Becoming a moral child: The socialization of shame among young Chinese children

Ethos

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 180-209

  Fung, Heidi ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033147734     PISSN: 00912131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/eth.1999.27.2.180     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Barrett, Karen C. 1993 Avoiders vs. Amenders: Implications for the Investigation of Guilt and Shame during Toddlerhood? Cognition and Emotion 7:481-505. 1995 A Functionalist Approach to Shame and Guilt. In Self-conscious Emotions. June P. Tangney and Kurt W. Fischer, eds. Pp. 25-63. New York: Guilford Press.
2. Barrett, Karen C. 1993 Avoiders vs. Amenders: Implications for the Investigation of Guilt and Shame during Toddlerhood? Cognition and Emotion 7:481-505. 1995 A Functionalist Approach to Shame and Guilt. In Self-conscious Emotions. June P. Tangney and Kurt W. Fischer, eds. Pp. 25-63. New York: Guilford Press.
3. Benedict, Ruth 1946 The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. New York: New American Library.
4. Benson, Jan, and Dan Lyons 1991 Strutting and Fretting: Standards for Self-Esteem. Niwot: University Press of Colorado.
5. Broucek, Francis J. 1991 Shame and the Self. New York: Guilford Press.
6. Chao, Ruth K. 1994 Beyond Parental Control and Authoritarian Parenting Style: Understanding Chinese Parenting through the Cultural Notion of Training. Child Development 65:1111-1119. 1995 Chinese and European American Cultural Models of the Self Reflected in Mothers' Child-Rearing Beliefs. Ethos 23:328-354.
7. Chao, Ruth K. 1994 Beyond Parental Control and Authoritarian Parenting Style: Understanding Chinese Parenting through the Cultural Notion of Training. Child Development 65:1111-1119. 1995 Chinese and European American Cultural Models of the Self Reflected in Mothers' Child-Rearing Beliefs. Ethos 23:328-354.
8. Chu, Chen-Lou 1972 On the Shame Orientation of the Chinese from the Interrelationship among Society, Individual, and Culture. In Symposium on the Character of the Chinese: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Yih-yuan Lee and Kuo-Sha Yang, eds. Pp. 85-125. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. (In Chinese)
9. Cohen, Marc J. 1988 Taiwan at the Crossroads: Human Rights, Political Development, and Social Change on the Beautiful Island. Washington, DC: Asia Resource Center.
10. Cole, Michael 1995 The Supra-individual Envelope of Development: Activity and Practice, Situation and Context. In Cultural Practices as Contexts for Development. Jacqueline J. Goodnow, Peggy J. Miller, and Frank Kessel, eds. Pp. 105-118. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
11. Creighton, Millie R. 1990 Revisiting Shame and Guilt Cultures: A Forty-Year Pilgrimage. Ethos 18:279-307.
12. Darwin, Charles 1872 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray.
13. Dunn, Judy 1987 The Beginnings of Moral Understanding: Development in the Second Year. In The Emergence of Morality in Young Children. Jerone Kagan and Sharon Lamb, eds. Pp. 91-112. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14. Fung, Heidi n.d. Are You Ready for School?: Everyday Literacy Practices in Young Chinese Children's Homes, Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, unpublished manuscript. 1994 The Socialization of Shame in Young Chinese Children. Committee on Human Development University of Chicago, unpublished manuscript.
15. Fung, Heidi n.d. Are You Ready for School?: Everyday Literacy Practices in Young Chinese Children's Homes, Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, unpublished manuscript. 1994 The Socialization of Shame in Young Chinese Children. Committee on Human Development University of Chicago, unpublished manuscript.
16. Gabrenya, William K., and Kwang-kuo Hwang 1996 Chinese Social Interaction: Harmony and Hierarchy on the Good Earth. In The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Michael II. Bond. ed. Pp. 309-321. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
17. Gaskins, Suzanne, Peggy J. Miller, and William A. Corsaro 1992 Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives in the Interpretive Study of Children. In Interpretive Approaches to Children's Socialization. William A. Corsaro and Peggy J. Miller, eds. Pp. 5-24. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
18. Gold, Thomas B. 1986 State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
19. Haight, Wendy, Xiao-lei Wang, Heidi Fung, Kimberley Williams, and Judith Mintz In press Universal, Developmental and Variable Aspects of Young Children's Play: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Pretending at Home. Child Development.
20. Harkness, Sara, and Charles M. Super, eds. 1996 Parents' Cultural Belief Systems: Their Origins, Expressions, and Consequences. New York: Guilford Press.
