Surgery of the mind, mood, and conscious state: An idea in evolution

World Neurosurgery

Volumn 77, Issue 5-6, 2012, Pages 662-686

  Robison, R Aaron ^a   Taghva, Alexander ^a   Liu, Charles Y ^a   Apuzzo, Michael L J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Deep brain stimulation; Functional neurosurgery; Neuromodulation; Prefrontal lobotomy; Psychosurgery; Trepanation; Vagal nerve stimulation

Indexed keywords

CHLORPROMAZINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADDICTION; ANXIETY DISORDER; BRAIN; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL; DEPRESSION; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DRUG APPROVAL; EATING DISORDER; EPILEPSY; FRONTAL LEUCOTOMY; FRONTAL LOBE; FRONTAL LOBOTOMY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENE THERAPY; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; HISTORY; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; LOBECTOMY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MEDICAL ETHICS; MELANCHOLIA; MENTAL DISEASE; MOOD; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PARANOIA; PARIETAL LOBE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOSURGERY; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEIZURE; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIOECONOMICS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STEREOTACTIC NEUROSURGERY; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS STIMULATION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TOPECTOMY;

EID: 84864115956     PISSN: 18788750     EISSN: 18788769     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.03.005     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. J. Aldini Essai théorique et expérimental sur le galvanisme, avec une série d'expériences faites devant des commissaires de l'Institut nationale de France, et en divers amphithéâtres anatomiques de Londres [in French] 1804 Fournier Fils Paris
2. K.W. Alt, C. Jeunesse, C.H. Buitrago-Tellez, R. Wachter, E. Boes, S.L. Pichler Evidence for stone age cranial surgery Nature 387 1997 360
3. A.P. Amar, C.N. Heck, M.L. Levy, T. Smith, C.M. DeGiorgio, S. Oviedo, M.L. Apuzzo An institutional experience with cervical vagus nerve trunk stimulation for medically refractory epilepsy: rationale, technique, and outcome Neurosurgery 43 1998 1265 1276
4. American Psychiatric Association Task Force on DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR 4th ed. 2000 American Psychiatric Association Washington, DC
5. P. Andlin-Sobocki, B. Jönsson, H. Wittchen, J. Olesen Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe Euro J Neurol 12 Suppl 1 2005 1 27
6. B. Aouizerate, C. Martin-Guehl, E. Cuny, D. Guehl, H. Amieva, A. Benazzouz, C. Fabriqoule, B. Bloulac, J. Tignol, P. Burbaud Deep brain stimulation for OCD and major depression Am J Psychiatry 162 2005 2192
7. M.L. Apuzzo, C.Y. Liu, D. Sullivan, R.A. Faccio Surgery of the human cerebrum - a collective modernity Neurosurgery 61 Suppl 1 2007 28
8. M.L. Apuzzo, J.K. Sabshin Computed tomographic guidance stereotaxis in the management of intracranial mass lesions Neurosurgery 12 1983 277 285
9. H.T. Ballantine Jr., A.J. Bouckoms, E.K. Thomas, I.E. Giriunas Treatment of psychiatric illness by stereotactic cingulotomy Biol Psychiatry 22 1987 807 819
10. H.T. Ballantine Jr., W.L. Cassidy, N.B. Flanagan, R. Marino Jr. Stereotaxic anterior cingulotomy for neuropsychiatric illness and intractable pain J Neurosurg 26 1967 488 495
11. A.A. Baumeister The Tulane electrical brain stimulation program A historical case study in medical ethics J Hist Neurosci 9 2000 262 278
12. N.P. Bechtereva, A.N. Bondartchuk, V.M. Smirnov, L.A. Meliutcheva, A.N. Shandurina Method of electrostimulation of the deep brain structures in treatment of some chronic diseases Confin Neurol 37 1975 136 140
13. A.L. Benabid, P. Pollak, C. Gross Acute and long-term effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 62 1994 76 84
14. A.L. Benabid, P. Pollak, M. Hommel, J.M. Gaio, J. de Rougemont, J. Perret Treatment of Parkinson tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus [in French] Rev Neurol (Paris) 145 1989 320 323
