The dynamics of Chinese face mechanisms and classroom behaviour: A case study

Evaluation and Research in Education

Volumn 22, Issue 2-4, 2009, Pages 87-105

  Wu, Xiaoxin ^a  

^a GUANGXI UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Classroom behaviour; Collectivism; Face mechanisms; Harmony; Hierarchy; Low risk

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864153913     PISSN: 09500790     EISSN: 17477514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09500790903487512     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Bedford, O.A., 2004. The individual experience of guilt and shame in Chinese culture. Culture & Psychology, 10 (1): 29–52.
2. Biggs J., 1996a Academic development in Confucian heritage culture Paper presented at the international symposium on child development, Center for Child Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
3. Biggs, J., 1996b. “ Western misperceptions of the Confucian-heritage learning culture ”. In The Chinese learner: Cultural psychological and contextual influences, Edited by: Watkins, D.A., and Biggs, J., 45–67. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong.
4. Bond, M.H., 1991. Beyond the Chinese face: Insights from psychology, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
5. Bond M.H., Hwang K., 1986 The social psychology of Chinese people In M.H., Bond The psychology of Chinese people 213 266 Hong Kong Oxford University Press
6. Bond M.H., Lee P.W., 1981 Face saving in Chinese culture: A discussion and experimental study of Hong Kong students In P.L., Rance A.Y.C., King Social life and development in Hong Kong 289 304 Hong Kong Chinese University Press
7. Brick, J., 1991. China: A handbook in intercultural communication, Sydney: Macquarie University.
8. Bruneau, T.J., 1973. Communicative silences: Forms and functions. The Journal of Communication, 23 (1): 17–46.
9. Brunner, J.A., and Wang, Y., 1988. Chinese negotiation and the concept of face. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 1 (1): 27–43.
10. Cardon, P.W., and Scott, J.C., 2003. Chinese business face: Communication behaviors and teaching approaches. Business Communication Quarterly, 66 (4): 9–22.
11. Chang H., Holt R., 1994 A Chinese perspective on face as inter-relational concern In S., Ting-Toomey The challenge of facework: Cross-cultural and interpersonal issues 95 132 Albany, NY State University of New York Press
12. Chen, G.M., 2001. “ Towards transcultural understanding: A harmony theory of Chinese communication ”. In Transculture: Interdisciplinary perspectives on cross-cultural relations, Edited by: Milhouse, V.H., Asante, M.K., and Nwosu, P.O., 55–70. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. Chen G.M., Chung J., 1994 The impact of confucianism on organizational communication Communication Quarterly 42 93 105
14. Chen, M., and Pan, W., 1993. Understanding the process of doing business in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, Lewiston, NY: The Edward Mellen press.
15. Chinese Cultural Connection 1987 Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143 164.
16. Chu, C.L., 1972. “ On the shame orientation of the Chinese from the interrelationship among society, individual, and culture ”. In Symposium on the character of the Chinese: An interdisciplinary approach, Edited by: Lee, I.Y., and Yang, K.S., 85–125. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. (In Chinese).
17. Clark, R., and Gieve, S.N., 2006. On the discursive construction of the Chinese learner. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 19 (1): 54–73.
18. Cortazzi, M., and Jin, L., 1996a. “ Cultures of learning: Language classrooms in China ”. In Society and the language classroom, Edited by: Coleman, H., 169–206. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Cortazzi, M., and Jin, L., 1996b. State of the art article: English teaching and learning in China. Language Teaching, 29 (2): 61–80.
20. Domino, G., Affonso, D., and Slobin, M., 1987. Community psychology in the people's republic of China. Psychologia, 30: 1–11.
21. Enninger, W., 1987. “ What interactants do with non-talk across cultures ”. In Analyzing intercultural communication, Edited by: Knapp, K., Enninger, W., and Knapp-Potthoff, A., 269–302. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
