A dualistic model of harmony and its implications for conflict management in Asia

Asia Pacific Journal of Management

Volumn 19, Issue 2-3, 2002, Pages 201-220

  Leung, Kwok ^a   Koch, Pamela Tremain ^b   Lu, Lin ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

Asia; Conflict management; Confucianism; Harmony; Instrumentality; Value

Indexed keywords

EID: 0012734441     PISSN: 02174561     EISSN: 15729958     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1016287501806     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Asch, S. (1956). "Studies of Independence and Conformity: A Minority of One Against Unanimous Majority." Psychological Monographs 70, 1-70.
2. Balatbat-Echauz, L. (1998). "Conflict Management in the Philippines." In K. Leung and D. Tjosvold (eds.), Conflict Management in the Asia Pacific: Assumptions and Approaches in Diverse Cultures. John Wiley & Sons: Singapore.
3. Benton S. and B. Setiadi. (1998). "Mediation and Conflict Management in Indonesia." In K. Leung and D. Tjosvold (eds.), Conflict Management in the Asia Pacific: Assumptions and Approaches in Diverse Cultures. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Pvt. Ltd.
4. Blake, R.R. and J.S. Mouton. (1964). The Managerial Grid. Houston, TX: Gulf.
5. Blake, R.R. and J.S. Mouton. (1970). "The Fifth Achievement." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 6, 413-426.
6. Boisot, M. and J. Child. (1988). "The Iron Law of Fiefs: Bureaucratic Failure and the Problem of Governance in the Chinese Economic Reforms." Administrative Science Quarterly 33, 507-527.
7. Brake T., D.M. Walker, and T. Walker. (1995). Doing Business Internationally: The Guide to Cross-Cultural Success. New York: Irwin.
8. Brett, J.M. (2001). "Negotiating Globally." San Francesco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
9. Brunner, J.A. and A.C. Koh. (1988). "Negotiations in the People's Republic of China: An Empirical Study of American and Chinese Negotiators' Perceptions and Practices." Journal of Global Marketing 2(1).
10. Carnevale, P.J. and K. Leung. (2001). "Cultural Dimensions of Negotiation." In M.A. Hogg and R.S. Tindale (eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Group Processes, Massachusetts: Blackwell, pp. 482-496.
11. Chen, G.M. (2001). "Towards Transcultural Understanding: A Harmony Theory of Chinese Communication." In V.H. Milhouse, M.K. Asante, and P.O. Nwosu (eds.), Transculture: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Cross-Cultural Relations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 55-70.
12. Chen, G.M. (2002). "The Impact of Harmony on Chinese Conflict Management." In G.M. Chen and R. Ma (eds.), Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution, Westport, CONN: Ablex, pp. 3-17.
13. Chen, G.M. and J. Chung. (1994). "The Impact of Confucianism on Organizational Communication." Communication Quarterly 42, 93-105.
14. Chen, G.M. and W.J. Starosta. (1996). "Intercultural Communication Competence: A Synthesis." Communication Yearbook 19, 353-383.
15. Chen, M. and W. Pan. (1993). Understanding the Process of Doing Business in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Lewistown, NY: The Edward Mellen Press.
16. Cheung, F.M., S.F. Cheung, K. Leung, C. Ward, and F. Leong. (2002). The English Version of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory. Manuscript submitted for publication.
17. Cho, Y.H. and H.H. Park. (1998). "Conflict Management in Korea: The Wisdom of Dynamic Collectivism." In K. Leung and D. Tjosvold (eds.), Conflict Management in the Asia Pacific: Assumptions and Approaches in Diverse Cultures. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons.
18. Confucius. (1983). The Analects (Lun Yu), Translated by D.C. Lau, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
19. Early, P.C. (1997). Face, Harmony, and Social Structure: An Analysis of Organizational Behavior Across Cultures. New York: Oxford University Press.
20. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. (1988). A Modern Chinese-English Dictionary. Editorial Division (eds.). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
21. Hackley, C.A. and Q. Dong. (2001). "American Public Relations Networking Encounters China's Guanxi." Public Relations Quarterly 46(2), 16-19.
22. Hall, J. (1969). Conflict Management Survey. Rochester, NY: Technometrics.
