Social attention: A possible early indicator of efficacy in autism clinical trials

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-12

  Dawson, Geraldine ^a,b,c   Bernier, Raphael ^c   Ring, Robert H ^a,d  

^a Autism Speaks Inc   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism; Autism spectrum disorder; Behavioral intervention; Clinical trials; Oxytocin; Social attention; Social reward

Indexed keywords

NEUROPEPTIDE; OXYTOCIN;

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; AUTISM; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HUMAN; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; REWARD; SOCIAL ATTENTION IMPAIRMENT; SOCIAL ORIENTING CONTINUUM AND RESPONSE SCALE;

EID: 84863892751     PISSN: 18661947     EISSN: 18661955     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-11     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Lord C, Petkova E, Hus V, Gan W, Lu F, Martin DM, Ousley O, Guy L, Bernier R, Gerdts J, Algermissen M, Whitaker A, Sutcliffe JS, Warren Z, Klin A, Saulnier C, Hanson E, Hundley R, Piggot J, Fombonne E, Steiman M, Miles J, Kanne SM, Goin-Kochel RP, Peters SU, Cook EH, Guter S, Tjernagel J, Green-Snyder LA, Bishop S, et al: A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012, 69:306-313.
2. Shic F, Bradshaw J, Klin A, Scassellati B, Chawarska K: Limited activity monitoring in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Res 2011, 1380:246-254.
3. Klin A: Young autistic children's listening preferences in regard to speech: a possible characterization of the symptom of social withdrawal. J Autism Dev Disord 1991, 21:29-42.
4. Klin A: Listening preferences in regard to speech in four children with developmental disabilities. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992, 33:763-769.
5. Kuhl PK, Coffey-Corina S, Padden D, Dawson G: Links between social and linguistic processing of speech in preschool children with autism: behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Dev Sci 2005, 8:F1-F12.
6. Pierce K, Conant D, Hazin R, Stoner R, Desmond J: Preference for geometric patterns early in life as a risk factor for autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011, 68:101-109.
7. Chawarska K, Volkmar F, Klin A: Limited attentional bias for faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010, 67:178-185.
8. Werner E, Dawson G, Osterling J, Dinno N: Brief report: Recognition of autism spectrum disorder before one year of age: a retrospective study based on home videotapes. J Autism Dev Disord 2000, 30:157-162.
9. Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Rogers T, Roberts W, Brian J, Szatmari P: Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005, 23:143-152.
10. Dawson G, Meltzoff AN, Osterling J, Rinaldi J, Brown E: Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. J Autism Dev Disord 1998, 28:479-485.
11. Klin A, Lin DJ, Gorrindo P, Ramsay G, Jones W: Two-year-olds with autism orient to non-social contingencies rather than biological motion. Nature 2009, 459:257-261.
12. Dawson G, Webb SJ, McPartland J: Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Dev Neuropsychol 2005, 27:403-424.
13. Dawson G, Carver L, Meltzoff AN, Panagiotides H, McPartland J, Webb SJ: Neural correlates of face and object recognition in young children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and typical development. Child Dev 2002, 73:700-717.
14. Grelotti DJ, Gauthier I, Schultz RT: Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: what autism teaches us about face processing. Dev Psychobiol 2002, 40:213-225.
15. Waterhouse L, Fein D, Modahl C: Neurofunctional mechanisms in autism. Psychol Rev 1996, 103:457-489.
16. Dawson G, Hill D, Spencer A, Galpert L, Watson L: Affective exchanges between young autistic children and their mothers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1990, 18:335-345.
17. Kasari C, Sigman M, Mundy P, Yirmiya N: Affective sharing in the context of joint attention interactions of normal, autistic, and mentally retarded children. J Autism Dev Disord 1990, 20:87-100.
18. Sung YJ, Dawson G, Munson J, Estes A, Schellenberg GD, Wijsman EM: Genetic investigation of quantitative traits related to autism: use of multivariate polygenic models with ascertainment adjustment. Am J Hum Genet 2005, 76:68-81.
19. Dawson G: Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2008, 20:775-803.
20. Johnson MH, Griffin R, Csibra G, Halit H, Farroni T, de Haan M, Tucker LA, Baron-Cohen S, Richards J: The emergence of the social brain network: evidence from typical and atypical development. Dev Psychopathol 2005, 17:599-619.
