HIV-1 prevention for HIV-1 serodiscordant couples

Current HIV/AIDS Reports

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 160-170

  Curran, Kathryn ^a   Baeten, Jared M ^a   Coates, Thomas J ^b   Kurth, Ann ^c   Mugo, Nelly R ^d   Celum, Connie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI   (Kenya)

Author keywords

Africa; Antiretroviral; ART; HIV 1 prevention; HIV 1 Serodiscordant couples; PrEP

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; TENOFOVIR; VIRUS RNA; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CIRCUMCISION; CONDOM; CONTRACEPTION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; FAMILY PLANNING; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HEALTH SERVICE; HERPES SIMPLEX; HETEROSEXUALITY; HIV TEST; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; KENYA; MARITAL THERAPY; NONHUMAN; PARTNER VIOLENCE; PATIENT REFERRAL; PEER GROUP; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY RATE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRENATAL CARE; PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALITY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SOCIAL STATUS; STIGMA; SUPPORT GROUP; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; AFRICA; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEMALE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; SERODIAGNOSIS;

AFRICA; ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES; FEMALE; HETEROSEXUALITY; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV SERONEGATIVITY; HIV SEROPOSITIVITY; HIV-1; HUMANS; MALE; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES; RISK FACTORS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL PARTNERS;

EID: 84864002367     PISSN: 15483568     EISSN: 15483576     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-012-0114-z     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. UNAIDS: Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. 2010. Available at http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/Global-report.htm. Accessed December 14, 2011.
2. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493-505.
3. Baeten J, Donnell D Ndase P, Mugo N, Mujugira A, Celum C, et al. Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention among heterosexual men and women. CROI 2012, abstract 29.
4. Anand A, Shiraishi RW, Bunnell RE, et al. Knowledge of HIV status, sexual risk behaviors and contraceptive need among people living with HIV in Kenya and Malawi. AIDS. 2009;23 (12):1565-73.
5. De Walque D. Sero-discordant couples in five African countries: implications for prevention strategies. Popul Dev Rev. 2007;33 (3):501-23.
6. Kaiser R, Bunnell R, Hightower A, et al. Factors associated with HIV infection in married or cohabitating couples in Kenya: results from a nationally representative study. PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e17842.
7. Bunnell R, Opio A, Musinguzi J, et al. HIV transmission risk behavior among HIV-infected adults in Uganda: results of a nationally representative survey. AIDS. 2008;22(5):617-24. (Pubitemid 351640594)
8. Were WA, Mermin JH, Wamai N, et al. Undiagnosed HIV infection and couple HIV discordance among household members of HIV-infected people receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43(1):91-5. (Pubitemid 44306494)
9. Lingappa JR, Lambdin B, Bukusi EA, et al. Regional differences in prevalence of HIV-1 discordance in Africa and enrollment of HIV-1 discordant couples into an HIV-1 prevention trial. PLoS One. 2008;3(1):e1411.
10. Gray R, Ssempiija V, Shelton J, et al. The contribution of HIV-discordant relationships to new HIV infections in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2011;25(6):863-5.
11. Colvin M, Gorgens-Albino M, Kasedde S. Analysis of HIV prevention responses and modes of HIV transmission: the UNAIDS-GAMET supported synthesis process. 2008. Available at http://www.unaidsrstesa.org/reports-and- publications/analysis-hiv-prevention-response-and-modes-hiv-transmission-unaids- gamet-su. Accessed December 12, 2011.
12. Coburn BJ, Gerberry DJ, Blower S. Quantification of the role of discordant couples in driving incidence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(4):263-4.
13. Eyawo O, de Walque D, Ford N, et al. HIV status in discordant couples in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(11):770-7.
14. Celum C, Wald A, Lingappa JR, et al. Acyclovir and transmission of HIV-1 from persons infected with HIV-1 and HSV-2. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(5):427-39.
15. Ndase P, Celum C, Thomas K, et al. Outside sexual partnerships and risk of HIV acquisition for HIV uninfected partners in African HIV serodiscordant partnerships. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59(1):65-71.
16. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Couples HIV Counseling and Testing Intervention and Curriculum. 2007. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/globalaids/resources/prevention/chct.html. Accessed December 14, 2011.
17. The World Health Organization: Guidance on Couples HIV Testing and Counselling and Antiretroviral Therapy for Treatment and Prevention in Serodiscordant Couples: Recommendations for a public health approach. Release date 2012.
18. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Division of Global HIV and AIDS (DGHA): Couples HIV Testing and Counseling (CHTC) in Health Care Facilities Trainer's Manual. Updated and adapted from CDC/DGHA Couples HIV Counseling and Testing Intervention and Training Curriculum (November 2009). In draft, November 2011.
19. Matovu JK. Preventing HIV transmission in married and cohabiting HIV-discordant couples in sub-Saharan Africa through combination prevention. Curr HIV Res. 2010;8(6):430-40.
20. Allen S, Tice J, Van de Perre P, et al. Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa. Bmj. 1992;304(6842):1605-9.
21. The Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group. Efficacy of voluntary HIV-1 counselling and testing in individuals and couples in Kenya, Tanzania, and Trinidad: a randomised trial. The Lancet. 2000;356(9224):103-12.
22. Kamenga M, Ryder RW, Jingu M, et al. Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire. AIDS 4091;5 (1):61-7
23. Allen S, Meinzen-Derr J, Kautzman M, et al. Sexual behavior of HIV discordant couples after HIV counseling and testing. AIDS. 2003;17(5):733-40. (Pubitemid 36521080)
24. Burton J, Darbes LA, Operario D. Couples-focused behavioral interventions for prevention of HIV: systematic review of the state of evidence. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(1):1-10.
25. Farquhar C, Kiarie JN, Richardson BA, et al. Antenatal couple counseling increases uptake of interventions to prevent HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;37(5):1620-6. (Pubitemid 39658204)
26. El-Bassel N, Gilbert L, Witte S, et al. Couple-based HIV prevention in the United States: advantages, gaps, and future directions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55 Suppl 2:S98-S101.
27. Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Brookmeyer R, et al. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet. 2001;357 (9263):1149-53. (Pubitemid 32378686)
28. Ware NC, Idoko J, Kaaya S, et al. Explaining adherence success in sub-Saharan Africa: an ethnographic study. PLoS Med. 2009;6 (1):e11.
29. Stirratt MJ, Remien RH, Smith A, et al. The role of HIV seros-tatus disclosure in antiretroviral medication adherence. AIDS and Behavior. 2006;10(5):483-93. (Pubitemid 44285070)
30. Were E, Wools-Kaloustian K, Baliddawa J, et al. Stakeholders perception of HIV sero-discordant couples in western Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2008;85(7):326-33.
31. Bunnell RE, Nassozi J, Marum E, et al. Living with discordance: knowledge, challenges, and prevention strategies of HIV-discordant couples in Uganda. AIDS Care. 2005;17(8):999-1012. (Pubitemid 41499313)
32. Beyeza-Kashesya J, Kaharuza F, Mirembe F, et al. The dilemma of safe sex and having children: challenges facing HIV sero-discordant couples in Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2009;9(1):2-12.
33. Porter L, Hao L, Bishai D, et al. HIV status and union dissolution in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Rakai, Uganda. Demography. 2004;41(3):465-82. (Pubitemid 39379358)
34. VanDevanter N, Thacker AS, Bass G, et al. Heterosexual couples confronting the challenges of HIV infection. AIDS Care. 1999;11 (2):181-93. (Pubitemid 29185019)
35. Semrau K, Kuhn L, Vwalika C, et al. Women in couples antenatal HIV counseling and testing are not more likely to report adverse social events. AIDS. 2005;19(6):603-9. (Pubitemid 40543983)
36. Emusu D, Ivankova N, Jolly P, et al. Experience of sexual violence among women in HIV discordant unions after voluntary HIV counselling and testing: a qualitative critical incident study in Uganda. AIDS Care. 2009;21(11):1363-70.
