A systematic review of meta-analyses of the efficacy of oral atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 13, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1545-1573

  Citrome, Leslie ^a  

^a NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Atypical antipsychotic; Cochrane review; Meta analysis; Schizophrenia; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ARIPIPRAZOLE; ASENAPINE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CLOZAPINE; ILOPERIDONE; LURASIDONE; OLANZAPINE; PALIPERIDONE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; ZIPRASIDONE;

COCHRANE LIBRARY; COGNITION; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MONOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III AS TOPIC; HUMANS; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84863811015     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: 17447666     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.626769     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Novartis. Clozaril (clozapine). Revised December 2010. Available from: Http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/Clozaril.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
2. Janssen. Risperdal (risperidone). Revised December 2010. Available from: Http://www.risperdal.com/sites/default/files/shared/pi/risperdal.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
3. Eli Lilly. Zyprexa (olanzapine). Revised December 2010. Available from: Http://pi.lilly.com/us/zyprexa-pi.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
4. AstraZeneca. Seroquel (quetiapine). Revised May 2011. Available from: Http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/Seroquel.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
5. AstraZeneca. Seroquel XR (quetiapine extended release). Revised May 2011. Available from: Http://www1.astrazenecaus. com/pi/seroquelxr.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
6. Pfizer. Geodon (ziprasidone). Revised December 2010. Available from: Http://www.pfizer.com/files/products/uspi-geodon.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
7. Bristol-Myers Squibb. Abilify (aripiprazole). Revised February 2011. Available from: Http://www.abilify.com/pdf/pi.aspx [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
8. Janssen. Invega (paliperidone). Revised April 2011. Available from: Http://janssencns.com/sites/default/files/pdf/invega/invega.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
9. Novartis. Fanapt (iloperidone). Revised April 2011. Available from: Http://www. pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/fanapt.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
10. Merck. Saphris (asenapine). Revised January 2011. Available from: Http://www.spfiles.com/pisaphrisv1.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
11. Sunovion. Latuda (lurasidone). Revised October 2010. Available from: Http://www.latuda.com/LatudaPrescribingInformation.pdf [Last accessed 4 June 2011]
12. Volavka J, Citrome L. Oral antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: Heterogeneity in efficacy and tolerability should drive decision-making. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:1917-28
13. Citrome L, Nasrallah HA. On-label on the table: What the package insert informs us about the tolerability profile of oral atypical antipsychotics, and what it does not. Expert Opin Pharmacother In press 14. US National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health. PubMed. gov. Available from: Http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ [Last accessed 20 June 2011]
14. The Cochrane Collaboration. The Cochrane Library. Available from: Http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/view/0/index.html [Last accessed 20 June 2011]
15. Geddes J. Meta-analysis in the assessment of treatment outcome. J Psychopharmacol 2006;20(4 Suppl):67-71
16. Khoshdel A, Attia J, Carney SL. Basic concepts in meta-analysis: A primer for clinicians. Int J Clin Pract 2006;60:1287-94
17. Huf W, Kalcher K, Pail G, et al. Metaanalysis: Fact or fiction? How to interpret meta-analyses. World J Biol Psychiatry 2011;12:188-200
18. Guyatt GH, Rennie D. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: ESSENTIALS of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice. AMA Press; Chicago, IL: 2001. p. 7; Table 1A-1
19. Lam RW, Kennedy SH. Using metaanalysis to evaluate evidence: Practical tips and traps. Can J Psychiatry 2005;50:167-74
20. Edwards SJ, Clarke MJ, Wordsworth S, et al. Indirect comparisons of treatments based on systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:841-54
21. Anzures-Cabrera J. Higgins, JPT. Graphical displays for meta-analysis: An overview with suggestions for practice. Res Synth Methods 2010;1:66-80
22. Jones D. Of medicine and meta-analysis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:376-7
23. Citrome L. Systematic reviews: Much ado about a lot. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:832-3
24. DeMaria AN. Meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:237-8
25. Nasrallah HA. Meta-analysis trends in schizophrenia over three decades. Schizophr Res 2009;108:1-2