22. Flowerdew, J., and Miller, L., 1995. On the notion of culture in L2 lectures. TESOL Quarterly, 29 (2): 345–373.
23. Fu, P., Wu, R., Yang, Y., and Ye, J., 2000. Chinese culture and leadership in China: Project GLOBE monograph, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. Fung, H., 1999. Becoming a moral child: The socialization of shame among young Chinese children. Ethos, 27: 180–209.
25. Gao, G., 1996. “ Self and other: A Chinese perspective on interpersonal relationships ”. In Communication in personal relationships across cultures, Edited by: Gudykunst, W.B., Ting-Toomey, S., and Nishida, T., 81–101. London: Sage.
26. Gao, G., 1998. ‘Don't take my word for it.’: Understanding Chinese speaking practices. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22 (2): 163–186.
27. Geaney, J., 2004. Guarding moral boundaries: Shame in early Confucianism. Philosophy East and West, 54 (2): 113–142.
28. Goffman, E., 1955. On facework: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Psychiatry, 18 (3): 213–231.
29. Goffman, E., 1967. Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behaviour, Chicago: Aldine.
30. Ho, D.Y., 1976. On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81: 867–884.
31. Ho, D.Y., 1994. “ Face dynamics: From conceptualization to measurement ”. In The challenge of facework: Cross-cultural and interpersonal issues, Edited by: Ting-Toomey, S., 269–286. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
32. Ho, D.Y-F., Fu, W., and Ng, S.M., 2004. Guilt, shame and embarrassment: Revelations of face and self. Culture & Psychology, 10 (1): 64–84.
33. Hofstede G.J., 2005 Cultures and organization: Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
34. Holliday, A., 1994. Appropriate methodology and social context, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
35. Hu, H.C., 1944. The Chinese concept of ‘face’. American Anthropologist, 46: 45–64.
36. Hu, W., and Grove, C.L., 1991. Encountering the Chinese: A guide for Americans, Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
37. Hwang, A., Ang, S., and Francesco, A.M., 2002. The silent Chinese: The influence of face and Kiasuism on student feedback-seeking behaviors. Journal of Management Education, 26: 70–98.
38. Hwang, K.K., 1987. Face and favour: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92 (4): 944–974.
39. Jackson, J., 2002. Reticence in second language case discussions: Anxiety and aspirations. System, 30: 65–84.
40. Jefferson, G., 1989. “ Preliminary notes on a possible metric which provides for a ‘standard maximum’ silence of approximately one second in conversation ”. In Conversation: An interdisciplinary approach, Edited by: Bull, P., and Derek, R., 166–196. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
41. Jia W., 1997 Facework as a Chinese conflict-preventive mechanism: A cultural/discourse analysis. Intercultural Communication Studies VII (1). Retrieved February 1, 2009, from http://www.trinity.edu/org/ics/ICS%20VII/ICS-VII-1-JIA.pdf
42. Kim, J.Y., and Nam, S.H., 1998. The concept and dynamics of face: Implications for organizational behavior in Asia. Organization Science, 9 (4): 522–534.
43. Kurzon, D., 1997. Discourse of silence, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
44. Lee, W.O., 1996. “ The cultural context for Chinese learners: Conceptions of learning in the Confucian tradition ”. In Teaching the Chinese learner: Psychological and pedagogical perspectives, Edited by: Watkins, D., and Biggs, J., 25–41. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre; Australia: The Australian Council for Educational Research.
45. Leung, K., Koch, P.T., and Lu, L., 2002. A dualistic model of harmony and its implications for conflict management in Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19 (2/3): 201–220.
46. Li, J., Wang, L., and Fishcer, K., 2004. The organisation of Chinese shame concepts. Cognition and Emotion, 18 (6): 767–797.
47. Lim, T.S., 1994. “ Facework and interpersonal relationships ”. In The challenge of facework: Cross-cultural and interpersonal issues, Edited by: Ting-Toomey, S., 209–230. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
48. Lin, Y.T., 1939. My country and my people, New York: The John Day.
49. Littlewood, W., 1999. Defining and developing autonomy in East Asian contexts. Applied Linguistics, 20 (1): 71–94.
