Sport training and the growth and pubertal maturation of young athletes

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 441-455

  Malina, Robert M ^a,b   Rogol, Alan D ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b TARLETON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Growth; Publicity in athletes; Sport training

Indexed keywords

GROWTH HORMONE; SOMATOMEDIN C;

ADOLESCENCE; ADOLESCENT; ATHLETE; CALORIC INTAKE; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EPIGENETICS; FEMALE; GENETICS; GROWTH; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; MALE; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; PUBERTY; REVIEW; RUNNING; SPORT; SPORT TRAINING; TRAINING; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; AGE; EVALUATION; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SEXUAL MATURATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ATHLETES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING; PUBERTY; SEXUAL MATURATION; SPORTS;

EID: 84864378062     PISSN: 15654753     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Chen JD (1991) Growth, exercise, nutrition and fitness in China. In: Shephard RJ, Parizkova J, eds, Human Growth, Physical Fitness and Nutrition. Basel: Karger, 1991;19-32
2. Parizkova J. Functional development and the impact of exercise. In SR Berenberg, ed. Puberty: Biological and Psychosocial Components. Leiden: Stenfert Kroese, 1975;198-219
3. Laron Z, Klinger B (1989) Does intensive sport endanger normal growth and development? In: Z Laron, AD Rogol, eds, Hormones and Sport. New York: Raven Press, 1989;1-9
4. Theintz GE, Howald H, Weiss U, Sizonenko PC. Evidence for a reduction of growth potential in adolescent female gymnasts. J Pediatr 1993;122:306-313 (Pubitemid 23041567)
5. Daly RM, Caine D, Bass SL, Pieter W, Broekhoff J. Growth of highly versus moderately trained competitive female artistic gymnasts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:1053-1060 (Pubitemid 40847470)
6. Malina RM. Growth and maturation of young athletes - Is training for sport a factor? In: K-M Chan, LJ Micheli, eds. Sports and Children. Hong Kong: Williams and Wilkins Asia-Pacific, 1998;133-161
7. Malina RM. Growth and maturation of elite female gymnasts: Is training a factor? In: FE Johnston, B Zemel, PB Eveleth, eds. Human Growth in Context. London: Smith-Gordon, 1999;291-301
8. Karlberg J. On the construction of the infancy-childhood-puberty growth standards Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1989;356:26-37
9. Malina RM. Early sport specialization: Roots, effectiveness, risks. Curr Sports Med Rep 2010;9:364-371
10. Peltenburg AL, Erich WBM, Zonderland ML, Bernink MJE, van den Brande JL, Huisveld IA. A retrospective growth study of female gymnasts and girl swimmers. Int J Sports Med 1984;5:262-267 (Pubitemid 15200875)
11. Damsgaard R, Bencke J, Matthiesen G, Petersen JH, Müller J. Is prepubertal growth adversely affected by sport? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:1698-1703
12. Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity, 2nd edition. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 2004, pp 710
13. Tanner JM. Growth at Adolescence, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1962, pp 325
14. Kreipe RE, Gewanter HL. Physical maturity screening for participation in sports. Pediatrics 1985; 75:1076-1080 (Pubitemid 15036524)
15. Juut A, Bang P, Hertel NT, Main K, Dalgaard P, Jorgensen K, Müller J, Hall K, Skakkebaek NE. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I in 1030 healthy children, adolescents, and adults: Relation to age, sex, stage of puberty, testicular size, and body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:744-752 (Pubitemid 24083322)
16. Plowman SA, Liu NA, Wells CL. Body composition and sexual maturation in pre-menarcheal athletes and nonathletes. Med Sci Sports 1991;23:23-29
17. Pratt M. Strength, flexibility, and maturity in adolescent athletes. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:560-563 (Pubitemid 19122534)
18. Malina RM, Beunen G. Matching opponents in youth sports. In O Bar-Or, ed. The Child and Adolescent Athlete. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, 1996;202-213
19. Ellis BJ, Essex MJ. Family environments, adrenarche, and sexual maturation: A longitudinal test of a life history model. Child Develop 2007;78:1799-1817
