A chinese conceptualisation of willingness to communicate in esl

Language, Culture and Curriculum

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 18-38

  Wen, W P ^a   Clément, Richard ^b  

^a XIANGTAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745472743     PISSN: 07908318     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07908310308666654     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Ames, C. (1992) Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Edu-cational Psychology 84, 261-271.
2. Andersen, J.F. (1979) Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness. In D. Nimmo (ed.) Communication Yearbook 3 (pp. 543-559). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
3. Andersen, J.F., Andersen, P.A. and Jensen, A.D. (1979) The measurement of nonverbal immediacy. Journal of Applied Communication Research 7, 153-180.
4. Barker, L.L., Wahlers, K.J., Matson, K.W., and Kibler, R.J. (1991) Group in Process: An Introduction to Small Group Communication (4th edn). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pren-tice-Hall.
5. Beebe, L.M. (1983) Risk-taking and the language learner. In H.W. Seliger and M.H. Long (eds) Classroom-Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition (pp. 39-66). Rowley: Newbury House Publishers, Inc.
6. Brown, H.D. (1987) Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (2nd edn). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
7. Bryson, B. (1990) The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got that Way. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.
8. Burdner, S. (1962) Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality 30, 29-50.
9. Burgoon, J.K. (1976) The unwillingness-to-communicate scales: Development and vali-dation. Communication Monographs 43, 60-69.
10. Byrne, D. (1971) The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
11. Carr, W. (1973) Interpersonal behaviour patterns in Asia. Lecture to Japan and East Asia Area Studies Course, Foreign Service Institute, Washington DC.
12. Chai, C. and Chai, W. (1965) The Sacred Books of Confucius and other Confucian Classics. New York: Bantam Books, Inc.
13. Chapelle, C. and Roberts, C. (1986) Ambiguity tolerance and field independence as predictors of proficiency in English as a second language. Language Learning 36, 27-45.
14. Chataway, C.J. and Berry J.W. (1989) Acculturation experiences, appraisal, coping and adaptation: A comparison of Hongkong Chinese, French, and English students in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 21, 295-309.
15. Cheng, M.S. (1997, April-May) Striving for higher goals in ELT in China. IATEFL Newsletter 16-17.
16. Christophel, D.M. (1990) The relationship among teacher immediacy behaviours, student motivation, and learning. Communication Education 39, 323-340.
17. Chu, G.C. (1979) Communication and cultural change in China: A conceptual framework. In G.C. Chu and F.L.K. Hsu (eds) Moving a Mountain (pp. 2-24). Honolulu: East-West Center.
18. Clement, R., Gardner, R.C. and Smythe, P.C. (1977) Motivational variables in second language acquisition: A study of Francophones learning English. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 9, 123-133.
19. Clement, R., Gardner, R.C., and Smythe, P.C. (1980) Social and individual factors in second language acquisition. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 12, 293-302.
20. Connell, J.P., and Wellborn, J.G. (1991) Competence, autonomy, and relatedness: A motivational analysis of self-system processes. In M.R. Gunnar and L.A. Sroufe (eds) Self Processes and Development: Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology, 23 (pp. 4377). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
21. Covington, M.V. and Beery, R.G. (1976) Self Worth and School Learning. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
22. Csikszentmihalyi, M. and McCormack, J. (1986) The influence of teachers. Phi Delta Kappan 67, 415-419.
23. Dion, K.K., Berscheid, E. and Walster, E. (1972) What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285-290.
24. Dion, K.K., Dion, K.L. and Pak, A.W. (1990) The role of self-reported language proficiency in the cultural and psychological adaptation among members of Toronto, Canada's Chinese community. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 1, 173-189.
25. Dweck, C.S. (1986) Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist 41, 1040-1048.
26. Ely, C.M. (1986) An analysis of discomfort, risk-taking, sociability, and motivation in the L2 classroom. Language Learning 36, 1-25.
27. Festinger, L. (1950) Informal social communication. Psychological Review 57, 271-282.
28. Forman, R.L. (1998) Communication is Connection: 10 Steps to Create Your Own Positive Communication Environment. Woodland Hills: Communication Enhancement Press.
29. Frymier, A.B. (1993) The impact of teacher immediacy on students' motivation: Is it the same for all students? Communication Quarterly 41, 454-464.