23. Huang, L.L. (1999). Interpersonal Harmony and Conflict: Indigenous Theories and Research. Taipei: Gui Guan (in Chinese).
24. Hwang, K.K. (1987). "Face and Favor: The Chinese Power Game." American Journal of Sociology 92, 944-974.
25. Hwang, K.K. (1997-1998). "Guanxi and Mientze: Conflict Resolution in Chinese Society." Intercultural Communication Studies VII 1, 17-42.
26. Jacobs, B.J. (1979). "A Preliminary Model of Particularistics in Chinese Political Alliances: 'Renqing' and 'Guanxi' in a Rural Taiwanese Township." Chinese Quarterly 78, 237-273.
27. Janis, I. (1972). Victims of Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
28. Kirkbride, P., S. Tang, and R. Westwood. (1991). "Chinese Conflict Preferences and Negotiating Behavior: Cultural and Psychological Influences." Organization Studies 12, 365-386.
29. Kozan, M.K. (1997). "Culture and Conflict Management: A Theoretical Framework." The International Journal of Conflict Management 8, 338-360.
30. Knutson, T.J., J.C. Hwang, and B.C. Deng. (2000). "Perception and Management of Conflict: A Comparison of Taiwanese and US Business Employees." Intercultural Communication Studies 9, 1-31.
31. Krauss, E.S., T.P. Rholen, and P.G. Steinhoff. (1984). "Conflict: An Approach to the Study of Japan." In E. Krasuu, T. Rohlen, and P. Steinhoff (eds.), Conflict in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
32. Kwan, V.S.Y. M.H. Bond, and T.M. Singelis. (1997). "Pancultural Explanations for Life Satisfaction: Adding Relationship Harmony to Self-Esteem." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73, 1038-1051.
33. Lebra, T.S. (1984). "Nonconfrontational Strategies for Management of Interpersonal Conflicts." In Ellis Krasuu, Thomas Rohlen, and Patricia Steinhoff (eds.), Conflict in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
34. Lee, H.O. and R.G. Rogan. (1991). "A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Organizational Conflict Management Behaviors." The International Journal of Conflict Management 2, 181-199.
35. Legge, J. (1991). The Chinese Classics: With a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prelegomena, and Copious Indexes by James Legge. Taipei: SMC Pub.
36. Leung, K. (1988). "Some Determinants of Conflict Avoidance." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 19, 125-136.
37. Leung, K. (1996). "The Role of Harmony in Conflict Avoidance." Paper presented at 50th Anniversary Conference of the Korean Psychological Association, Seoul.
38. Leung, K. (1997). "Negotiation and Reward Allocations Across Cultures." In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial-Organizational Psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
39. Leung, K., S.K. Su, and M.W. Morris. (2001). "Justice in the Culturally Diverse Workplace: The Problems of Over and Under Emphasis of Cultural Differences." In S. Gilliland, D. Steiner, and D. Skarlicki (eds.), Research in Social Issues in Management, Vol. 1. Information Age Publishing.
40. Leung, K. and D.W. Tjosvold. (1998). "Introduction: Conflict Management in the Asia Pacific." In K. Leung and D.W. Tjosvold (eds). Conflict Management in the Asia Pacific. Wiley: Singapore.
41. Leung, K. and P.G. Wu. (1990). "Dispute Processing: A Cross-Cultural Analysis." In R.W. Brislin (ed.), Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
42. Leung, K. and P.G. Wu. (1998). "Harmony as a Double-Edge Sword in Management." In B.S. Cheng, K.L. Huang, and C.C. Kuo (eds.), Human Resources Management in Taiwan and China. Taiwan: Yuan Liou Publishing. (In Chinese).
43. Lindsay, C.P. and B.L. Dempsey. (1985). "Experiences in Training Chinese Business People to Use U.S. Management Techniques." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 21, 65-78.
44. Morris, M.W. and K. Leung. (2000). "Justice for All? Progress in Research on Cultural Variation in the Psychology of Distributive and Procedural Justice." Applied Psychology: An International Review 49, 100-132.
45. Morris, M.W., K.Y. Williams, K. Leung, D. Bhatnagar, J.F. Li, M. Kondo, J.L. Luo, and J.C. Hu. (1999). "Culture, Conflict Management Style, and Underlying Values: Accounting for Cross-National Differences in Styles of Handling Conflicts Among US, Chinese, Indian and Filipino Managers." Journal of International Business Studies 29, 729-748.
46. Nadar, L. (1990). Harmony Ideology: Justice and Control in a Zapotec Mountain Village. Stanford, CA. Stanford University Press.
