Inhibition of eye blinking reveals subjective perceptions of stimulus salience

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 108, Issue 52, 2011, Pages 21270-21275

  Shultz, Sarah ^a   Klin, Ami ^b   Jones, Warren ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Autonomic function; Child development; Eye tracking; Social engagement

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTIONAL BLINK; AUTISM; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BLINKING; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; EYE FIXATION; EYE TRACKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISION; VISUAL INFORMATION; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ATTENTION; BLINKING; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION; EYE MOVEMENTS; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; TIME FACTORS; VIDEO RECORDING;

EID: 84855510246     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109304108     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Baumstimler Y, Parrot J (1971) Stimulus generalization and spontaneous blinking in man involved in a voluntary activity. J Exp Psychol 88:95-102.
2. VanderWerf F, Brassinga P, Reits D, Aramideh M, Ongerboer de Visser B (2003) Eyelid movements: Behavioral studies of blinking in humans under different stimulus conditions. J Neurophysiol 89:2784-2796. (Pubitemid 36570238)
3. Bour LJ, Aramideh M, de Visser BW (2000) Neurophysiological aspects of eye and eyelid movements during blinking in humans. J Neurophysiol 83:166-176. (Pubitemid 30039290)
4. Bodis-Wollner I, Bucher SF, Seelos KC (1999) Cortical activation patterns during voluntary blinks and voluntary saccades. Neurology 53:1800-1805. (Pubitemid 29530358)
5. Bristow D, Frith C, Rees G (2005) Two distinct neural effects of blinking on human visual processing. Neuroimage 27:136-145. (Pubitemid 40966888)
6. Bristow D, Haynes J-D, Sylvester R, Frith CD, Rees G (2005) Blinking suppresses the neural response to unchanging retinal stimulation. Curr Biol 15:1296-1300. (Pubitemid 41026596)
7. Volkmann FC, Riggs LA, Moore RK (1980) Eyeblinks and visual suppression. Science 207:900-902. (Pubitemid 10095633)
8. Volkmann FC (1986) Human visual suppression. Vision Res 26:1401-1416.
9. O'Regan J, Deubel H, Clark J, Rensink R (2000) Picture changes during blinks: Looking without seeing and seeing without looking. Vis Cogn 7:191-211. (Pubitemid 30353629)
10. Evinger C (1995) A brain stem reflex in the blink of an eye. Physiology (Bethesda) 10:147-153.
11. Evinger C, Manning KA, Sibony PA (1991) Eyelid movements. Mechanisms and normal data. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:387-400.
12. Zametkin AJ, Stevens JR, Pittman R (1979) Ontogeny of spontaneous blinking and of habituation of the blink reflex. Ann Neurol 5:453-457. (Pubitemid 9150138)
13. Bacher LF, Smotherman WP (2004) Spontaneous eye blinking in human infants: A review. Dev Psychobiol 44:95-102. (Pubitemid 38270591)
14. Karson CN (1983) Spontaneous eye-blink rates and dopaminergic systems. Brain 106:643-653.
15. Taylor JR, et al. (1999) Spontaneous blink rates correlate with dopamine levels in the caudate nucleus of MPTP-treated monkeys. Exp Neurol 158:214-220. (Pubitemid 29344334)
16. Critchley HD (2005) Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. J Comp Neurol 493:154-166.
17. Holland MK, Tarlow G (1975) Blinking and thinking. Percept Mot Skills 41:503-506.
18. Pivik RT, Dykman RA (2004) Endogenous eye blinks in preadolescents: Relationship to information processing and performance. Biol Psychol 66:191-219. (Pubitemid 38501681)
19. Fogarty C, Stern JA (1989) Eye movements and blinks: Their relationship to higher cognitive processes. Int J Psychophysiol 8:35-42. (Pubitemid 19271836)
20. Orchard LN, Stern JA (1991) Blinks as an index of cognitive activity during reading. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 26:108-116.
21. Drew GC (1951) Variations in reflex blink-rate during visual-motor tasks. Q J Exp Psychol 3:73-88.
22. Bentivoglio AR, et al. (1997) Analysis of blink rate patterns in normal subjects. Mov Disord 12:1028-1034. (Pubitemid 27496784)
23. Nakano T, Yamamoto Y, Kitajo K, Takahashi T, Kitazawa S (2009) Synchronization of spontaneous eyeblinks while viewing video stories. Proc Biol Sci 276:3635-3644.
24. Herrmann A (2010) The interaction of eye blinks and other prosodic cues in German sign language. Sign Lang Linguist 13:3-39.
25. Kaufman P, Alm A (2003) Adler's Physiology of the Eye: Clinical Applications (Elsevier, Philadelphia).
26. Widdel H (1984) Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research, eds Gale AG, Johnson F (Elsevier, New York), pp 21-29.
27. Gitelman DR (2002) ILAB: A program for postexperimental eye movement analysis. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 34:605-612.
28. Senju A, Tojo Y, Dairoku H, Hasegawa T (2004) Reflexive orienting in response to eye gaze and an arrow in children with and without autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45:445-458. (Pubitemid 38380123)
29. Chawarska K, Klin A, Volkmar F (2003) Automatic attention cueing through eye movement in 2-year-old children with autism. Child Dev 74:1108-1122. (Pubitemid 37244624)
30. Jones W, Carr K, Klin A (2008) Absence of preferential looking to the eyes of approaching adults predicts level of social disability in 2-year-old toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:946-954.
31. von Hofsten C, Uhlig H, Adell M, Kochukhova O (2009) How children with autism look at events. Res Autism Spectr Disord 3:556-569.
32. Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F (2003) The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: Lessons from autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358:345-360. (Pubitemid 36257607)
33. Klin A, Lin DJ, Gorrindo P, Ramsay G, JonesW(2009) Two-year-olds with autism orient to non-social contingencies rather than biological motion. Nature 459:257-261.
34. Falck-Ytter T (2010) Young children with autism spectrum disorder use predictive eye movements in action observation. Biol Lett 6:375-378.
35. Chen P, Popovich P (2002) Parametric and Nonparametric Measures (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA).
36. Ridout M, Hinde J, Demétrio CG (2001) A score test for testing a zero-inflated Poisson regression model against zero-inflated negative binomial alternatives. Biometrics 57:219-223. (Pubitemid 32200159)
37. Bliss CI, Fisher RA (1953) Fitting the negative binomial distribution to biological data. Biometrics 9:176-200.
38. Good P (2000) Permutation Test: A Practical Guide to Resampling for Testing Hypotheses (Springer, New York).
39. Oppenheim AV, Schafer RW (1975) Digital Signal Processing (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
40. KendallM, Gibbons JD (1990) Rank correlation methods (Oxford University Press, New York).
41. Moore GP, Perkel DH, Segundo JP (1966) Statistical analysis and functional interpretation of neuronal spike data. Annu Rev Physiol 28:493-522.
42. Manly B (2006) Randomization, Bootstrap, and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology (Chapman & Hall, Boca Raton, FL).
43. Kuhl PK (2007) Is speech learning 'gated' by the social brain? Dev Sci 10:110-120.
44. Grelotti DJ, et al. (2005) fMRI activation of the fusiform gyrus and amygdala to cartoon characters but not to faces in a boy with autism. Neuropsychologia 43:373-385. (Pubitemid 40222126)
45. Sequeira H, Hot P, Silvert L, Delplanque S (2009) Electrical autonomic correlates of emotion. Int J Psychophysiol 71:50-56.
46. Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT, Grossman P (2007) Whither vagal tone. Biol Psychol 74:295-300. (Pubitemid 44969451)