15. E. Ben-Menachem, A. Hamberger, T. Hedner, E.J. Hammond, B.M. Uthman, J. Slater Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on amino acids and other metabolites in the CSF of patients with partial seizures Epilepsy Res 20 1995 221 227
16. M.P. Bishop, S.T. Elder, R.G. Heath Intracranial self-stimulation in man Science 140 1963 394 396
17. S. Blond, J. Siegfried Thalamic stimulation for the treatment of tremor and other movement disorders Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 52 1991 109 111
18. N. Breslau Outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder J Clin Psychiatry 62 Suppl 17 2001 55 59
19. N. Breslau, G.C. Davis, P. Andreski, E. Peterson Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults Arch Gen Psychiatry 48 1991 216 222
20. J. Brice, L. McLellan Suppression of intention tremor by contingent deep-brain stimulation Lancet 1 8180 1980 1221 1222
21. R.M. Brickner An interpretation of function based upon a case of bilateral frontal lobectomy Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 13 1932 259 351
22. P. Broca Sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé [in French] Bull Soc Anthropol 6 1865 377 393
23. G. Burckhardt Über Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen [in German] Allg Zeschr f Psychiatr 47 1890 463 548
24. R.H. Clarke, V. Horsley THE CLASSIC: on a method of investigating the deep ganglia and tracts of the central nervous system (cerebellum) Br Med J 1906 1799 1800 Clin Orthop Relat Res 463 2007 3 6
25. F. Cohadon, E. Richer Deep cerebral stimulation in patients with post-traumatic vegetative state 25 cases [in French] Neurochirurgie 39 1993 281 292
26. E.R. Cosman, T.H. Wells Jr. Combined use of a new target-centered arc system with the BRW floor stand and phantom base for a wider range of approaches and applications in stereotaxy of the head and neck Appl Neurophysiol 50 1987 119 126
27. W.T. Couldwell, M.L. Apuzzo Initial experience related to the use of the Cosman-Roberts-Wells stereotactic instrument Technical note J Neurosurg 72 1990 145 148
28. A. Deutsch The Mentally Ill in America 1937 Doubleday New York 452 460
29. G. Elger, C. Hoppe, P. Falkai, A.J. Rush, C.E. Elger Vagus nerve stimulation is associated with mood improvements in epilepsy patients Epilepsy Res 42 2000 203 210
30. M. Fava, K.G. Davidson Definition and epidemiology of treatment-resistant depression Psychiatric Clin North Am 19 1996 179 200
31. R. Feldman, J. Goodrich Psychosurgery: a historical overview Neurosurgery 48 2001 647 659
32. D. Ferrier The Functions of the Brain 1876 Smith, Elder & Co. London
33. S. Finger Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function 1994 Oxford University Press New York
34. J.J. Fins, A.R. Rezai, B.D. Greenberg Psychosurgery: avoiding an ethical redux while advancing a therapeutic future Neurosurgery 59 2006 713 716
35. A.W. Flaherty, Z.M. Williams, R. Amirnovin Deep brain stimulation of the anterior internal capsule for the treatment of Tourette syndrome: technical case report Neurosurgery 57 Suppl 4 2005 E403
36. W. Freeman, J. Watts Psychosurgery: In the Treatment of Mental Disorders and Intractable Pain 2nd ed. 1950 Charles C Thomas Springfield
37. G. Fritsch, E. Hitzig Uber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns [in German] Arch Anat Physiol 37 1870 300 332
38. J.F. Fulton Frontal Lobotomy and Affective Behaviour: A Neurophysiological Analysis 1951 W. W. Norton New York
39. J.F. Fulton, C.F. Jacobsen The functions of the frontal lobes: A comparative study in monkeys, chimpanzees, and man 1935 Abstracts of the Second International Neurological Congress London 70 71
40. L. Gabriels, P. Cosyns, B. Nuttin, H. Demeulemeester, J. Gybels Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychopathological and neuropsychological outcome in three cases Acta Psychiatr Scand 107 2003 275 282
41. L. Gabriels, P. Cosyns, K. van Kuyck, B. Nuttin DBS for OCD A.M. Lozano, P.L. Gildenberg, R.R. Tasker, Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 2897 2924