20. Ellis BJ. Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: An integrated life history approach. Psych Bull 2004;130:920-958 (Pubitemid 39508394)
21. Soliman AT, Hassan AEHI, Aref MK, Hintz RL, Rosenfeld RG, Rogol AD: Serum insulinlike growth factors (IGF) I and II concentrations and GH and insulin responses to arginine infusion in children with proteinenergy malnutrition before and after nutritional rehabilitation. Pediatr Res, 1986;20:1122-1130 (Pubitemid 16005720)
22. Argente J, Caballo N, Barrios V, Munoz MT, Pozo J, Chowan JA, Morande G, Hernandez M. Multiple endocrine abnormalities of the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor axis in patients with anorexia nervosa: effect of short- and long-term weight recuperation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2084-2092 (Pubitemid 27287565)
23. Sacchi M, Pincelli Al, Caumo A, Tomasi P, Deltalia G, Balsi G, Cavagnini F. Spontaneous nocturnal growth hormone secretion in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3225-3229
24. Martha PM, Jr., Gorman KM, Blizzard RM, Rogol AD, Veldhuis JD. Endogenous GH secretion and clearance rates in normal boys, as determined by deconvolution analysis: Relationship to age, pubertal status, and body mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:336-344
25. Theintz G, Ladame F, Kehre E, Plichta C, Howald H, Sizonenko PC. Prospective study of psychological development of adolescent female athletes: Initial assessment. J Adol Health 1994;15:258-262 (Pubitemid 24161166)
26. Cappon JP, Ipp E, Brasel JA, Cooper DM. Acute effects of high fat and high glucose meals on the growth hormone response to exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:1418-1422 (Pubitemid 23164354)
27. Roemmich JN, Rogol AD. Exercise and growth hormone: does one affect the other? J Pediatr 1997;131(suppl):75-80
28. Seip RL, Weltman A, Goodman D, Rogol AD. Clinical utility of cycle exercise for the physiologic assessment of GH release in children. Am J Dis Child 1990;144:998-1000
29. Nicoll AG, Smail PJ, Forsyth CC. Exercise test for growth hormone deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 1984;59:1177-1178
30. Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Rogol AD. Gender and sexual maturation-dependent contrasts in the neuroregulatioin of growth hormone secretion in prepubertal and late adolescent males and females-A. General Clinical Research Center-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2385-2394 (Pubitemid 32269190)
31. Roemmich JN, Clark PA, Mai V, Berr SS, Weltman A, Velduis JD, Rogol AD Alterations in growth and body composition during puberty, III. Influence of maturation, gender, body composition, body fat distribution, aerobic fitness and total energy expenditure on nocturnal growth hormone release during puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1440-1447 (Pubitemid 28501000)
32. Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Rogol AD, Lovejoy JC, Sheffield-Moore M, Mauras N, Bowers CY. Endocrine control of body composition in infancy, childhood and puberty. Endocr Rev 2005;26:114-146 (Pubitemid 40209389)
33. Weltman A, Weltman JY, Schurrer R, Evans WS, Veldhuis JD, Rogol AD. Long-term endurance training amplifies the pulsatile release of GH; Effects of training intensity. J Appl Physiol 1992;72:2188-2196
34. Pritzlaff CJ, Wideman L, Weltman JY, Abbott, RD, Gutgesell ME, Hartman ML, Veldhuis JD, Weltman A. Impact of acute exercise intensity on pulsatile growth hormone release in man. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87:498-504 (Pubitemid 29374981)
35. Wideman L, Weltman JY, Hartman ML, Veldhuis JD, Weltman A. Growth hormone release during acute and chronic aerobic and resistance training: recent findings. Sports Med 2002;32:987-1004 (Pubitemid 36026770)
36. Knobil E. The neuroendocrine control of the menstrual cycle. Rec Prog Horm Res 1980;36:53-88
37. Santoro N, Butler JP, Filicori M, Crowley WE, Jr. Alterations in hypothalamic GnRH interpulse interval sequence over the normal menstrual cycle. Am J Physiol 1988;255:696-701
38. Mitamura R, Yano K, Susuki N, Ito Y Makila Y, Okuno A. Diurnal rhythms of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone testosterone and estradiol secretion before the onset of female puberty in short children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1074-1080 (Pubitemid 32269352)