21. Marcus DJ, Nelson CA: Neural bases and development of face recognition in autism. CNS Spectr 2001, 6:36-59.
22. Robinson TE, Berridge KC: The neural basis of drug craving: an incentivesensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1993, 18:247-291.
23. Ettenberg A, Camp CH: Haloperidol induces a partial reinforcement extinction effect in rats: implications for a dopamine involvement in food reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986, 25:813-821.
24. O'Doherty JP, Deichmann R, Critchley HD, Dolan RJ: Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 2002, 33:815-826.
25. Melis MR, Argiolas A: Dopamine and sexual behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1995, 19:19-38.
26. O'Doherty J, Kringelbach ML, Rolls ET, Hornak J, Andrews C: Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4:95-102.
27. Thut G, Schultz W, Roelcke U, Nienhusmeier M, Missimer J, Maguire RP, Leenders KL: Activation of the human brain by monetary reward. Neuroreport 1997, 8:1225-1228.
28. Rolls ET, Rolls BJ, Kelly PH, Shaw SG, Wood RJ, Dale R: The relative attenuation of self-stimulation, eating and drinking produced by dopamine-receptor blockade. Psychopharmacologia 1974, 38:219-230.
29. Greene DJ, Colich N, Iacoboni M, Zaidel E, Bookheimer SY, Dapretto M: Atypical neural networks for social orienting in autism spectrum disorders. NeuroImage 2011, 56:354-362.
30. Lin A, Adolphs R, Rangel A: Social and monetary reward learning engage overlapping neural substrates. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012, 7:274-281.
31. Bartels A, Zeki S: The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. NeuroImage 2004, 21:1155-1166.
32. Phillips ML, Bullmore ET, Howard R, Woodruff PW, Wright IC, Williams SC, Simmons A, Andrew C, Brammer M, David AS: Investigation of facial recognition memory and happy and sad facial expression perception: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 1998, 83:127-138.
33. Spreckelmeyer KN, Krach S, Kohls G, Rademacher L, Irmak A, Konrad K, Kircher T, Grunder G: Anticipation of monetary and social reward differently activates mesolimbic brain structures in men and women. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2009, 4:158-165.
34. Jones RM, Somerville LH, Li J, Ruberry EJ, Libby V, Glover G, Voss HU, Ballon DJ, Casey BJ: Behavioral and neural properties of social reinforcement learning. J Neurosci 2011, 31:13039-13045.
35. Schmitz N, Rubia K, van Amelsvoort T, Daly E, Smith A, Murphy DG: Neural correlates of reward in autism. Br J Psychiatry 2008, 192:19-24.
36. Haznedar MM, Buchsbaum MS, Wei TC, Hof PR, Cartwright C, Bienstock CA, Hollander E: Limbic circuitry in patients with autism spectrum disorders studied with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:1994-2001.
37. Ke X, Hong S, Tang T, Zou B, Li H, Hang Y, Zhou Z, Ruan Z, Lu Z, Tao G, Liu Y: Voxel-based morphometry study on brain structure in children with high-functioning autism. Neuroreport 2008, 19:921-925.
38. Scott-Van Zeeland AA, Dapretto M, Ghahremani DG, Poldrack RA, Bookheimer SY: Reward processing in autism. Autism Res 2010, 3:53-67.
39. Dichter GS, Felder JN, Green SR, Rittenberg AM, Sasson NJ, Bodfish JW: Reward circuitry function in autism spectrum disorders. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010, 7:160-172.
40. Kohls G, Peltzer J, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K: Differential effects of social and non-social reward on response inhibition in children and adolescents. Dev Sci 2009, 12:614-625.
41. Goldstein RZ, Cottone LA, Jia Z, Maloney T, Volkow ND, Squires NK: The effect of graded monetary reward on cognitive event-related potentials and behavior in young healthy adults. Int J Psychophysiol 2006, 62:272-279.
42. Kohls G, Peltzer J, Schulte-Ruther M, Kamp-Becker I, Remschmidt H, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K: Atypical brain responses to reward cues in autism as revealed by event-related potentials. J Autism Dev Disord 2011, 41:1523-1533.
43. Groen Y, Wijers AA, Mulder LJ, Waggeveld B, Minderaa RB, Althaus M: Error and feedback processing in children with ADHD and children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: an EEG event-related potential study. Clin Neurophysiol 2008, 119:2476-2493.