47. Patten, C. (1998). East and West: The Last Governor of Hong Kong on Power, Freedom and the Future. London: Mcmillan.
48. Pearce, J.L. (1998). "Face, Harmony, and Social Structure: An Analysis of Organizational Behavior Across Cultures." Personnel Psychology 51, 1029-1032.
49. Ohbuchi K. (1998). "Conflict Management in Japan: Cultural Values and Efficacy." In K. Leung and D. Tjosvold (eds.), Conflict Management in the Asia Pacific: Assumptions and Approaches in Diverse Cultures. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons.
50. Ohbuchi, K., O. Fukushima, and J. Tedeschi. (1999). "Cultural Values in Conflict Management: Goal Orientation, Goal Attainment, and Tactical Decision." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 30, 51-71.
51. Ohbuchi, K., M. Suzuki, and Y. Hayashi. (2001). "Conflict Management and Organizational Attitudes Among Japanese: Individual and Group Goals and Justice." Asian Journal of Social Psychology 4, 93-101.
52. Rahim, M.A. (1983). "A Measurement of Styles of Handling Interpersonal Conflict." Academy of Management Journal 26, 368-376.
53. Rahim, M.A. (1986). Managing Conflict in Organizations. New York: Praeger.
54. Redding, S.G. (1983). The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
55. Redding, S.G. and M. Ng. (1982). "The Role of Face in Organizational Perceptions of Chinese Managers." Organization Studies 3, 201-219.
56. Salk, J.E. and M.Y. Brannen. (2000). "National Culture, Networks, and Individual Influence in a Multinational Management Team." Academy of Management Journal 43, 191-203.
57. Schwartz, S.H. (1992). "Toward a Psychological Structure of Human Values." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, 878-891.
58. Shwartz, S.H. (1992). "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in Two Countries." In M.P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental and Social Psychology 25. New York: Academic Press.
59. Smith, P.B. and M.H. Bond. (1994). Social Psychology Across Cultures. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
60. Sorenson, R.L., E.A. Morse, and G.T. Savage. (1995). "What are the Key Dimensions Underlying Choice of Conflict Management Strategies?" Paper Presented at the Annual Convention of the Academy of Management.
61. Thomas, K. (1976). "Conflict and Conflict Management." In M. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organization Psychology. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
62. Ting-Toomey S. (1988). "Intercultural Conflict Styles: A Face-Negotiation Theory." In Y. Kim and W. Gudykunst (eds.), Theories in Intercultural Communication. Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
63. Tjosvold, D., C. Hui, and K.S. Law. (1998). "Empowerment in the Manager-Employee Relationship in Hong Kong: Interdependence and Controversy." Journal of Social Psychology 138, 624-636.
64. Tjosvold, D., K. Leung, and D.W. Johnson. (2000). "Cooperative and Competitive Conflict in China." In M. Deutsch and P.T. Coleman (eds.), The Handbook of Conflict Resolution. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
65. Tjosvold, D., R. Nibler, and P. Wan. (2001). "Motivation for Conflict Among Chinese University Students: Effects of Others' Expertise and One's Own Confidence on Engaging in Conflict." Journal of Social Psychology 141, 353-365.
66. Tjosvold, D. and H. Sun. (2000). "Social Face in Conflict: Effects of Affronts to Person and Position in China." Group Dynamics 4, 259-271.
67. Tsui, A.S. and J.L. Farh. (1997). "Where Gunaxi Matters: Relational Demography and Gunaxi in the Chinese Context." Work and Occupations 24, 56-79.
68. Yamagishi, T. (1988). "The Provision of a Sanctioning System in the United States and Japan." Social Psychology Quarterly 51, 265-271.
69. Yamagishi, T., K.S. Cook, and M. Watabe. (1998). "Uncertainty, Trust, and Commitment Formation in the United States and Japan." American Journal of Sociology 104, 165-194.
70. Yamagishi, T., N. Jin, and A.S. Miller. (1998). "In-Group Bias and Culture of Collectivism." Asian Journal of Social Psychology 1, 315-328.
71. Yamagishi, T. and M. Yamagishi. (1994). "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan." Motivation and Emotion 18, 9-66.
72. Yang, M.M. (1986). The Art of Social Relationships and Exchange in China. Berkerly, CA: University of California Press.