen C, Christensen MS, Transbol I. Bone mass in postmenopausal women after withdrawal of oestrogen/gestagen replacement therapy. Lancet 1981;1:459-61. (Pubitemid 11130971)
50. Greenspan SL, Emkey RD, Bone HG, Weiss SR, Bell NH, Downs RW et al. Significant differential effects of alendronate, estrogen, or combination therapy on the rate of bone loss after discontinuation of treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:875-83. (Pubitemid 35416623)
51. Abdalla HI, Hart DM, Lindsay R, Leggate I, Hooke A. Prevention of bone mineral loss in postmenopausal women by norethisterone. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:789-92. (Pubitemid 16216248)
52. Naessen T, Olsson SE, Gudmundson J. Differential effects on bone density of progestogen-only methods for contraception in premenopausal women. Contraception 1995;52:35-9.
53. Siris ES, Harris ST, Eastell R, Zanchetta JR, Goemaere S, Diez-Perez A et al. Skeletal effects of raloxifene after 8 years: results from the continuing outcomes relevant to Evista (CORE) study. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:1514-24. (Pubitemid 41243540)
54. Miller PD, Chines AA, Christiansen C, Hoeck HC, Kendler DL, Lewiecki EM et al. Effects of bazedoxifene on BMD and bone turnover in postmenopausal women: 2-yr results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-, and active-controlled study. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:525-35. (Pubitemid 351501893)
55. McClung MR, Siris E, Cummings S, Bolognese M, Ettinger M, Moffett A et al. Prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women treated with lasofoxifene compared with raloxifene. Menopause 2006;13:377-86.
56. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA 1999;282:637-45. (Pubitemid 29384151)
57. Silverman SL, Christiansen C, Genant HK, Vukicevic S, Zanchetta JR, de Villiers TJ et al. Efficacy of bazedoxifene in reducing new vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a 3-year, randomized, placebo-, and active-controlled clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23.1923-34.
58. Silverman SL, Chines AA, Kendler DL, Kung AW, Teglbjaerg CS, Felsenberg D et al. Sustained efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene in preventing fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of a 5-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:351-63.
59. Cummings SR, McClung M, Reginster JY, Cox D, Mitlak B, Stock J et al. Arzoxifene for prevention of fractures and invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:397-404.
60. Cummings SR, Ensrud K, Delmas PD, LaCroix AZ, Vukicevic S, Reid DM et al. Lasofoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:686-96.
61. Cummings SR, Ettinger B, Delmas PD, Kenemans P, Stathopoulos V, Verweij P et al. The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2008;359:697-708.
62. Cooke AL, Metge C, LLx L, Prior HJ, Leslie WD. Tamoxifen use and osteoporotic fracture risk: a population-based analysis. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:5227-32.
63. Christiansen C, Chesnut CH, III, Adachi JD, Brown JP, Fernandes CE, Kung AW et al. Safety of bazedoxifene in a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled Phase 3 study of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:130.
64. Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Cronin WM, Cecchini RS, Atkins JN et al. Update of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 Trial: Preventing breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010;3:696-706.
65. Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, Grady D, Powles TJ, Cauley JA et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. JAMA 1999;281:2189-97. (Pubitemid 29275701)
66. Ettinger B, Kenemans P, Johnson SR, Mol-Arts M, van OS, Seifert W et al. Endometrial effects of tibolone in elderly, osteoporotic women. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:653-9.
67. Warming L, Christoffersen C, Riis BJ, Stakkestad JA, Delmas PD, Christiansen C. Adverse effects of a SERM (Levormeloxifene). Safety parameters and bone mineral density 12 months after treatment withdrawal. Maturitas 2003;44:189-99. (Pubitemid 36315815)
68. Miller PD, Chines AA, Christiansen C, Hoeck HC, Kendler DL, Lewiecki EM et al. Effects of bazedoxifene on BMD and bone turnover in postmenopausal women: 2-yr results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-, and active-controlled study. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:525-35. (Pubitemid 351501893)
69. Ensnid K, LaCroix A, Thompson JR, Thompson DD, Eastell R, Reid DM et al. Lasofoxifene and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Five-year results from the Postmenopausal Evaluation and Risk Reduction with Lasofoxifene (PEARL) trial. Circulation 2010;122:1716-24.
70. Eriksen EF. Treatment of osteopenia. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011 [EPub ahead of publication].