37. Were E, Curran K, Delany-Moretlwe S, et al. A prospective study of frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence among African heterosexual HIV serodiscordant couples. AIDS. 2011;25 (16):2009-18.
38. The World Health Organization: Addressing violence against women in HIV testing and counselling: A meeting report. 2006. Available at www.who.int/gender/documents/VCT-addressing-violence.pdf. Accessed December 14, 2011.
39. The World Health Organization. Delivering HIV test results and messages for re-testing and counselling in adults. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
40. Grabbe KL, Bunnell R. Reframing HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa using couple-centered approaches. JAMA. 2010;304(3):346-7.
41. Mills EJ, Bakanda C, Birungi J, et al. Life expectancy of persons receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in low-income countries: a cohort analysis from Uganda. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2011;155(4):209-16.
42. Cotton D. Life expectancy in Africa: back to the future? Annals of internal medicine. 2011;155(4):265-6.
43. Donnell D, Baeten JM, Kiarie J, et al. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9731):2092-8.
44. Sullivan P, Kayitenkore K, Chomba E, et al. Is the reduction of HIV transmission risk while prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ARVT) different for men and women? Results from discordant couples in Rwanda and Zambia. V International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Cape Town, South Africa; July 19-22, 2009.
45. Reynolds SJ, Makumbi F, Nakigozi G, et al. HIV-1 transmission among HIV-1 discordant couples before and after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2011;25(4):473-7.
46. Bunnell R. HIV prevention for a threatened continent: implementing positive prevention in Africa. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006;296(7):855-8. (Pubitemid 44223108)
47. El-Sadr WM, Coburn BJ, Blower S. Modeling the impact on the HIV epidemic of treating discordant couples with antiretrovirals to prevent transmission. AIDS. 2011;25(18):2295-9.
48. Hughes JP, Hudelson S, Redd A, et al. Analysis of genetic linkage of HIV from couples enrolled in the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial. VI International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Rome, Italy; July17-20, 2011.
49. Guthrie BL, Choi RY, Liu AY, et al. Barriers to antiretroviral initiation in HIV-1-discordant couples. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58(3):e87-93.
50. Unge C, Johansson A, Zachariah R, et al. Reasons for unsatisfactory acceptance of antiretroviral treatment in the urban Kibera slum, Kenya. AIDS Care. 2008;20(2):146-9. (Pubitemid 351651266)
51. Haberer J, Baeten J, Celum C, et al. Near perfect early adherence to antiretroviral PrEP against HIV infection among HIV serodiscordant couples as determined by multiple measures: preliminary data from the partners PrEP study. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, USA; February 27-March 2, 2011.
52. Ware NC, Wyatt MA, Haberer JE, et al. What's love got to do with it? A theory of adherence to oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV serodiscordant couples. AIDS. 2011; In press.
53. Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science. 2010;329 (5996):1168-74.
54. Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemo-prophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2587-99.
55. Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Smith DK, et al. Daily oral antiretroviral use for the prevention of HIV infection in heterosexually active young adults in Botswana: results from the TDF2 study. VI International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Rome, Italy; July 17-20, 2011.
56. FHI 360: FEM-PrEP Project: FHI to initiate orderly closure of FEM-PrEP [Press release]. 2011. Available at http://www.fhi.org/en/Research/Projects/FEM- PrEP.htm. Accessed December 14, 2011.
57. Microbicide Trials Network. Microbricide Trials Network statement on decision to discontinue use of oral tenofovir tablets in VOICE, a major HIV prevention study in women [Press release]. 2011. Available at http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/3909. Accessed December 14, 2011.
58. Karim SS, Karim QA. Antiretroviral prophylaxis: a defining moment in HIV control. Lancet 2011. Epub date: July 21, 2011.
59. Kim SC, Becker S, Dieffenbach C, et al. Planning for preexposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV transmission: challenges and opportunities. J Int AIDS Soc. 2010;13:24.
60. Underhill K, Operario D, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Implementation science of pre-exposure prophylaxis: preparing for public use. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2010;7(4):210-9.