39. Christian CA, Moenter SM. The neurobiology of preovulatory and estradiol-induced gonadotropin-releasing hormone surges. Endoc Rev 2010;31:544-577
40. Mitamura R, Yano K, Suzuki N, Ito Y, Makita Y, Okuno A. Diurnal rhythms of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone secretion before the onset of male puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:29-37 (Pubitemid 29036676)
41. Caronia LM, Martin C, Welt CK, Sykiotis GP, Quinton R, Thambundit A, Avbelj M, Dhruvakumar S, Plummer L, Hughes VA, Seminara SB, Boepple PA, Sidis Y, Crowley WF Jr, Martin KA, Hall JE, Pitteloud N A genetic basis for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 2011;364:215-255
42. Gajdos ZK, Henderson KD, Hirschhorn JN, Palmert MR. Genetic determinants of pubertal timing in the general population. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010;324:21-29
43. Malina RM (2009) Children and adolescents in the sport culture: The overwhelming majority to the select few. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness 7:1-10
44. Malina RM. Physical growth and biological maturation of young athletes. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1994;22:389-433
45. Malina RM, Baxter-Jones ADG, Armstrong N, Beunen GP, Caine D, Daly RM, Lewis RD, Rogol AD, Russell K (under review) Effects of intensive training on growth and maturation of pre-pubertal and pubertal athletes in artistic gymnastics Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: 2001;11:260-270
46. Georgopolous NA, Markou KB, Theodoropoulou A, Vagenakis GA, Mylonas P, Vagenakis AG. Growth, pubertal development, skeletal maturation and bone mass acquisition in athletes. Hormones 2004;3:233-243
47. Warren MP, Brooks-Gunn J. Delayed menarche in athletes: The role of low energy intake and eating disorders and their relation to bone density. In: Z Laron and AD Rogol, eds. Hormones and Sport. New York: Raven Press, 1989;41-54
48. Cole TJ, Flegal KM, Nicholls D, Jackson AA. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: International survey. Br Med J 2007;335:194-201
49. World Health Organization. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Geneva: World Health Organization, Technical Report Series, 1995;854
50. Malina RM, Battista RA, Siegel SR. Anthropometry of adult athletes: Concepts, methods and applications. In: JA Driskell, I Wolinsky, eds. Nutritional Assessment of Athletes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002;135-175
51. Freedman DS, Wang J, Maynard LM, Thornton JC, Mei Z, Pierson RN, Dietz WH, Horlick M. Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents. Int J Obes 2005;29:1-8 (Pubitemid 40065459)
52. Malina RM, Geithner C. Body composition of young athletes. Am J Lifestyle Med 2011, in press
53. Kannus P, Sievanen H, Vuori I. Physical loading, exercise, and bone. Bone 1996;18:1-3
54. Bass SL, Saxon L, Daly RM, Turner CH, Robling AG, Seeman E, Stuckey S. The Effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and post-pubertal girls: A study in tennis players. J Bone Min Res 2002;17:2274-2280 (Pubitemid 35416762)
55. Daly RM, Saxon L, Turner CH, Robling AG, Bass SL. The relationship between muscle size and bone geometry during growth and in response to exercise. Bone 2004;34:281-287 (Pubitemid 38177609)
56. Bailey DA, McKay HA, Mirwald RL, Crocker PRE, Faulkner RA. A six year longitudinal study of the relationship of physical activity to bone mineral accrual in growing children: The University of Saskatchewan Bone Mineral Accrual Study. J Bone Min Res 1999;14:1672-1679 (Pubitemid 29455815)
57. Iuliano-Burns S, Mirwald RL, Bailey DA. The timing and magnitude of peak height velocity and peak tissue velocities for early, average and late maturing boys and girls. Am J Hum Biol 2001;13:1-8
58. Baxter-Jones ADG, Eisenmann JC, Mirwald RL, Faulkner RA, Bailey DA. The influence of physical activity on lean mass accrual during adolescence: A longitudinal analysis. J Appl Physiol 2008;105:734-741
59. Parizkova J Longitudinal study of the relationship between body composition and anthropometric characteristics in boys during growth and development. Glasnik Antropoloskog Drustva Jugoslavije 1970;7:33-38