26. The Cochrane Collaboration. Home page. Available from: Http://www.cochrane.org/[Last accessed 20 June 2011]
27. Higgins JPT, Green S. editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from: Http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/ [Last accessed 20 June 2011]
28. Cochrane IMS. Review Manager 5.1. Available from: Http://ims.cochrane. org/revman [Last accessed 20 June 2011]
29. Delgado-Rodriguez M. Systematic reviews of meta-analyses: Applications and limitations. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006;60:90-2
30. Asenjo Lobos C, Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, et al. Clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;11:CD006633
31. Cipriani A, Boso M, Barbui C. Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;3:CD006324
32. Essali A, Al-Haj Haasan N, Li C, et al. Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;1:CD000059
33. Wahlbeck K, Cheine M, Essali MA. Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD000059
34. Tuunainen A, Wahlbeck K, Gilbody SM. Newer atypical antipsychotic medication versus clozapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD000966
35. Taylor DM, Smith L. Augmentation of clozapine with a second antipsychotic - A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;119:419-25
36. Barbui C, Signoretti A, Mule S, et al. Does the addition of a second antipsychotic drug improve clozapine treatment? Schizophr Bull 2009;35:458-68
37. Paton C, Whittington C, Barnes TR. Augmentation with a second antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia who partially respond to clozapine: A meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:198-204
38. Moncrieff J. Clozapine v. conventional antipsychotic drugs for treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A re-examination. Br J Psychiatry 2003;183:161-6
39. Tuunainen A, Wahlbeck K, Gilbody S. Newer atypical antipsychotic medication in comparison to clozapine: A systematic review of randomized trials. Schizophr Res 2002;56:1-10
40. Wahlbeck K, Cheine M, Essali A, et al. Evidence of clozapine's effectiveness in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:990-9
41. Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Schwarz S, et al. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;1:CD006626
42. Rattehalli RD, Jayaram MB, Smith M. Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;1:CD006918
43. Li C, Xia J, Wang J. Risperidone dose for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;4:CD007474
44. Jayaram MB, Hosalli P, Stroup S. Risperidone versus olanzapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2:CD005237
45. Jayaram MB, Hosalli P. Risperidone versus olanzapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;2:CD005237
46. Hunter RH, Joy CB, Kennedy E, et al. Risperidone versus typical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD000440
47. Kennedy E, Song F, Hunter R, et al. Risperidone versus typical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD000440
48. Gilbody SM, Bagnall AM, Duggan L, et al. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;3:CD002306
49. Ezewuzie N, Taylor D. Establishing a dose-response relationship for oral risperidone in relapsed schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2006;20:86-90
50. Davis JM, Chen N. Clinical profile of an atypical antipsychotic: Risperidone. Schizophr Bull 2002;28:43-61
51. Glick ID, Lemmens P, Vester-Blokland E. Treatment of the symptoms of schizophrenia: A combined analysis of double-blind studies comparing risperidone with haloperidol and other antipsychotic agents. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;16:265-74
52. Aleman A, Kahn RS. Effects of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone on hostility and aggression in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001;11:289-93
53. Peuskens J, Van Baelen B, De Smedt C, et al. Effects of risperidone on affective symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;15:343-9
54. Davies A, Adena MA, Keks NA, et al. Risperidone versus haloperidol: i. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Clin Ther 1998;20:58-71
55. Song F. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol 1997;11:65-71
56. De Oliveira IR, Miranda-Scippa AM, De Sena EP, et al. Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis comparing their efficacy and safety. J Clin Pharm Ther 1996;21:349-58
57. Carman J, Peuskens J, Vangeneugden A. Risperidone in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A metaanalysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;10:207-13
58. Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Hunger H, et al. Olanzapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;3:CD006654
59. Duggan L, Fenton M, Rathbone J, et al. Olanzapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;2:CD001359
60. Stauffer VL, Sniadecki JL, Piezer KW, et al. Impact of race on efficacy and safety during treatment with olanzapine in schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:89
61. Beasley CM Jr, Stauffer VL, Liu-Seifert H, et al. All-cause treatment discontinuation in schizophrenia during treatment with olanzapine relative to other antipsychotics: An integrated analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:252-8