30. Frymier, A.B. (1994) A model of immediacy in the classroom. Communication Quarterly 42, 133-144.
31. Gao, G. (1998) 'Don't take my word for it.' -Understanding Chinese speaking practices. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 22, 163-186.
32. Giles, H., Bourhis, R.Y. and Taylor, D.M. (1977) Toward a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In H. Giles (ed.) Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations (pp. 307-348). London, UK: Academic Press.
33. Gudykunst, W.B. (1993) Toward a theory of effective interpersonal and intergroup communication: An anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) perspective. In R.L. Wiseman and J. Koester (eds) Intercultural Communication Competence (pp. 33-71). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
34. Gudykunst, W.B. (1995) Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory: Current status. In R.L. Wiseman (ed.) Intercultural Communication Theory (pp. 8-58). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
35. Gudykunst, W.B. (1998) Individualistic and collectivistic perspectives on communication: An introduction. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 22, 107-134.
36. Hinenoya, K. and Gatbonton, E. (2000) Ethnocentrism, cultural traits, beliefs, and English proficiency: A Japanese sample. The Modern Language Journal 84, 225-240.
37. Hogg, M.A. (1992) The School Psychology of Group Cohesiveness. New York: New York University Press.
38. Hu, G. (2002) Potential cultural resistance to pedagogical imports: The case of com-municative language teaching in the PRC. Language, Culture and Curriculum 15 (1), 30-49.
39. Hu, H.C. (1944) The Chinese concepts of 'face'. American Anthropologist 46, 45-64.
40. Jonassen, D.H. and Grabowski, B.L. (1993) Handbook of Individual Differences, Learning, and Instruction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
41. Kessing, R. (1974) Theory of culture. Annual Review of Anthropology 3, 73-97.
42. King, A.Y. and Bond, M.H. (1985) The Confucian paradigm of man: A sociological view. In W.S. Tseng and D.H. Wu (eds) Chinese Culture and Mental Health (pp. 2945). Orlando, FL: Academic Press, Inc.
43. Krashen, S. (1982) Principles and Practices of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Perga-mon Press.
44. Krause, N., Bennet, J. and Tran, T.V. (1989) Age differences in the acculturation process. Psychology and Aging 4, 321-332.
45. Lebra, T.S. (1976) Japanese Patterns of Behaviour. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
46. Leng, H. (1997) New bottles, old wine: Communicative language teaching in China. English Teaching Forum 35, 38-41.
47. Lim, T.S. (1994) Facework and interpersonal relationships. In S. Ting-Toomey (ed.) Cross-Cultural and Interpersonal Issues (pp. 209-230). Albany: State University of New York.
48. MacDonald, A.P. (1970) Revised scale for ambiguity tolerance: Reliability and validity. Psychological Reports 25, 791-798.
49. MacIntyre, P., Clement, R., Dornyer, Z. and Noels, K.A. (1998) Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal 82, 245-262.
50. McCroskey, J.C. and Baer, J.E. (1985, November) Willingness to communicate: The construct and its measurement. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Speech Communication Association, Denver.
51. McCroskey, J.C. and Richmond, V.P. (1986) Willingness to communicate. In J.C. McCroskey and J.A. Daly (eds) Personality and Interpersonal Communication (pp. 129-156). Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications, Inc.
52. Meece, J.L., Blumenfeld, P.C. and Hoyle, R.H. (1988) Students' goal orientations and cognitive engagement in classroom activities. Journal of Educational Psychology 80, 514-523.
53. Mehrabian, A. (1969) Some referents and measurements of nonverbal behaviour. Behavioural Research Methods and Instruments 1, 203-217.
54. Mehrabian, A. (1971) Silent Message. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
55. Murray, H.A. (1938) Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Naiman, N., Frohlich, M. and Stern, H.H. (1975) The Good Language Learner. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
57. Newcomb, T.M. (1961) The Acquaintance Process. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
58. Nicholls, J.G. (1984) Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experi-ence, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review 91, 328-346.
59. Nixon, H.L. II. (1979) The Small Group. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
60. Norton, R.W. (1975) Measurement of ambiguity tolerance. Journal of Personality Assessment 39, 607-619.
61. Pratt, D.D. (1992) Chinese conceptions of learning and teaching: A Westerner's attempt at understanding. International Journal of Lifelong Education 11, 301-319.