21. Harper, James M., and Margaret H. Hoopes 1990 Uncovering Shame: An Approach Integrating Individuals and Family Systems. New York: W. W. Norton.
22. Heath, Shirley Brice 1983 Ways with Words: Language, Life, and Work in Communities and Classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. Her, Emily H. L. 1990 A Phenomenological Explication of Shame in a Shame Culture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Southern Illinois University, Department of Speech Communication, Carbondale, unpublished manuscript.
24. Ho, David Y. F. 1976 On the Concept of Face. American Journal of Sociology 81:867-884. 1986 Chinese Patterns of Socialization: A Critical Review. In The Psychology of the Chinese People. Michael H. Bond, ed. Pp. 1-37. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 1996 Filial Piety and Its Psychological Consequences. In The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. M. H. Bond, ed. Pp. 155-165. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
25. Ho, David Y. F. 1976 On the Concept of Face. American Journal of Sociology 81:867-884. 1986 Chinese Patterns of Socialization: A Critical Review. In The Psychology of the Chinese People. Michael H. Bond, ed. Pp. 1-37. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 1996 Filial Piety and Its Psychological Consequences. In The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. M. H. Bond, ed. Pp. 155-165. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
26. Ho, David Y. F. 1976 On the Concept of Face. American Journal of Sociology 81:867-884. 1986 Chinese Patterns of Socialization: A Critical Review. In The Psychology of the Chinese People. Michael H. Bond, ed. Pp. 1-37. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 1996 Filial Piety and Its Psychological Consequences. In The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. M. H. Bond, ed. Pp. 155-165. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
27. Hu, Hsien Chin 1944 The Chinese Concept of "Face." American Anthropologist 46:45-64.
28. Hwang, Kwang-kuo 1987 Face and Favor: The Chinese Power Game. American Journal of Sociology 92: 944-974.
29. Hymes, Dell 1972 Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life. In Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. John J. Gumperz and Dell Hymes, eds. Pp. 35-71. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
30. Jacoby, Mario 1994 Shame and the Origins of Self-Esteem: A Jungian Approach. London: Routledge.
31. Kagan, Jerome 1981 The Second Year: The Emergence of Self-Awareness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Karen, Robert 1992 Shame. Atlantic 269(2):40-70.
33. Kilborne, Benjamin 1995 Truths that Cannot Go Naked: Shame in Many Forms. Psychiatry 58:278-297.
34. Killen, Melanie 1997 Culture, Self, and Development: Are Cultural Templates Useful or Stereotypic? Developmental Review 17:239-249.
35. King, Ambrose Y. C., and James T. Myers 1977 Shame as an Incomplete Conception of Chinese Culture: A Study of Face. Social Research Center Occasional Paper No. 63. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.
36. Kitayama, Shinobu, and Hazel R. Markus, eds. 1994 Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence. Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
37. Kleinman, Arthur 1986 Social Origins of Distress and Disease: Depression, Neurasthenia, and Pain Modern China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
38. Kleinman, Arthur, and Joan Kleinman 1985 Somatization: The Interconnections in Chinese Society among Culture, Depressive Experiences, and the Meanings of Pain. In Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder. Arthur Kleinman and Byron Good, eds. Pp. 429-490. Berkeley: University of California Press.
39. Lay, Keng-Ling, Kuei-Yu Liang, Chi-An Tang, and Su-Hwa Wang 1997 The Analytical Framework and Prevalence of Parental Use of Negative Language: Different Perspectives between Parents and Children. Paper presented to the 4th Conference of Chinese Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, May. Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (In Chinese).
40. Lebra, Takie S. 1971 The Social Mechanism of Guilt and Shame: The Japanese Case. Anthropological Quarterly 44(4):241-255. 1983 Shame and Guilt: A Psychocultural View of the Japanese Self. Ethos 11:192-209.
41. Lebra, Takie S. 1971 The Social Mechanism of Guilt and Shame: The Japanese Case. Anthropological Quarterly 44(4):241-255. 1983 Shame and Guilt: A Psychocultural View of the Japanese Self. Ethos 11:192-209.
42. Leighton, Dorothy, and Clyde Kluckhohn 1947 Children of the People. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. Lewis, Michael 1992 Shame: The Exposed Self. New York: Free Press.
44. Lieber, Eli, Heidi Fung, Patrick W. L. Leung, and Ka-Wai Leung 1998 Chinese Child-rearing Beliefs: Key Concepts and Culture Sensitive Approaches to Scale Development. Department of Psychiatry, UCLA, unpublished manuscript.
45. Lin, Wen-Ying, and Chen-Wu Wang 1994 Chinese Parenting: Strict Discipline or Maltreatment? Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies 3:1-57 (in Chinese).