44. Larson MJ, South M, Krauskopf E, Clawson A, Crowley MJ: Feedback and reward processing in high-functioning autism. Psychiatry Res 2011, 187:198-203.
45. Vlamings PH, Jonkman LM, Hoeksma MR, van Engeland H, Kemner C: Reduced error monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorder: an ERP study. Eur J Neurosci 2008, 28:399-406.
46. South M, Larson MJ, Krauskopf E, Clawson A: Error processing in highfunctioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. Biol Psychol 2010, 85:242-251.
47. Henderson H, Schwartz C, Mundy P, Burnette C, Sutton S, Zahka N, Pradella A: Response monitoring, the error-related negativity, and differences in social behavior in autism. Brain Cogn 2006, 61:96-109.
48. Dawson G, Munson J, Estes A, Osterling J, McPartland J, Toth K, Carver L, Abbott R: Neurocognitive function and joint attention ability in young children with autism spectrum disorder versus developmental delay. Child Dev 2002, 73:345-358.
49. Munson J, Faja S, Meltzoff A, Abbott R, Dawson G: Neurocognitive predictors of social and communicative developmental trajectories in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2008, 14:956-966.
50. Faja S, Murias M, Beauchaine T, Dawson G: Electrodermal Responding to Reward Feedback During Decision Making among High Functioning Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders., under review.
51. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Domes G, Kirsch P, Heinrichs M: Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011, 12:524-538.
52. Ring RH: The central vasopressinergic system: examining the opportunities for psychiatric drug development. Curr Pharm Des 2005, 11:205-225.
53. Insel TR: The challenge of translation in social neuroscience: a review of oxytocin, vasopressin, and affiliative behavior. Neuron 2010, 65:768-779.
54. Skuse DH, Gallagher L: Dopaminergic-neuropeptide interactions in the social brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2009, 13:27-35.
55. Gordon I, Martin C, Feldman R, Leckman JF: Oxytocin and social motivation. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2011, 1:471-493.
56. Strathearn L, Fonagy P, Amico J, Montague PR: Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:2655-2666.
57. Febo M, Numan M, Ferris CF: Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows oxytocin activates brain regions associated with mother-pup bonding during suckling. J Neurosci 2005, 25:11637-11644.
58. Riem MM, van Ijzendoorn MH, Tops M, Boksem MA, Rombouts SA, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ: No Laughing Matter: Intranasal Oxytocin Administration Changes Functional Brain Connectivity during Exposure to Infant Laughter. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012, 37:1257-1266.
59. Tost H, Kolachana B, Hakimi S, Lemaitre H, Verchinski BA, Mattay VS, Weinberger DR, Meyer-Lindenberg A: A common allele in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) impacts prosocial temperament and human hypothalamic-limbic structure and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:13936-13941.
60. Modahl C, Green L, Fein D, Morris M, Waterhouse L, Feinstein C, Levin H: Plasma oxytocin levels in autistic children. Biol Psychiatry 1998, 43:270-277.
61. Green L, Fein D, Modahl C, Feinstein C, Waterhouse L, Morris M: Oxytocin and autistic disorder: alterations in peptide forms. Biol Psychiatry 2001, 50:609-613.
62. Ylisaukko-oja T, Alarcon M, Cantor RM, Auranen M, Vanhala R, Kempas E, von Wendt L, Jarvela I, Geschwind DH, Peltonen L: Search for autism loci by combined analysis of Autism Genetic Resource Exchange and Finnish families. Ann Neurol 2006, 59:145-155.
63. Skuse DH, Gallagher L: Genetic influences on social cognition. Pediatr Res 2011, 69:85R-91R.
64. Tansey KE, Brookes KJ, Hill MJ, Cochrane LE, Gill M, Skuse D, Correia C, Vicente A, Kent L, Gallagher L, Anney RJ: Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) does not play a major role in the aetiology of autism: genetic and molecular studies. Neurosci Lett 2010, 474:163-167.
65. Jacob S, Brune CW, Carter CS, Leventhal BL, Lord C, Cook EH Jr: Association of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in Caucasian children and adolescents with autism. Neurosci Lett 2007, 417:6-9.
66. Wu S, Jia M, Ruan Y, Liu J, Guo Y, Shuang M, Gong X, Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhang D: Positive association of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) with autism in the Chinese Han population. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 58:74-77.