62. Reeve, J. (1996) Motivating Others: Nurturing Inner Motivational Resources. New York: Allyn and Bacon.
63. Reiss, M.A. (1985) The good language learner: Another look. The Canadian Modern Language Review 41, 511-523.
64. Richmond, V.P. (1990) Communication in the classroom: Power and motivation. Communication Education 39, 181-195.
65. Rodriguez, J.I., Plax, T.G. and Kearney, P. (1996) Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator. Communication Education 45, 293-305.
66. Rubin, J. (1975) What the 'good language learner' can teach us. TESOL Quarterly 9, 41-51.
67. Saklofske, D.H. and Zeidner, M. (eds) (1995) International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence. New York: Plenum Press.
68. Schachter, S. (1976) The Psychology of Affiliation: Experimental Studies of the Sources of Gregariousness. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
69. Schumann, J. (1978) The acculturation model for second language acquisition. In R. Gingras (ed.) Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching (pp. 27-50). Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
70. Scovel, J. (1983) English teaching in China: A historical perspective. Language Learning and Communication 2, 105-109.
71. Shaw, M.E. (1981) Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Group Behaviour (3rd edn). New York: McGraw-Hill.
72. Shu, X.C. (1961) Zhong guo xian dai jiao yu shi [History of Modern Education in China]. Beijing: People's Education Press.
73. Skinner, E.A. and Belmont, M.J. (1993) Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behaviour and students engagement across the school year. Journal of Educational Psychology 85, 571-581.
74. Stephan, W.G. and Stephan, C. (1985) Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues 41, 157-266.
75. Ting, Y.R. (1987) Foreign language teaching in China: Problems and perspectives. Canadian and International Education 16, 48-61.
76. Triandis, H.C. (1988) Collectivism vs. individualism: A reconceptualisation of a basic concept in cross-cultural psychology. In G.K. Verma and C. Bayley (eds) Personality, Attitudes and Cognitions (pp. 60-95). London: Macmillan.
77. Trimpop, R.M. (1994) The Psychology of Risk-taking Behaviour. North-Holland: Elsevier Science B.V.
78. Tziner, A. (1982) Differential effects of group cohesiveness types: A clarifying overview. Social Behaviour and Personality 10, 227-239.
79. Wang, Y.Q. (1999) College English in China. English Today 57, 45-51.
80. Wen, W.P. (1992) Chuang zao you li yu yu yan xue xi de qing gan huan jing [Creating a positive affective environment for language learning ]. Da Xue Wai Yu Jiao Xue Yu Yan Jiu 2, 51-56.
81. Wen, W.P. (1999) Zhong guo xue sheng bei ping jia yi shi [On Chinese students' expec-tation of evaluation]. Xiangtan Da Xue Xue Bao 23, 116-118.
82. Wen, W.P. (2001) Qing gan dong li qi dong mo shi [Positive affect as dynamics in second language learning]. Xiangtan Da Xue Xue Bao 25, 139-142.
83. Wen, W.P. and Zhu, Y.M. (1998) Wai yu xue xi qing gan zhang ai yan jiu [Studies on the Affective Problems in Second Language Learning]. Xi'an: Northwest University Press.
84. Wierzbicka, A. (1996) Contrastive sociolinguistics and the theory of 'cultural scripts': Chinese vs. English. In M. Hellinger and U. Ammon (eds) Contrastive Sociolinguistics (pp. 107-131). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
85. Williams, M. and Burden, R.L. (1997) Psychology for Language Teachers: A Social Constructive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
86. Yang, K.S. (1981) Social orientation and individual modernity among Chinese students in Taiwan. Journal of Social Psychology 113, 159-170.
87. Yu, C.C. (1984) Cultural principles underlying English teaching in China. Language Learning and Communication 3, 29-39.
88. Yu, D.H. (1990) The hidden stories of the Chinese. Chinese Psychology Series 3 (pp. 114). Taipei: Professor Zhang Press, Inc.
89. Yu, D.H., and Gu, B.L. (1990) Chinese face concerns. Chinese Psychology Series 3 (pp. 63107). Taipei: Professor Zhang Press, Inc.