50. Liu, J., 2002. Negotiating silence in American classrooms: Three Chinese cases. Language and Intercultural Communication, 2 (1): 37–54.
51. Mao, L., 1994. Beyond politeness theory: ‘Face’ revisited and renewed. Journal of Pragmatics, 21 (5): 451–486.
52. Riesman, D., Glazer, N., and Denney, R., 1977. The lonely crowd: A study of the changing American character, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
53. Sacks, H., Schegloff, E., and Jefferson, G., 1974. A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50 (4): 696–735.
54. Saner-Yui, L., and Saner-Yui, R., 1984. Confucius say social harmony more important than performance. Training and Development Journal, 38 (10): 28–29.
55. Scollon, R., and Scollon, S., 1994. “ Face parameters in East-West discourse ”. In The challenge of facework, Edited by: Ting-Toomey, S., 133–158. Albany, NY: SUNY.
56. Scollon R., Scollon S.W., 2001 Intercultural communication: A discourse approach, 2nd ed. Oxford Blackwell
57. Shaver P.R., Wu S., Schwartz J.C., 1992 Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation: A prototype approach In M.S., Clark Review of personality and social psychology 13 175 212 Newbury Park, CA Sage
58. Sifianou, M., 1997. “ Silence and politeness ”. In Silence: Interdisciplinary perspectives, Edited by: Jaworski, A., 63–84. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
59. Smith, P., and Bond, M., 1993. Social psychology across cultures, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
60. Stover, L.E., 1974. The cultural ecology of Chinese civilization, New York: Mentor.
61. Stover, L.E., and Stover, T.K., 1976. China: An anthropological perspective, Pacific Palisades, CA: Good Year.
62. Sun, L., 2004. The deep structure of the Chinese culture, Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press. (In Chinese)
63. Sun, Y.X., Zheng, X.R., and Kang, L.Y., 1999. Do you understand today's teenagers?. Management of Primary and Middle Schools, 11: 2–8.
64. Tan, Z., 2007. Questioning in Chinese university EL classrooms: What lies beyond it?. RELC, 38 (1): 87–103.
65. Thelin, M.C., 1986. “ Chinese calues: A sociologist's view ”. In Analecta Husserliana: the yearbook of phenomenological research, Edited by: Tymieniecka, A.T., Vol. 20, 393–405. Dordrecht, the Netherland: Springer.
66. Ting-Toomey, S., 1988. “ Interculture conflict styles: A face-negotiation theory ”. In Theories in intercultural communication, Edited by: Kim, Y.Y., and Gudykunst, W.B., 213–238. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
67. Ting-Toomey, S., 1994. The challenge of facework: Cross-cultural and interpersonal issues, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
68. Tsui, A., 1996. “ Reticence and anxiety in second language learning ”. In Voices from the language classroom, Edited by: Bailey, K., and Nunan, D., 145–167. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
69. Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Gao, J., and Qian, M., 2009. Similarities and differences of shame experiences between Chinese and American college students. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 23 (2): 127–132.
70. Wen W.P., Clement R., 2003 A Chinese conceptualisation of willingness to communicate in ESL Language, Culture and Curriculum 1 18 38
71. Wilson, R., 1981. “ Moral behavior in Chinese society: A theoretical perspective ”. In Moral behavior in Chinese society, Edited by: Wilson, R., Greenblatt, S., and Wilson, A., 1–20. New York: Praeger.
72. Yang, K.S., 1981. Social orientation and individual modernity among Chinese students in Taiwan. Journal of Social Psychology, 113: 159–170.
73. Yang, K.S., 1993. “ Chinese social orientation: An integrative analysis ”. In Psychotherapy for the Chinese: selected papers from the First International Conference: 1956, Edited by: Ching, L.Y., Cheung, F.M.C., and Chen, C.-N., Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.
74. Yang, M.C., 1945. A Chinese village: Taitou, Shatung Province, New York: Columbia University Press.
75. Yang, B., and Zhang, D., 2003. A theoretical comparison of American and Chinese culture and impacts on human resource theory and practice. International Journal of Human Resource Development and Management, 3 (4): 338–358.
76. Zhai X.W., 1995 The Chinese concept of face Taipei, Taiwan Gui Guan In Chinese