42. C. Gallagher The return of lobotomy and psychosurgery Cong Rec 118 26 1972
43. M.S. George, A.J. Rush, L.B. Marangell, H.A. Sackeim, S.K. Brannan, S.M. Davis, R. Howland, M.A. Kling, F. Moreno, B. Rittberg, D. Dunner, T. Schwartz, L. Carpenter, M. Burke, P. Ninan, P. Goodnick A one-year comparison of vagus nerve stimulation with treatment as usual for treatment-resistant depression Biol Psychiatry 58 2005 364 373
44. E.O. Goktepe, L.B. Young, P.K. Bridges A further review of the results of sterotactic subcaudate tractotomy Br J Psychiatry 126 1975 270 280
45. B.D. Greenberg, D.A. Malone, G.M. Friehs Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder Neuropsychopharmacology 31 2006 2384 2393
46. B.D. Greenberg, B. Nuttin, A.R. Rezai Education and neuromodulation for psychiatric disorders: a perspective for practitioners Neurosurgery 59 2006 717 719
47. D.A. Groves, V.J. Brown Vagal nerve stimulation: a review of its applications and potential mechanisms that mediate its clinical effects Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29 2005 493 500
48. C.H. Halpern, J.A. Wolf, T.L. Bale Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of obesity J Neurosurg 109 2008 625 634
49. C. Hamani, M.P. McAndrews, M. Cohn Memory enhancement induced by hypothalamic/fornix deep brain stimulation Ann Neurol 63 2008 119 223
50. J.H. Han, S.A. Kushner, A.P. Yiu, H.L. Hsiang, T. Buch, A. Waisman, B. Bontempi, R.L. Neve, P.W. Frankland, S.A. Josselyn Selective erasure of a fear memory Science 323 2009 1492 1496
51. J.M. Harlow Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head N Engl J Med 39 1848 389 392
52. R. Hassler, T. Riechert, F. Mundinger, W. Umbach, J.A. Ganglberger Physiological observations in stereotaxic operations in extrapyramidal motor disturbances Brain 83 1960 337 350
53. M.P. Heilbrun, T.S. Roberts, M.L. Apuzzo, T.H. Wells Jr., J.K. Sabshin Preliminary experience with Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) computerized tomography stereotaxic guidance system J Neurosurg 59 1983 217 222
54. A.C. Heller, A.P. Amar, C.Y. Liu, M.L. Apuzzo Surgery of the mind and mood: a mosaic of issues in time and evolution Neurosurgery 59 2006 720 733
55. T.R. Henry, P.B. Votaw, C.M. Pennell, C.M. Epstein, R.A.E. Bakay, T.L. Faber, S.T. Grafton, J.M. Hoffman Acute blood flow changes and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy Neurology 52 1999 1166 1173
56. A.D. Hodgkiss, A.L. Malizia, J.R. Bartlett, P.K. Bridges Outcome after the psychosurgical operation of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, 1979-1991 J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 7 1995 230 234
57. J.L. Hoffman Clinical observations concerning schizophrenic patients treated by prefrontal leucotomy N Engl J Med 241 1949 233 236
58. V. Horsley, R.H. Clarke The structure and functions of the cerebellum examined by a new method Brain 3 1908 45 124
59. Y. Hosobuchi, J.E. Adams, B. Rutkin Chronic thalamic stimulation for the control of facial anesthesia dolorosa Arch Neurol 29 1973 158 161
60. Y. Hosobuchi, C. Yingling The treatment of prolonged coma with neurostimulation O. Devinsky, A. Beric, M. Dogali, Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord 1993 Raven Press New York 247 252
61. R.A. Hurley, D.N. Black, E. Stip, K.H. Taber Surgical treatment of mental illness: impact of imaging J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 12 2000 421 424
62. M. Israel, H. Steiger, T. Kolivakis, L. McGregor, A.F. Sadikot Deep brain stimulation in the subgenual cingulate cortex for an intractable eating disorder Biol Psychiatry 67 2010 e53 e54
63. J. Jankovic Tourette's syndrome N Engl J Med 345 2001 1184 1192
64. Y. Joanette, B. Stemmer, G. Assal, H. Whitaker From theory to practice: The unconventional contribution of Gottlieb Burckhardt to psychosurgery Brain Lang 45 1993 572 587
65. D.K. Jones, A. Simmons, S.C. Williams Noninvasive assessment of axonal fiber connectivity in the human brain via diffusion tensor MRI Magn Reson Med 42 1999 37 41