60. Parizkova J (1977) Body Fat and Physical Fitness. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Psychological Bulletin, 1982;91(1):55-79
61. Sprynarova S. The influence of training on physical and functional growth before, during and after puberty. European Journal of Applied Physiology 1987;56:719-724 (Pubitemid 17153660)
62. Malina RM. Skeletal age and age verification in youth sport. Sports Med, accepted for publication
63. Fröhner G, Keller E, Schmidt G. Wachstumsparameter von Sportlerinnenunter Bedingungen hoher Trainingsbelastungen. Ärztliche Jugendkinder 1990;81:375-379
64. Keller E, Fröhner G. (1989) Growth and development of boys with intensive training in gymnastics during puberty. In; Z Laron, AD Rogol, eds, Hormones and Sport. New York: Raven Press, 1989;11-20
65. Malina RM, Woynarowska B, Bielicki T, Beunen G, Eweld D, Geithner CA, Huang Y-C, Rogers DM. Prospective and retrospective longitudinal studies of the growth, maturation, and fitness of Polish youth active in sport. Int J Sports Med 1997;18(suppl 3):179-185
66. Thomis M, Claessens AL, Lefevre J, Philippaerts R, Beunen GP, Malina RM. Adolescent growth spurts in female gymnasts. J Pediatr 2005;146:239-244 (Pubitemid 40202816)
67. Baxter-Jones ADG, Helms P, Maffulli N, Baines-Preece JC, Preece M (1995) Growth and development of male gymnasts, swimmers, soccer and tennis players: A longitudinal study. Annals of Human Biology 22:381-394
68. Erlandson MC, Sherar LB, Mirwald RL, Maffulli N, Baxter-Jones ADG. Growth and maturation of adolescent female gymnasts, swimmers, and tennis players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:34-42
69. Geithner CA, Woynarowska B, Malina RM. The adolescent spurt and sexual maturation in girls active and not active in sport. Ann Hum Biol 1998;25:415-423 (Pubitemid 128721731)
70. Malina RM. Menarche in athletes: A synthesis and hypothesis. Ann Hum Biol 1983;10:1-24 (Pubitemid 13157058)
71. Stager JM, Wigglesworth JK, Hatler LK. Interpreting the relationship between age of menarche and prepubertal training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22:54-58 (Pubitemid 20053291)
72. Malina RM, Ryan RC, Bond CM. Age at menarche in athletes and their mothers and sisters. Ann Hum Biol 1994;21:417-422
73. Malina RM, Bouchard C, Shoup RF, Lariviere G. Age, family size and birth order in Montreal Olympic athletes. In JEL Carter, ed. Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes: Part I. The Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project. Basel: Karger, 1982;13-24
74. Malina RM, Katzmarzyk PT, Bond, CM, Ryan RC, Wellens RE. Family size and age at menarche in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:99-106
75. Loucks, AB, Vaitukaitis J, Cameron JL, Rogol AD, Skrinar G, Warren MP, Kendrick J, Limacher MC. The reproductive system and exercise in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:288-293
76. Clapp JF, Little KD. The interaction between regular exercise and selected aspects of women's health. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:2-9
77. Loucks AB. The response of luteinizing hormone pulsatility to 5 days of low energy availability disappears by 14 years of gynecological age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3158-3164 (Pubitemid 44271772)
78. Loucks AB, Thuma JR. Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:297-311 (Pubitemid 36115181)
79. Billewicz WZ, Fellowes HM, Thomson AM. Post-menarcheal menstrual cycles in British (Newcastle upon Tyne) girls. Ann Hum Biol 1980;7:177-180 (Pubitemid 10053101)
80. World Health Organization Task Force on Adolescent Reproductive Health. World Health Organization multicenter study on menstrual and ovulatory patterns in adolescent girls. II. Longitudinal study of menstrual patterns in the early postmenarcheal period, duration of bleeding episodes and menstrual cycles. J Adol Health 1986;7:236-244
81. Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM, Sanborn CF, Sundgot-Borgen J, Warren MP; American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:867-882
82. MacKelvie KJ, Khan KM, McKay HA. Is there a critical period for bone response to weight-bearing exercise in children and adolescents? Br J Sports Med 2002; 36:250-257