62. Kinon BJ, Liu-Seifert H, Adams DH, et al. Differential rates of treatment discontinuation in clinical trials as a measure of treatment effectiveness for olanzapine and comparator atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:632-7
63. Santarlasci B, Messori A. Clinical trial response and dropout rates with olanzapine versus risperidone. Ann Pharmacother 2003;37:556-63
64. Davis JM, Chen N. The effects of olanzapine on the 5 dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis: Combined results of the North American and international trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:757-71
65. Beasley CM Jr, Tollefson GD, Tran PV. Efficacy of olanzapine: An overview of pivotal clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58(Suppl 10):7-12
66. Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Schmid F, et al. Quetiapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;1:CD006625
67. Srisurapanont M, Maneeton B, Maneeton N. Quetiapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;2:CD000967
68. Srisurapanont M, Disayavanish C, Taimkaew K. Quetiapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;3:CD000967
69. Srisurapanont M, Disayavanish C, Taimkaew K. Quetiapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD000967
70. Schulz SC, Thomson R, Brecher M. The efficacy of quetiapine vs haloperidol and placebo: A meta-analytic study of efficacy. Schizophr Res 2003;62:1-12
71. Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Hunger H, et al. Ziprasidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;4:CD006627
72. Bagnall A, Lewis RA, Leitner ML. Ziprasidone for schizophrenia and severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;4:CD001945
73. Bagnall A, Lewis RA, Leitner ML, et al. Ziprasidone for schizophrenia and severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001945
74. Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Schmid F, et al. Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;4:CD006569
75. Bhattacharjee J, El-Sayeh HG. Aripiprazole versus typicals for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;3:CD006617
76. Bhattacharjee J, El-Sayeh HG. Aripiprazole versus typicals for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD006617
77. El-Sayeh HG, Morganti C. Aripiprazole for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2:CD004578
78. El-Sayeh HG, Morganti C. Aripiprazole for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;2:CD004578
79. Janicak PG, Glick ID, Marder SR, et al. The acute efficacy of aripiprazole across the symptom spectrum of schizophrenia: A pooled post hoc analysis from 5 short-term studies. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:25-35
80. Kane JM, Assuncao-Talbott S, Eudicone JM, et al. The efficacy of aripiprazole in the treatment of multiple symptom domains in patients with acute schizophrenia: A pooled analysis of data from the pivotal trials. Schizophr Res 2008;105:208-15
81. Kane JM, Crandall DT, Marcus RN, et al. Symptomatic remission in schizophrenia patients treated with aripiprazole or haloperidol for up to 52 weeks. Schizophr Res 2007;95:143-50
82. El-Sayeh HG, Morganti C, Adams CE. Aripiprazole for schizophrenia. Systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2006;189:102-8
83. Volavka J, Czobor P, Citrome L, et al. Efficacy of aripiprazole against hostility in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: Data from 5 double-blind studies. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1362-6
84. Nussbaum A, Stroup TS. Paliperidone for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;2:CD006369
85. Kozma C, Dirani R, Canuso C, et al. Change in employment status over 52 weeks in patients with schizophrenia: An observational study. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:327-33
86. Jones MP, Nicholl D, Trakas K. Efficacy and tolerability of paliperidone ER and other oral atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;48:383-99
87. Patrick DL, Burns T, Morosini P, et al. Measuring social functioning with the personal and social performance scale in patients with acute symptoms of schizophrenia: Interpretation of results of a pooled analysis of three phase III trials of paliperidone extended-release tablets. Clin Ther 2010;32:275-92
88. Emsley R, Berwaerts J, Eerdekens M, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral paliperidone extended-release tablets in the treatment of acute schizophrenia: Pooled data from three 52-week open-label studies. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;23:343-56
89. Kane JM, Lauriello J, Laska E, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of iloperidone: Results from 3 clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28(2 Suppl 1):S29-35
90. Marshall M, Rathbone J. Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;6:CD004718
91. Marshall M, Rathbone J. Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4:CD004718
92. Marshall M, Lockwood A. Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD004718
93. Furtado VA, Srihari V. Atypical antipsychotics for people with both schizophrenia and depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD005377