61. Underhill K, Operario D, Skeer M, et al. Packaging PrEP to prevent HIV: an integrated framework to plan for pre-exposure prophylaxis implementation in clinical practice. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(1):8-13.
62. Paxton LA, Hope T, Jaffe HW. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection: what if it works? Lancet. 2007;370(9581):89-93. (Pubitemid 47033881)
63. Hallett TB, Baeten JM, Heffron R, et al. Optimal uses of antiretrovirals for prevention in HIV-1 serodiscordant heterosexual couples in South Africa: A modelling study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(11).
64. Nattabi B, Li J, Thompson SC, et al. A systematic review of factors influencing fertility desires and intentions among people living with HIV/AIDS: implications for policy and service delivery. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(5):949-68.
65. Cooper D, Moodley J, Zweigenthal V, et al. Fertility intentions and reproductive health care needs of people living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for integrating reproductive health and HIV care services. AIDS Behav. 2009;13 Suppl 1:38-46.
66. Myer L, Morroni C, Rebe K. Prevalence and determinants of fertility intentions of HIV-infected women and men receiving antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2007;21(4):278-85. (Pubitemid 46676683)
67. Mugo NR, Heffron R, Donnell D, et al. Increased risk of HIV-1 transmission in pregnancy: a prospective study among African HIV-1 serodiscordant couples. AIDS. 2011;25(15):1887-95.
68. Beyeza-Kashesya J, Ekstrom AM, Kaharuza F, et al. My partner wants a child: a cross-sectional study of the determinants of the desire for children among mutually disclosed sero-discordant couples receiving care in Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:247.
69. Laher F, Todd CS, Stibich MA, et al. A qualitative assessment of decisions affecting contraceptive utilization and fertility intentions among HIV-positive women in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2009;13 Suppl 1:47-54.
70. Heffron R, Were E, Celum C, et al. A prospective study of contraceptive use among African women in HIV-1 serodiscordant partnerships. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2010;37(10):621-8.
71. Guthrie BL, Choi RY, Bosire R, et al. Predicting pregnancy in HIV 1-discordant couples. AIDS and Behavior. 2010;14(5):1066-71.
72. Grabbe K, Stephenson R, Vwalika B, et al. Knowledge, use, and concerns about contraceptive methods among sero-discordant couples in Rwanda and Zambia. Journal of Women's Health. 2009;18(9):1449-56.
73. Gruskin S, Ferguson L, Omalley J. Ensuring sexual and reproductive health for people living with HIV: an overview of key human rights, policy and health systems issues. Reproductive Health Matters. 2007;15(29):4-26. (Pubitemid 46771203)
74. Gruskin S, Firestone R, Maccarthy S, et al. HIV and pregnancy intentions: do services adequately respond to women's needs? Am J Public Health. 2008;98(10):1746-50.
75. Ngure K, Heffron R, Mugo N, et al. Successful increase in contraceptive uptake among Kenyan HIV-1-serodiscordant couples enrolled in an HIV-1 prevention trial. AIDS. 2009;23 Suppl 1:S89-95.
76. Heffron R, Donnell D, Rees H et al. Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011. Epub date: October 3, 2011.
77. Matthews LT, Mukherjee JS. Strategies for harm reduction among HIV-affected couples who want to conceive. AIDS Behav. 2009;13 Suppl 1:5-11.
78. Barreiro P, Castilla JA, Labarga P, et al. Is natural conception a valid option for HIV-serodiscordant couples? Hum Reprod. 2007;22(9):2353-8. (Pubitemid 47289050)
79. Barreiro P, del Romero J, Leal M, et al. Natural pregnancies in HIV-serodiscordant couples receiving successful antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43(3):324-6. (Pubitemid 44674013)
80. Vernazza PL, Graf I, Sonnenberg-Schwan U, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis and timed intercourse for HIV-discordant couples willing to conceive a child. AIDS. 2011;25(16):2049-51.
81. Matthews LT, Baeten JM, Celum C, et al. Periconception preexposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV transmission: benefits, risks, and challenges to implementation. AIDS. 2010;24 (13):1975-82.