83. Pauli SA, Berga SL. Athletic amenorrhea: energy deficit or psychogenic challenge? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1205:33-38
84. Loucks A. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal function in eumenorrheic and amenorrheic athletes. J Clin Encocrinol Metab 1992b;75:514-518
85. Daly RM, Rich PA, Klein R. Hormonal responses to physical training in high-level peripubertal male gymnasts. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998;79:74-81 (Pubitemid 29041376)
86. Jahreis G, Kauf E, Fröhner G, Schmidt HE. Influence of intensive exercise on insulin-like growth factor I, thyroid and steroid hormones in female gymnasts. Growth Regulation 1991;1:95-99
87. Faigenbaum AD, Zaichkowsky LD, Gardner DE, Micheli LJ (1998) Anabolic steroid use by male and female middle school students. Pediatrics 101(5):1-6
88. Laure P, Binsinger C (2005) Adolescent athletes and the demand and supply of drugs to improve their performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 4:272-277
89. Haisma HJ, de Hon O (2006) Gene doping. International Journal of Sports Medicine 27:257-266
90. Ridley K, Ainsworth BE, Olds S. Development of a compendium of energy expenditures for youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008;5:45-52
91. Laing EM, Wilson AR, Modlesky CM, O'Connor PJ, Hall DB, Lewis RD. Initial years of recreational artistic gymnastics training improves lumbar spine bone mineral accrual in 4- to 8-year-old females. J Bone Min Res 2005;20:509-519 (Pubitemid 40293500)
92. Beunen G, Claessens A, Wellens R, Lefevre J, Simons J, Nuyts M. Biological maturity status of Belgian athletes. International Congress on Child and Sport organized by the School of Sport of the Italian National Olympic Committee, Oct 8-12; Urbino, Italy, 1984
93. Malina RM, Bouchard C, Shoup RF, Demirjian A, Lariviere G. Growth and maturity status of Montreal Olympic athletes less than 18 years of age. In JEL Carter, ed. Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes: Part I. The Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project. Basel: Karger, 1982b;16:117-127
94. Claessens AL, Malina RM, Lefevre J, Beunen G, Stijnen V, Maes H, Veer RM Growth and menarcheal status of elite female gymnasts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:755-763
95. Claessens AL, Malina RM, Lefevre J, Beunen G, Stijnen V, Maes H, Veer RM. Growth and menarcheal status of elite female gymnasts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24:755-763
96. Monsma EV, Malina RM. Correlates of eating disorders risk among female figure skaters: A profile of adolescent competitors. Psych Sport Exerc 2004;5:447-460 (Pubitemid 40280274)
97. Monsma EV, Malina RM. Correlates of eating disorders risk among female figure skaters: A profile of adolescent competitors. Psych Sport Exerc 2004;5:447-460 (Pubitemid 40280274)
98. Malina RM, Geithner CA. Background in sport, growth status, and growth rate of Junior Olympic Divers. In: RM Malina, JL Gabriel, eds. U.S. Diving Sport Science Seminar 1993, Proceedings. Indianapolis, IN: United States Diving, 1993;26-35
99. Eisenmann JC, Malina RM. Growth status and estimated growth rate of young distance runners. Int J Sports Med 2002;23:168-173 (Pubitemid 34415745)
100. Malina RM, Ignasiak Z, Rożek K, Slawinska T, Domaradzki J, Fugiel J, Kochan K (2011a) Growth, maturity and functional characteristics of female athletes 11-15 Years of Age. Human Movement 2011;12:31-40
101. Hergenroeder AC, Brown B, Klish WJ. Anthropometric measurements and estimated body composition in ballet dancers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:145-150
102. Hergenroeder AC, Fiorotto ML, Klish WJ. Body composition in ballet dancers measured by total body electrical conductivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23:528-533
103. Claessens AL, Beunen GP, Nuyts MM, Lefevre JA, Wellens RJ. Body structure, somatotype, maturation and motor performance of girls in ballet schooling. J Sports Med 1987; 27:310-317
104. Malina RM, Rożek K, Ignasiak Z, Stawinska T, Fugiel J, Kochan K, Domaradzki J (2011b) Growth and functional characteristics of male athletes 11-15 years of age Human Movement 2011b; 12:in press
105. Figueiredo AJ, Gonçalves CE, Coelho e Silva MJ, Malina RM. Youth soccer players, 11-14 years: Maturity, size, function, skill and goal orientation. Ann Hum Biol2009;36:60-73