94. Marriott RG, Neil W, Waddingham S. Antipsychotic medication for elderly people with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;1:CD005580
95. Rummel C, Hamann J, Kissling W, et al. New generation antipsychotics for first episode schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;4:CD004410
96. Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, et al. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373:31-41
97. Leucht S, Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, et al. A meta-analysis of head-to-head comparisons of second-generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:152-63
98. Leucht S, Arbter D, Engel RR, et al. How effective are second-generation antipsychotic drugs? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry 2009;14:429-47
99. Correll CU, Rummel-Kluge C, Corves C, et al. Antipsychotic combinations vs monotherapy in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Bull 2009;35:443-57
100. Rabinowitz J, Levine SZ, Barkai O, et al. Dropout rates in randomized clinical trials of antipsychotics: A meta-analysis comparing first- and second-generation drugs and an examination of the role of trial design features. Schizophr Bull 2009;35:775-88
101. Martin JL, Perez V, Sacristan M, et al. Meta-analysis of drop-out rates in randomised clinical trials, comparing typical and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2006;21:11-20
102. Basu A, Meltzer HY, Dukic V. Estimating transitions between symptom severity states over time in schizophrenia: A Bayesian meta-analytic approach. Stat Med 2006;25:2886-910
103. Sherwood M, Thornton AE, Honer WG. A meta-analysis of profile and time-course of symptom change in acute schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotics. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;9:357-66
104. Kemmler G, Hummer M, Widschwendter C, et al. Dropout rates in placebo-controlled and active-control clinical trials of antipsychotic drugs: A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:1305-12
105. Davis JM, Chen N. Dose response and dose equivalence of antipsychotics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:192-208
106. Davis JM, Chen N, Glick ID. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:553-64
107. Leucht S, Barnes TR, Kissling W, et al. Relapse prevention in schizophrenia with new-generation antipsychotics: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1209-22
108. Leucht S, Wahlbeck K, Hamann J, et al. New generation antipsychotics versus low-potency conventional antipsychotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2003;361:1581-9
109. Pajonk FG, Holzbach R, Naber D. Comparing the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in open uncontrolled versus double-blind controlled trials in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;162:29-36
110. Sauriol L, Laporta M, Edwardes MD, et al. Meta-analysis comparing newer antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia: Evaluating the indirect approach. Clin Ther 2001;23:942-56
111. Woods SW, Stolar M, Sernyak MJ, et al. Consistency of atypical antipsychotic superiority to placebo in recent clinical trials. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:64-70
112. Wahlbeck K, Tuunainen A, Ahokas A, et al. Dropout rates in randomised antipsychotic drug trials. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001;155:230-3
113. Chakos M, Lieberman J, Hoffman E, et al. Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia: A review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:518-26
114. Geddes J, Freemantle N, Harrison P, et al. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: Systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. BMJ 2000;321:1371-6
115. Srisurapanont M, Maneeton N. Comparison of the efficacy and acceptability of atypical antipsychotic drugs: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Med Assoc Thai 1999;82:341-6
116. Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Abraham D, et al. Efficacy and extrapyramidal side-effects of the new antipsychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and sertindole compared to conventional antipsychotics and placebo. A metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Res 1999;35:51-68
117. Riedel M, Schennach-Wolff R, Musil R, et al. Neurocognition and its influencing factors in the treatment of schizophrenia-effects of aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010;25:116-25
118. Thornton AE, Van Snellenberg JX, Sepehry AA, et al. The impact of atypical antipsychotic medications on long-term memory dysfunction in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: A quantitative review. J Psychopharmacol 2006;20:335-46
119. Woodward ND, Purdon SE, Meltzer HY, et al. A meta-analysis of neuropsychological change to clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2005;8:457-72
120. Keefe RS, Silva SG, Perkins DO, et al. The effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: A review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 1999;25:201-22