66. E.I. Kandel, Y.V. Schavinsky Stereotaxic apparatus and operations in Russia in the 19th century J Neurosurg 37 1972 407 411
67. P. Kellaway The part played by electric fish in the early history of bioelectricity and electrotherapy Bull Hist Med 20 1946 112 137
68. D. Kelly, A. Richardson, N. Mitchell-Heggs, J. Greenup, C. Chen, R.J. Hafner Stereotactic limbic leucotomy: a preliminary report on forty patients Br J Psychiatry 123 1973 141 148
69. G. Knight Stereotactic tractotomy in the surgical treatment of mental illness J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28 1965 304 310
70. G. Knight The orbital cortex as an objective in the surgical treatment of mental illness The results of 450 cases of open operation and the development of the stereotactic approach Br J Surg 51 1964 114 124
71. J. Kuhn, R. Bauer, S. Pohl Observations on unaided smoking cessation after deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens Eur Addict Res 15 2009 196 201
72. J. Kuhn, D. Lenartz, W. Huff Remission of alcohol dependency following deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: valuable therapeutic implications? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78 2007 1152 1153
73. J.P. Langevin, A.A. De Salles, H.P. Kosoyan, S.E. Krahl Deep brain stimulation of the amygdala alleviates post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in a rat model J Psychiatr Res 44 2010 1241 1245
74. B. Larsson, L. Leksell, B. Rexed, P. Sourander, W. Mair, B. Andersson The high-energy proton beam as a neurosurgical tool Nature 182 1958 1222 1223
75. B. Larsson, K. Liden, B. Sarby Irradiation of small structures through the skull Acta Radiol Oncol Radiat Phys Biol 13 1974 512 534
76. A.W. Laxton, D.F. Tang-Wai, M.P. McAndrews, D. Zumsteg, R. Wennberg, R. Keren, J. Wherrett, G. Naglie, C. Hamani, G.S. Smith, A.M. Lozano A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory circuits in Alzheimer's disease Ann Neurol 68 2010 521 534
77. Z.M. Lebensohn In memoriam, Walter Freeman. 1895-1972 Am J Psychiatry 129 1972 356 357
78. L. Leksell A stereotactic apparatus for intracerebral surgery Acta Chir Scand 99 1949 229 233
79. L. Leksell Stereotactic radiosurgery J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46 1983 797 803
80. L. Leksell The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain Acta Chir Scand 102 1951 316 319
81. L. Leksell, B. Larsson, B. Andersson, B. Rexed, P. Sourander, W. Mair Lesions in the depth of the brain produced by a beam of high-energy protons Acta Radiol 54 1960 251 264
82. L. Leksell, B. Larsson, B. Rexed The use of high-energy protons for cerebral surgery in man Acta Chir Scand 125 1963 1 7
83. L. Leksell, C. Lindquist, J.R. Adler, D. Leksell, B. Jernberg, L. Steiner A new fixation device for the Leksell stereotaxic system Technical note J Neurosurg 66 1987 626 629
84. N.D. Lewis General clinical psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine, psychotherapy, group therapy, and psychosurgery Am J Psychiatry 105 1949 512 517
85. A.M. Lozano, H.S. Mayberg, P. Giacobbe, C. Hamani, R.C. Craddock, S.H. Kennedy Subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression Biol Psychiatry 64 2008 461 467
86. R.J. Maciunas, B.N. Maddux, D.E. Riley Prospective randomized double-blind trial of bilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation in adults with Tourette syndrome J Neurosurg 107 2007 1004 1014
87. L. Mallet, M. Polosan, N. Jaafari Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder N Engl J Med 359 2008 2121 2134
88. D.A. Malone Jr., D.D. Dougherty, A.R. Rezai Deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for treatment-resistant depression Biol Psychiatry 65 2009 267 275
89. M. Mantione, W. van de Brink, P.R. Schuurman, D. Denys Smoking cessation and weight loss after chronic deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: therapeutic and research implications: case report Neurosurgery 66 2010 E218