46. Lutz, Catherine A. 1983 Parental Goals, Ethnopsychology, and the Development of Emotional Meaning. Ethos 11:246-262. 1988 Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesial Atoll and Their Challenge to Western Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
47. Lutz, Catherine A. 1983 Parental Goals, Ethnopsychology, and the Development of Emotional Meaning. Ethos 11:246-262. 1988 Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesial Atoll and Their Challenge to Western Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48. Lutz, Catherine, and Lila Abu-Lughod, eds. 1990 Language and the Politics of Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49. Lutz, Catherine A., and Geoffrey M. White 1986 The Anthropology of Emotions. Annual Review of Anthropology 15:405-436.
50. MacWhinney, Brian 1991 The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
51. Markus, Hazel R., and Shinobu Kitayama 1991 Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. Psychological Review 98(2):224-253.
52. Mead, Margaret 1937 Cooperation and Competition among Primitive People. New York: McGraw-Hill.
53. Menon, Usha, and Richard A. Shweder 1994 Kali's Tongue: Cultural Psychology and the Power of Shame in Orissa, India. In Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence. S. Kitayama and H. R. Markus, eds. Pp. 241-284. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
54. Miller, Peggy J., Heidi Fung, and Judith Mintz 1996 Self-construction through Narrative Practices: A Chinese and American Comparison of Early Socialization. Ethos 24:237-280.
55. Miller, Peggy J., and Jacqueline J. Goodnow 1995 Cultural Practices: Toward an Integration of Culture and Development. In Cultural Practices as Contexts for Development. Jacqueline J. Goodnow, Peggy J. Miller, and Frank Kessel, eds. Pp. 5-16. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
56. Miller, Peggy J., Linda L. Sperry 1987 The Socialization of Anger and Aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 33:1-31.
57. Miller, Peggy J., Angela Wiley, Heidi Fung, and Chung-hui Liang 1997 Personal Storytelling as a Medium of Socialization in Chinese and American Families. Child Development 68:557-568.
58. Morrison, Andrew P. 1989 Shame: The Underside of Narcissism. New York: Analytic Press. 1996 The Culture of Shame. New York: Ballantine Books.
59. Morrison, Andrew P. 1989 Shame: The Underside of Narcissism. New York: Analytic Press. 1996 The Culture of Shame. New York: Ballantine Books.
60. Nathanson, Donald L. 1992 Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self. New York: W. W. Norton.
61. Ochs, Elinor 1988 Culture and Language Development: Language Acquisition and Language Socialization in a Samoan Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. Piers, Gerhart, and Milton B. Singer 1953 Shame and Guilt: A Psychoanalytic and a Cultural Study. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
63. Rosaldo, Michelle 1983 The Shame of Headhunters and the Autonomy of Self. Ethos 11:135-151. 1984 Toward an Anthropology of Self and Feeling. In Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion. Richard A. Shweder and Robert A. LeVine, eds. Pp. 137-157. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. Rosaldo, Michelle 1983 The Shame of Headhunters and the Autonomy of Self. Ethos 11:135-151. 1984 Toward an Anthropology of Self and Feeling. In Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion. Richard A. Shweder and Robert A. LeVine, eds. Pp. 137-157. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
65. Russell, James, and Michelle Yik 1996 Emotion among the Chinese. In The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Michael H. Bond, ed. Pp. 166-188. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
66. Scheff, Thomas J. 1990 Discourse, Emotion, and Social Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
67. Schieffelin, Bambi B. 1990 The Give and Take of Everyday Life: Language Socialization of Kaluli Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. Schneider, Carl D. 1977 Shame, Exposure, and Privacy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. 1987 A Mature Sense of Shame. In The Many Faces of Shame. D. L. Nathanson, ed. Pp. 194-213. New York: Guilford Press.
69. Schneider, Carl D. 1977 Shame, Exposure, and Privacy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. 1987 A Mature Sense of Shame. In The Many Faces of Shame. D. L. Nathanson, ed. Pp. 194-213. New York: Guilford Press.
70. Schoenhals, Martin 1993 The Paradox of Power in a People's Republic of China Middle School. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
71. Schore, Allan N. 1994 Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
72. Shaver, Phillip R., Shelley Wu, and Judith C. Schwartz 1992 Cross-cultural Similarities and Differences in Emotion and Its Representation: A Prototype Approach. In Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 13 Margaret S. Clark, ed. Pp. 175-212. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
73. Shweder, Richard A. 1993 The Cultural Psychology of the Emotions. In Handbook of Emotions. Michael Lewis and Jeanette Haviland, eds. Pp. 417-431. New York: Guilford.
