Detecting anthropogenic carbon dioxide uptake and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Ocean

Biogeosciences

Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 2509-2522

  Bates, N R ^a   Best, M H P ^a   Neely, K ^a   Garley, R ^a   Dickson, A G ^b   Johnson, R J ^a  

^a BERMUDA INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Bermuda)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACIDIFICATION; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; BIOLOGICAL UPTAKE; CALCIUM CARBONATE; CARBON DIOXIDE; DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; LAND USE CHANGE; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; PH; PRESSURE EFFECT; SEAWATER; SURFACE WATER;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); BERMUDA;

EID: 84864050081     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-2509-2012     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. 2 and biogeochemical properties in the Western North Atlantic subtropical gyre, Deep-Sea Research II, 48, 1507-1528, 2001. (Pubitemid 32434565)
2. 2 sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last two decades, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C09013, doi:10.1029/2006JC003759, 2007. (Pubitemid 350120732)
3. Bates, N. R.: Multi-decadal uptake of carbon dioxide into subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences Discuss., 8, 12451-12476, doi:10.5194/bgd-8-12451-2011, 2011.
4. Bates, N. R. and Peters, A. J.: The contribution of atmospheric acid deposition to ocean acidification in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 107, 547-558, 2007. (Pubitemid 350184202)
5. Bates, N. R., Michaels, A. F., and Knap, A. H.: Seasonal and interannual variability of oceanic carbon dioxide species at the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site, Deep- Sea Res. II, 43, 347-383, doi:10.1016/0967-0645(95)00093-3, Corrigendum: 43, 1435-1435, 1996a.
6. Bates, N. R., Michaels, A. F., and Knap, A. H.: Alkalinity changes in the Sargasso Sea: Geochemical evidence of calcification?MAR CHEM, 51, 347-358, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(95)00068-2, 1996b. (Pubitemid 3025643)
7. 2 on diel to seasonal timescales in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 15,567-15,585, doi:10.1029/98JC00247, 1998. (Pubitemid 128499584)
8. 2 in subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 420, 489-493, doi:10.1038/nature01253, 2002.
9. Brewer, P. G., Sarmiento, J. L., and Smethie, W. M.: The Transient Tracers in the Ocean (TTO) program- The North Atlantic Study, 1981- The Tropical Atlantic Study, 1983, J. Geophys. Res.- Oceans, 90, 6903-6905, doi:10.1029/JC090iC04p06903, 1985.
10. Brix, H., Gruber, N., and Keeling, C. D.: Interannual variability of the upper carbon cycle at station ALOHA near Hawaii, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4019, doi:10.1029/2004GB002245, 2004. (Pubitemid 40447299)
11. Brown, P. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., and Watson, A. J.: Anthropogenic carbon accumulation in the subtropical North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C04016, doi:10.1029/2008JC005043, 2010.
12. Byrne, R. H., Mecking, S., Feely, R. A., and Liu, X. W.: Direct observations of basin-wide acidification of the North Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L02601, doi:10.1029/2009GL040999, 2010.
13. Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M. E.: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH, Nature, 425, 365-368, 2003.
14. Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M. E.: Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean, 110, (C9), C09S04, doi:10.1029/2004JC002671, 2005. (Pubitemid 41594908)
15. Dickey, T. D., Bates, N., Byrne, R. H., Chang, G., Chavez, F. P., Feely, R. H., Hansen, A., Karl, D., Moore, C., Wanninkhof, R., and Sabine C. L.: The NOPP O-SCOPE and MOSEAN Projects: Advanced sensing for ocean observing systems, Oceanography, 22, 168-181, 2009.
16. Dickson, A. G.: Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 37, 755-766, 1990.
17. Dickson, A. G. and Millero, F. J.: A Comparison of the Equilibrium Constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 34, 1733-1743, 1987.
18. 2 measurements, Sidney, British Columbia, North Pacific Marine Science Organization, PICES Special Publication 3, 2007.
19. 2 problem, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 169-192, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834, 2009.
20. 2 sink in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Nature, 424, 754-757, 2003. (Pubitemid 37021699)
21. Dore, J. E., Lukas, R., Sadler, D.W., Church, M. J., and Karl, D. M.: Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific, P. Natl. A Sci., 106, 12235-12240, doi:10.1073/pnas.0906044106, 2009.
22. Fabry, V. J., Seibel, B. A., Feely, R. A., and Orr, J. C.: Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 65, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn048, 414-432, 2008. (Pubitemid 351774758)
23. 2 world, Oceanography, 22, 36-47, 2009.
24. 2 emissions, Nat. Geosci., 3, 811-812, 2010.
25. 2 in the subpolar North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. I, 52, 681-98, 2005. (Pubitemid 40406318)
26. González-Dávila, M., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Rueda, M. J., and Llinás, O.: The water column distribution of carbonate system variables at the ESTOC site from 1995 to 2004, Biogeosciences, 7, 3067-3081, doi:10.5194/bg-7-3067-2010, 2010.