90. H.S. Mayberg, A.M. Lozano, V. Voon, H.E. McNeely, D. Seminowicz, C. Hamani, J.M. Schwalb, S.H. Kennedy Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression Neuron 45 2005 651 660
91. R. Melzack, P.D. Wall Pain mechanisms: a new theory Science 150 1965 971 979
92. M.R. Milad, R.K. Pitman, C.B. Ellis Neurobiological basis of failure to recall extinction memory in posttraumatic stress disorder Biol Psychiatry 66 2009 1075 1082
93. P. Mindus, S.A. Rasmussen, C. Lindquist Neurosurgical treatment for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: implications for understanding frontal lobe function J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 6 1994 467 477
94. N. Mitchell-Heggs, D. Kelly, A. Richardson Stereotactic limbic leucotomy - a follow-up at 16 months Br J Psychiatry 128 1976 226 240
95. E. Moniz Essai d'un traitement chirurgical de certaine psychoses [in French] Bull Acad Med 115 1936 385 392
96. C.J.L. Murray, A.D. Lopez The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability From Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020 1996 Harvard University Press Cambridge
97. B.J. Nuttin, L.A. Gabriëls, P.R. Cosyns, B.A. Meyerson, S. Andréewitch, S.G. Sunaert, A.F. Maes, P.J. Dupont, J.M. Gybels, F. Gielen, H.G. Demeulemeester Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder Neurosurgery 52 2003 1263 1272
98. B. Oliver, J. Gascon, A. Aparicio Bilateral anterior capsulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorders Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 81 2003 90 95
99. A.G. Parrent History of Surgery for Movement Disorders A.M. Lozano, P.L. Gildenberg, R.R. Tasker, Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Vol 2 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg 1467 1485
100. W. Penfield, J. Evans The frontal lobe in man: a clinical study of maximal removals Brain 58 1935 115 133
101. J.D. Pressman Sufficient promise: John F. Fulton and the origins of psychosurgery Bull Hist Med 62 1988 1 22
102. L. Puusepp Alcune considerazioni sugli interventi chirurgici nelle malattie mentali [in Italian] G Acad Med Torino 100 1937 3 16
103. F. Quaade, K. Vaernet, S. Larsson Stereotaxic stimulation and electrocoagulation of the lateral hypothalamus in obese humans Acta Neurochir (Wien) 30 1974 111 117
104. S.A. Rasmussen, J.L. Eisen The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder Psychiatr Clin North Am 15 1992 743 758
105. S.L. Rauch, P.J. Whalen, L.M. Shin Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study Biol Psychiatry 47 2000 769 776
106. M. Raz Between the ego and the icepick: psychosurgery, psychoanalysis, and psychiatric discourse Bull Hist Med 82 2008 387 420
107. A.R. Rezai, A.G. Machado, M. Deogaonkar, H. Azmi, C. Kubu, N.M. Boulis Surgery for movement disorders Neurosurgery 62 Suppl 2 2008 809 838
108. D.E. Richardson, H. Akil Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man Part 1: acute administration in periaqueductal and periventricular sites J Neurosurg 47 1977 178 183
109. A.J. Rush, L.B. Marangell, H.A. Sackeim, M.S. George, S.K. Brannan, S.M. Davis, R. Howland, M.A. Kling, B.R. Rittberg, W.J. Burke, M.H. Rapaport, M.M. Zajecka, A.A. Nierenberg, M.M. Husain, D. Ginsberg, R.G. Cooke Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized controlled acute phase trial Biol Psychiatry 58 2005 347 354
110. J.R. Rush, M.S. George, H.A. Sackheim, L.B. Marangell, M.M. Husain, C. Giller, Z. Nahad, S. Haines, R.K. Simpson, R. Goodman Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depressions: a multicenter study Biol Psychiatry 47 2000 276 286
111. M. Salcman The cure of folly or The operation for the stone by Hieronymus Bosch (C. 1450-1516) Neurosurgery 59 2006 935 937
112. N.D. Schiff DBS Disorders of consciousness A.M. Lozano, P.L. Gildenberg, R.R. Tasker, Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg
113. N.D. Schiff, J.T. Giacino, K. Kalmar, J.D. Victor, K. Baker, M. Gerber, B. Fritz, B. Eisenberg, T. Biondi, J. O'Connor, E.J. Kobylarz, S. Farris, A. Machado, C. McCagg, F. Plum, J.J. Fins, A.R. Rezai Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury Nature 448 2007 600 603