67. Liu X, Kawamura Y, Shimada T, Otowa T, Koishi S, Sugiyama T, Nishida H, Hashimoto O, Nakagami R, Tochigi M, Umekage T, Kano Y, Miyagawa T, Kato N, Tokunaga K, Sasaki T: Association of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene polymorphisms with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2010, 55:137-141.
68. Campbell DB, Datta D, Jones ST, Batey Lee E, Sutcliffe JS, Hammock EA, Levitt P: Association of oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene variants with multiple phenotype domains of autism spectrum disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2011, 3:101-112.
69. Lerer E, Levi S, Salomon S, Darvasi A, Yirmiya N, Ebstein RP: Association between the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene and autism: relationship to Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and cognition. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 13:980-988.
70. Munesue T, Yokoyama S, Nakamura K, Anitha A, Yamada K, Hayashi K, Asaka T, Liu HX, Jin D, Koizumi K, Islam MS, Huang JJ, Ma WJ, Kim UH, Kim SJ, Park K, Kim D, Kikuchi M, Ono Y, Nakatani H, Suda S, Miyachi T, Hirai H, Salmina A, Pichugina YA, Soumarkov AA, Takei N, Mori N, Tsuji M, Sugiyama T, et al: Two genetic variants of CD38 in subjects with autism spectrum disorder and controls. Neurosci Res 2010, 67:181-191.
71. Thanseem I, Anitha A, Nakamura K, Suda S, Iwata K, Matsuzaki H, Ohtsubo M, Ueki T, Katayama T, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Minoshima S, Mori N: Elevated transcription factor specificity protein 1 in autistic brains alters the expression of autism candidate genes. Biol Psychiatry 2012, 71:410-418.
72. Gregory SG, Connelly JJ, Towers AJ, Johnson J, Biscocho D, Markunas CA, Lintas C, Abramson RK, Wright HH, Ellis P, Langford CF, Worley G, Delong GR, Murphy SK, Cuccaro ML, Persico A, Pericak-Vance MA: Genomic and epigenetic evidence for oxytocin receptor deficiency in autism. BMC Med 2009, 7:62.
73. MacDonald E, Dadds MR, Brennan JL, Williams K, Levy F, Cauchi AJ: A review of safety, side-effects and subjective reactions to intranasal oxytocin in human research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011, 36:1114-1126.
74. Domes G, Lischke A, Berger C, Grossmann A, Hauenstein K, Heinrichs M, Herpertz SC: Effects of intranasal oxytocin on emotional face processing in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010, 35:83-93.
75. Hurlemann R, Patin A, Onur OA, Cohen MX, Baumgartner T, Metzler S, Dziobek I, Gallinat J, Wagner M, Maier W, Kendrick KM: Oxytocin enhances amygdala-dependent, socially reinforced learning and emotional empathy in humans. J Neurosci 2010, 30:4999-5007.
76. Bartz JA, Zaki J, Bolger N, Hollander E, Ludwig NN, Kolevzon A, Ochsner KN: Oxytocin selectively improves empathic accuracy. Psychol Sci 2010, 21:1426-1428.
77. Rimmele U, Hediger K, Heinrichs M, Klaver P: Oxytocin makes a face in memory familiar. J Neurosci 2009, 29:38-42.
78. Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E: Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 2005, 435:673-676.
79. Buchheim A, Heinrichs M, George C, Pokorny D, Koops E, Henningsen P, O'Connor MF, Gundel H: Oxytocin enhances the experience of attachment security. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34:1417-1422.
80. Declerck CH, Boone C, Kiyonari T: Oxytocin and cooperation under conditions of uncertainty: the modulating role of incentives and social information. Horm Behav 2010, 57:368-374.
81. Modi ME, Young LJ: The oxytocin system in drug discovery for autism: Animal models and novel therapeutic strategies. Horm Behav 2012, 61:340-350.
82. Hollander E, Bartz J, Chaplin W, Phillips A, Sumner J, Soorya L, Anagnostou E, Wasserman S: Oxytocin increases retention of social cognition in autism. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61:498-503.
83. Andari E, Duhamel JR, Zalla T, Herbrecht E, Leboyer M, Sirigu A: Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:4389-4394.
84. Guastella AJ, Einfeld SL, Gray KM, Rinehart NJ, Tonge BJ, Lambert TJ, Hickie IB: Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2010, 67:692-694.