27. Grist, J. P., Josey, S. A., March, R., Good, S. A., Coward, A. C., de Cuevas, B. A., Alderson, S. G., New, A. L., and Madec, G.: The roles of surface heat flux and ocean heat transport convergence in determining Atlantic Ocean temperature variability, Ocean Dynam., 60, 771-790, doi:10.1007/s10236-010-0292- 4, 2010
28. Gruber, N., Bates, N. R., and Keeling, C. D.: Interannual variability in the North Atlantic Ocean carbon sink, Science, 298, 2374-2378, doi:10.1126/science.1077077, 2002. (Pubitemid 36014207)
29. Houghton, R. A.: Carbon flux to the atmosphere from land-use changes: 1850-2005, in: TRENDS: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, 2008.
30. Hurrell, J. W. and Deser, C.: North Atlantic climate variability: The role of the North Atlantic, J. Marine Syst., 79, 231-244, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys. 2009.11.002, 2010.
31. Johnson, K. M., Wills, K. D., Butler, D. B., Johnson, W. K., and Wong, C. S.: Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector, Mar. Chem., 44, 167-188, 1993.
32. Joyce, T. M., Pickart, R. S., and Millard, R. C.: Long-term hydrographic changes at 52 and 66 degrees W in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre and Caribbean, Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 245-278, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00102-7, 1999. (Pubitemid 29163248)
33. Le Quéré, C., Raupach, M. R., Canadell, J. G., Marland, G., Bopp, L., Ciais, P., Conway, T. J., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Foster, P., Friedlingstein, P., Gurney, K., Houghton, R. A., House, J. L., Huntingford, C., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M. R., Majkut, J., Metzl, N., Ometto, J. P., Peters, G. P., Prentice, I. C., Randerson, J. T., Runnning, S. W., Sarmeinto, J. L., Schuster, U., Sitch, S., Takahashi, T., Viovy, N., van der Werf, G. R., and Woodward, F. I.: Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide, Nat. Geosci., 2, 831-836, 2009.
34. 2, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB4007, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(72)90242-7, 2010.
35. 2, in: Global Carbon Cycle, edited by: Heimann, M., Kluwer Publishers, 22-29, 1993.
36. 2 concentrations in the ocean, Nature, 462, 346-349, 2009.
37. 2, C-13 and dissolved oxygen at GEOSECS I in North Atlantic, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 16, 103-127, doi:10:1016/0012-821X(72)90244-0, 1972.
38. McKinley, G. A., Fay, A. R., Takahashi, T., and Metzl, N.: Convergence of atmospheric and North Atlantic carbon dioxide trends on multidecadal timescales, Nat. Geosci., 4, 606-610, doi:10.1038/ngeo1193, 2011.
39. Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicz, R. M.: Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897-907, 1973.
40. Michaels, A. F. and Knap, A. H.: Overview of the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study and the Hydrostation S program, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 43, 157-198, 1996.
41. Olafsson, J., Olafsdorrie, S. R., Benoit-Cattin, A., Arnarson, T. S., and Takahashi, T.: Rate of Iceland Sea acidification from time series measurements, Biogeosciences, 6, 2661-2668, 2010.
42. Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R. G., Plattner, G.-K., Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L , Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R. D., Totterdell, I.,Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.: Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impacts on calcifying organisms, Nature, 437, 681-686, 2005. (Pubitemid 41486531)
43. 2calc: a user-friendly seawater carbon calculator for Windows, Max OS X, and iOS (iPhone), U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2010-1280, 1-17, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1280/, last access date: 15 December 2011, 2010.
44. 2, Science, 305, 367-371, 2004. (Pubitemid 38938147)
45. 2 parameters in the western Atlantic subtropical gyre at the ESTOC site, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1015, doi:10.1029/2006GB002788, 2007. (Pubitemid 46831868)
46. 2 in the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11006, doi:10.1029/2006JC003941, 2007.
47. 2 from 1990 to 2006, Deep-Sea Res. II, 56, 620-629, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.011, 2009.
48. Steinberg, D. K., Carlson, C. A., Bates, N. R., Johnson, R. J., Michaels, A. F., and Knap, A. H.: Overview of the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS): a decade-scale look at ocean biology and biogeochemistry, Deep-Sea Res. II, 48, 1405-1447, 2001. (Pubitemid 32434562)
49. 2 in global ocean surface waters, Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 1601-1622, 2002. (Pubitemid 34565015)
50. 2 flux over the global oceans, Deep-Sea Res. II, 56, 554-577, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009, 2009.
51. Tanhua, T. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Consistency of TTO-NAS Inorganic Carbon Data with modern measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14618, doi:10.1029/2005GL023248, 2005. (Pubitemid 41372607)
52. 2 buffering capacity in the North Sea and implications for the North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB4001, doi:10.1029/2006GB002825, 2007. (Pubitemid 351386623)
53. 2 changes in the interior Atlantic Ocean between 1989 and 2005, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C11028, 2010
54. 2, Science, 326, 1391-1393, doi:10.1126/science.1177394, 2009.
55. Zhang, L. P., Wu, L. X., and Zhang, J. X.: Freshwater loss/salinification: Simulated response to recent freshwater flux change over the Gulf Stream and it's extension: Coupled oceanatmosphere adjustment and Atlantic-Pacific teleconnection, J. Climate, 24, 3971-3988, doi:10.1175/ 2011JCLI4020.1, 2011.