114. W.B. Scoville Selective cortical undercutting as a means of modifying and studying frontal lobe function in man: preliminary report of forty-three operative cases J Neurosurg 6 1949 65 73
115. J. Shahed, J. Poysky, C. Kenney, R. Simpson, J. Jankovic GPi deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome improves tics and psychiatric comorbidities Neurology 68 2007 159 160
116. L.M. Shin, S.P. Orr, M.A. Carson Regional cerebral blood flow in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex during traumatic imagery in male and female Vietnam veterans with PTSD Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 2004 168 176
117. J. Siegfried, J. Shulman Deep brain stimulation Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 10 1987 271 272
118. D. Simpson Phrenology and the neurosciences: contributions of F.J. Gall and J.G. Spurzheim ANZ J Surg 75 2005 475
119. V.A. Sironi Origin and evolution of deep brain stimulation Front Integr Neurosci 5 2011 42
120. E.A. Spiegel, H.T. Wycis Stereoencephalotomy Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 69 1948 175 177
121. E.A. Spiegel, H.T. Wycis, M. Marks, A.J. Lee Stereotaxic apparatus for operations on the human brain Science 106 1947 349 350
122. J.L. Stone, M.L. Miles Skull trepanation among the early Indians of Canada and the United States Neurosurgery 26 1990 1015 1020
123. Sun B, Li D, Zhan S: Surgical Treatment for Refractory Anorexia Nervosa. 8th World Congress of the International Neuromodulation Society. 11th Annual Meeting of the North American Neuromodulation Society. Acapulco, Mexico, 2007.
124. V.W. Swayze Frontal leukotomy and related psychosurgical procedures in the era before antipsychotics (1935-1954): a historical overview Am J Psychiatry 152 1995 505 515
125. J. Talairach, H. Hecaen, M. David Limited prefrontal lobotomy by electrocoagulation of the thalamofrontal fibers at the emergence of the anterior arm of the internal capsule [in French] Rev Neurol (Paris) 83 1949 59
126. J.C. Tooth, M.P. Newton Leucotomy in England and Wales 1942-1954: Report on Public Health and Medical Subjects No. 104 1961 Her Majesty's Stationery Office London
127. T. Tsubokawa, T. Yamamoto, Y. Katayama, T. Hirayama, S. Maejima, T. Moriya Deep-brain stimulation in a persistent vegetative state: follow-up results and criteria for selection of candidates Brain Inj 4 1990 315 327
128. United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Determination of the Secretary regarding the recommendations on psychosurgery of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research Fed Regist 43 1978 53242 53244
129. E.S. Valenstein Great and Desperate Cures 1986 Basic Books New York
130. E.S. Valenstein History of Psychosurgery S.H. Greenblatt, The History of Neurosurgery 1997 AANS Park Ridge 499 516
131. F.M. Vassoler, H.D. Schmidt, M.E. Gerard Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens shell attenuates cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in rats J Neurosci 28 2008 8735 8739
132. V. Visser-Vandewalle, L. Ackermans, C. van der Linden Deep brain stimulation in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome Neurosurgery 58 2006 E590
133. C. Wernicke Der Aphasische Symptomen Complex [in German] 1874 Max Cohn & Weigert Breslau
134. J.L. Winer, P.E. Kim, M. Law, C.Y. Liu, M.L. Apuzzo Visualizing the future: enhancing neuroimaging with nanotechnology World Neurosurg 75 2011 626 637
135. T. Yamamoto, Y. Katayama Deep brain stimulation therapy for the vegetative state Neuropsychol Rehabil 15 2005 406 413
136. R. Yehuda Post-traumatic stress disorder N Engl J Med 346 2002 108 114
137. W. Zitterl, U. Demal, M. Aigner Naturalistic course of obsessive compulsive disorder and comorbid depression Longitudinal results of a prospective follow-up study of 74 actively treated patients Psychopathology 33 2000 75 80
138. M. Zonenshayn, A. Rezai Stereotactic surgery S.S. Rengachary, R.G. Ellenbogen, Principles of Neurosurgery 2005 Elsevier Mosby Edinburgh 785 819