85. Della Libera C, Chelazzi L: Learning to attend and to ignore is a matter of gains and losses. Psychol Sci 2009, 20:778-784.
86. Raymond JE, O'Brien JL: Selective visual attention and motivation: the consequences of value learning in an attentional blink task. Psychol Sci 2009, 20:981-988.
87. Krebs RM, Boehler CN, Woldorff MG: The influence of reward associations on conflict processing in the Stroop task. Cognition 2010, 117:341-347.
88. Hickey C, Chelazzi L, Theeuwes J: Reward guides vision when it's your thing: trait reward-seeking in reward-mediated visual priming. PLoS One 2010, 5:e14087.
89. Hickey C, Chelazzi L, Theeuwes J: Reward changes salience in human vision via the anterior cingulate. J Neurosci 2010, 30:11096-11103.
90. Della Libera C, Chelazzi L: Visual selective attention and the effects of monetary rewards. Psychol Sci 2006, 17:222-227.
91. Peck CJ, Jangraw DC, Suzuki M, Efem R, Gottlieb J: Reward modulates attention independently of action value in posterior parietal cortex. J Neurosci 2009, 29:11182-11191.
92. Serences JT: Value-based modulations in human visual cortex. Neuron 2008, 60:1169-1181.
93. Navalpakkam V, Koch C, Rangel A, Perona P: Optimal reward harvesting in complex perceptual environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:5232-5237.
94. Pessoa L, Engelmann JB: Embedding reward signals into perception and cognition. Front Neurosci 2010, 4:17.
95. Anderson BA, Laurent PA, Yantis S: Learned value magnifies saliencebased attentional capture. PLoS One 2011, 6:e27926.
96. Anderson BA, Laurent PA, Yantis S: Value-driven attentional capture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108:10367-10371.
97. Vismara LA, Rogers SJ: Behavioral treatments in autism spectrum disorder: what do we know? Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2010, 6:447-468.
98. Landa RJ, Holman KC, O'Neill AH, Stuart EA: Intervention targeting development of socially synchronous engagement in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011, 52:13-21.
99. Ingersoll B: Pilot randomized controlled trial of Reciprocal Imitation Training for teaching elicited and spontaneous imitation to children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2010, 40:1154-1160.
100. Kasari C, Gulsrud AC, Wong C, Kwon S, Locke J: Randomized controlled caregiver mediated joint engagement intervention for toddlers with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2010, 40:1045-1056.
101. Dawson G, Toth K, Abbott R, Osterling J, Munson J, Estes A, Liaw J: Early social attention impairments in autism: social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress. Dev Psychol 2004, 40:271-283.
102. Mosconi MW, Cody-Hazlett H, Poe MD, Gerig G, Gimpel-Smith R, Piven J: Longitudinal study of amygdala volume and joint attention in 2-to 4-year-old children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009, 66:509-516.
103. Hessl D, Berry-Kravis E, Cordeiro L, Yuhas J, Ornitz EM, Campbell A, Chruscinski E, Hervey C, Long JM, Hagerman RJ: Prepulse inhibition in fragile X syndrome: feasibility, reliability, and implications for treatment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009, 150B:545-553.
104. Guiraud JA, Kushnerenko E, Tomalski P, Davies K, Ribeiro H, Johnson MH: Differential habituation to repeated sounds in infants at high risk for autism. Neuroreport 2011, 22:845-849.
105. Dawson G, Webb SJ, Carver L, Panagiotides H, McPartland J: Young children with autism show atypical brain responses to fearful versus neutral facial expressions of emotion. Dev Sci 2004, 7:340-359.
106. Webb SJ, Dawson G, Bernier R, Panagiotides H: ERP evidence of atypical face processing in young children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2006, 36:881-890.
107. McPartland J, Dawson G, Webb SJ, Panagiotides H, Carver LJ: Event-related brain potentials reveal anomalies in temporal processing of faces in autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004, 45:1235-1245.
108. Faja S, Webb SJ, Jones E, Merkle K, Kamara D, Bavaro J, Aylward E, Dawson G: The effects of face expertise training on the behavioral performance and brain activity of adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2012, 42:278-293.
109. Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F, Cohen D: Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002, 59:809-816.
110. Shultz S, Klin A, Jones W: Inhibition of eye blinking reveals subjective perceptions of stimulus salience. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108:21270-21275.