121. Citrome L, Jaffe A, Levine J. Dosing of second-generation antipsychotic medication in a state hospital system. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25:388-91
122. Davis JM, Chen N. Old versus new: Weighing the evidence between the firstand second-generation antipsychotics. Eur Psychiatry 2005;20:7-14
123. Leucht S, Kissling W, Davis JM. Second-generation antipsychotics for schizophrenia: Can we resolve the conflict? Psychol Med 2009;39:1591-602
124. Citrome L, Volavka J. Optimal dosing of atypical antipsychotics in adults: A review of the current evidence. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2002;10:280-91
125. Citrome L, Jaffe A, Levine J. How dosing of ziprasidone in a state hospital system differs from product labeling. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:975-82
126. Citrome L, Jaffe A, Levine J, et al. Dosing of quetiapine in schizophrenia: How clinical practice differs from registration studies. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1512-16
127. Citrome L. Treatment-refractory schizophrenia: What is it and what has been done about it? Neuropsychiatry 2011; 1:325-47
128. Citrome L, Stroup TS. Schizophrenia, Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) and number needed to treat: How can CATIE inform clinicians? Int J Clin Pract 2006;60:933-40
129. Citrome L. Iloperidone for schizophrenia: A review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly commercialised second-generation antipsychotic. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:1237-48
130. Citrome L. Asenapine for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved sublingually absorbed second-generation antipsychotic. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:1762-84
131. Sparshatt A, Jones S, Taylor D. Quetiapine: Dose-response relationship in schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2008;22:49-68
132. Kontaxakis VP, Ferentinos PP, Havaki-Kontaxaki BJ, et al. Risperidone augmentation of clozapine: A critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;256:350-5
133. Zink M. Augmentation of olanzapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2005;30:409-15
134. Taylor DM, Duncan-McConnell D. Refractory schizophrenia and atypical antipsychotics. J Psychopharmacol 2000;14:409-18
135. Tandon R. Improvement without impairment: A review of clinical data for quetiapine in the treatment of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23(3 Suppl 1):S15-20
136. Citrome L, Yang R, Glue P, et al. Effect of ziprasidone dose on all-cause discontinuation rates in acute schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: A post-hoc analysis of 4 fixed-dose randomized clinical trials. Schizophr Res 2009;111:39-45
137. Buckley PF. Efficacy of quetiapine for the treatment of schizophrenia: A combined analysis of three placebo-controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:1357-63
138. Elsevier. Embase Biomedical Answers. Available from: Http://www.embase. com/[Last accessed 20 June 2011]
139. Szegedi A, Verweij P, Van Duijnhoven W, et al. P03-341-Meta-analysis of the efficacy of asenapine for acute schizophrenia: Comparisons with placebo and other atypical antipsychotics. Eur Psychiatry 2011;26(Suppl 1):1511
140. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009;6:e1000097
141. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2009;6:e1000100
142. Riley RD, Lambert PC, Abo-Zaid G. Meta-analysis of individual participant data: Rationale, conduct, and reporting. BMJ 2010;340:c221
143. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000;283:2008-12
144. Rummel-Kluge C, Komossa K, Schwarz S, et al. Head-to-head comparisons of metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2010;123:225-33
145. Rummel-Kluge C, Komossa K, Schwarz S, et al. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs and extrapyramidal side effects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head comparisons. Schizophr Bull 2010; [Epub 2010 May 31]
146. Mauri MC, Volonteri LS, Colasanti A, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of atypical antipsychotics: A critical review of the relationship between plasma concentrations and clinical response. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007;46:359-88
147. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1209-23
148. Leucht C, Heres S, Kane JM, et al. Oral versus depot antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia - A critical systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised long-term trials. Schizophr Res 2011;127:83-92
149. Preda A, Faziola L. Asenapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia [Intervention Protocol]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;12:CD008902
150. Remington G, Chue P, Stip E, et al. The crossover approach to switching antipsychotics: What is the evidence? Schizophr Res 2005;76:267-72
151. Jacques TS, Sebire NJ. The impact of article titles on citation hits: An analysis of general and specialist medical journals. JRSM Short Rep 2010;1:2
152. Demner-Fushman D, Hauser S, Thoma G. The role of title, metadata and abstract in identifying clinically relevant journal articles. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2005;191-5