82. Hughes JP, Baeten JM, Lingappa JR, et al. Determinants of per coital act HIV-1 infectivity among HIV-1 serodiscordant couples. J Infect Dis. 2011;In press.
83. Allen C, Mbonye M, Seeley J, et al. ABC for people with HIV: responses to sexual behaviour recommendations among people receiving antiretroviral therapy in Jinja, Uganda. Cult Health Sex. 2011;13(5):529-43.
84. Rispel LC, Metcalf CA, Moody K, et al. Sexual relations and childbearing decisions of HIV-discordant couples: an exploratory study in South Africa and Tanzania. Reproductive Health Matters. 2011;19(37):184-93.
85. Coldiron ME, Stephenson R, Chomba E, et al. The relationship between alcohol consumption and unprotected sex among known HIV-discordant couples in Rwanda and Zambia. AIDS and Behavior. 2007;12(4):594-603.
86. Sarna A, Chersich M, Okal J, et al. Changes in sexual risk taking with antiretroviral treatment: influence of context and gender norms in Mombasa, Kenya. Cult Health Sex. 2009;11(8):783-97.
87. King R, Khana K, Nakayiwa S, et al. 'Pregnancy comes accidentally-like it did with me': reproductive decisions among women on ART and their partners in rural Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):530.
88. Wagner GJ, Holloway I, Ghosh-Dastidar B, et al. Factors associated with condom use among HIV clients in stable relationships with partners at varying risk for HIV in Uganda. AIDS and Behavior. 2010;14(5):1055-65.
89. Mermin J, Musinguzi J, Opio A, et al. Risk factors for recent HIV infection in Uganda. JAMA. 2008;300(5):540-9.
90. Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, et al. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med. 2005;2(11): e298.
91. Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9562):643-56. (Pubitemid 46281312)
92. Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9562):657-66.
93. Baeten JM, Celum C, Coates TJ. Male circumcision and HIV risks and benefits for women. Lancet. 2009;374(9685):182-4.
94. Wawer MJ, Makumbi F, Kigozi G, et al. Circumcision in HIV-infected men and its effect on HIV transmission to female partners in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9685):229-37.
95. Mugwanya KK, Whalen C, Celum C, et al. Circumcision of male children for reduction of future risk for HIV: acceptability among HIV serodiscordant couples in Kampala, Uganda. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22254.
96. Mujugira A, Baeten JM, Donnell D, et al. Characteristics of HIV-1 serodiscordant couples enrolled in a clinical trial of antiretro-viral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25828.
97. Celum C, Wald A, Hughes J, et al. Effect of aciclovir on HIV-1 acquisition in herpes simplex virus 2 seropositive women and men who have sex with men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9630):2109-19. (Pubitemid 351902179)
98. Watson-Jones D, Weiss HA, Rusizoka M, et al. Effect of herpes simplex suppression on incidence of HIV among women in Tanzania. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1560-71. (Pubitemid 351519816)
99. Mugwanya K, Baeten JM, Mugo NR, et al. High-dose valacyclo-vir HSV-2 suppression results in greater reduction in plasma HIV-1 levels compared with standard dose acyclovir among HIV-1/HSV-2 coinfected persons: a randomized, crossover trial. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(12):1912-7.
100. Serwadda D, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, et al. The social dynamics of HIV transmission as reflected through discordant couples in rural Uganda. AIDS. 1995;9(7):745-50.
101. Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342 (13):921-9. (Pubitemid 30177052)
102. Gray RH, Kiwanuka N, Quinn TC, et al. Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda. Rakai Project Team. AIDS. 2000;14(15):2371-81.
103. Lingappa JR, Hughes JP, Wang RS, et al. Estimating the impact of plasma HIV-1 RNA reductions on heterosexual HIV-1 transmission risk. PLoS One. 2010;5(9):e12598.
104. Wang L, Ge Z, Luo J, et al. HIV transmission risk among serodis-cordant couples: a retrospective study of former plasma donors in Henan, China. Jaids-J Acq Imm Def. 2010;55(2):232-8.