74. Shweder, Richard A., Jacqueline Goodnow, Giyoo Hatano, Robert A. LeVine, Hazel Markus, and Peggy J. Miller 1998 The Cultural Psychology of Development: One Mind, Many Mentalities. In Handbook of Child Psychology, vol 1: Theoretical Models of Human Development. William Damon and Richard M. Lerner, eds. Pp. 865-937. New York: John Wiley
75. Shweder, Richard A., and Nancy C. Much 1991 Determinations of Meaning: Discourse and Moral Socialization. In Thinking through Cultures. R. A. Shweder, ed. Pp. 197-244. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
76. Stipek, Deborah 1983 A Developmental Analysis of Pride and Shame. Human Development 26:42-54. 1995 The Development of Pride and Shame in Toddlers. In Self-conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride. June P. Tangney and Kurt W. Fischer, eds. Pp. 237-252. New York: Guilford Press.
77. Stipek, Deborah 1983 A Developmental Analysis of Pride and Shame. Human Development 26:42-54. 1995 The Development of Pride and Shame in Toddlers. In Self-conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride. June P. Tangney and Kurt W. Fischer, eds. Pp. 237-252. New York: Guilford Press.
78. Tan, Amy 1989 The Joy Luck Club. New York: Ivy Books.
79. Tangney, June Price 1998 How Does Guilt Differ from Shame? In Guilt and Children. J. Bybee, ed. Pp. 1-17. San Diego: Academic Press.
80. Twitchell, James B. 1997 For Shame: The Loss of Common Decency in American Culture. New York: St. Martin's Press.
81. Wang, Xiao-lei 1992 Resilience and Fragility in Language Acquisition: A Comparative Study of the Gestural Communication Systems of Chinese and American Deaf Children. Department of Education, University of Chicago, unpublished manuscript.
82. White, Geoffrey M. 1992 Ethnopsychology. In New Directions in Psychological Anthropology. T. Schwartz, Geoffrey White, and Catherine Lutz, eds. Pp. 21-46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993 Emotions Inside Out: The Anthropology of Affect. In Handbook of Emotions. M. Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland, eds. Pp. 29-40. New York: Guilford Press. 1994 Affecting Culture: Emotion and Morality in Everyday Life. In Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence. Shinoku Kitayama and Hazel R. Markus, eds. Pp. 219-239. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
83. White, Geoffrey M. 1992 Ethnopsychology. In New Directions in Psychological Anthropology. T. Schwartz, Geoffrey White, and Catherine Lutz, eds. Pp. 21-46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993 Emotions Inside Out: The Anthropology of Affect. In Handbook of Emotions. M. Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland, eds. Pp. 29-40. New York: Guilford Press. 1994 Affecting Culture: Emotion and Morality in Everyday Life. In Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence. Shinoku Kitayama and Hazel R. Markus, eds. Pp. 219-239. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
84. White, Geoffrey M. 1992 Ethnopsychology. In New Directions in Psychological Anthropology. T. Schwartz, Geoffrey White, and Catherine Lutz, eds. Pp. 21-46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993 Emotions Inside Out: The Anthropology of Affect. In Handbook of Emotions. M. Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland, eds. Pp. 29-40. New York: Guilford Press. 1994 Affecting Culture: Emotion and Morality in Everyday Life. In Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence. Shinoku Kitayama and Hazel R. Markus, eds. Pp. 219-239. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
85. Wilson, Richard W. 1970 Learning to be Chinese. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1981 Moral Behavior in Chinese Society: A Theoretical Perspective. In Moral Behavior in Chinese Society. Richard W. Wilson et al., eds. Pp. 117-136. New York: Praeger.
86. Wilson, Richard W. 1970 Learning to be Chinese. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1981 Moral Behavior in Chinese Society: A Theoretical Perspective. In Moral Behavior in Chinese Society. Richard W. Wilson et al., eds. Pp. 117-136. New York: Praeger.
87. Wu, David Y. H. 1981 Child Abuse in Taiwan. In Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-cultural Perspectives. Jill Korbin, ed. Pp. 139-165. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1996 Chinese Childhood Socialization. In The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Michael H. Bond, ed. Pp. 143-154. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
88. Wu, David Y. H. 1981 Child Abuse in Taiwan. In Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-cultural Perspectives. Jill Korbin, ed. Pp. 139-165. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1996 Chinese Childhood Socialization. In The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Michael H. Bond, ed. Pp. 143-154. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
89. Wurmser, Leon 1981 The Mask of Shame. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
90. Zhai, Xue-wei 1995 The Chinese Concepts of Face. Taipei, Taiwan: Gui Guan (in Chinese).