Sleep and circadian dysregulation in depressive illness. Pharmacological implications

Clinical Neuropsychiatry

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 321-338

  Cardinali, Daniel P ^a,b   Pandi Perumal, Seithikurippu R ^c   Brown, Gregory M ^d  

^a PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA ARGENTINA   (Argentina)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^c Somnogen Inc   (Canada)

^d CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Agomelatine; Antidepressants; Circadian system; Depressive illness; Gene polymorphisms; Melatonin; Sleep wake cycle

Indexed keywords

AGOMELATINE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CLONAZEPAM; FLUOXETINE; MELATONIN; MELATONIN 1 RECEPTOR; MELATONIN 2 RECEPTOR; MIANSERIN; MIRTAZAPINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; OLANZAPINE; PALIPERIDONE; PAROXETINE; PHENELZINE; PLACEBO; RAMELTEON; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRANYLCYPROMINE; TRAZODONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE; ZIPRASIDONE; ZOLPIDEM;

ACETYLSEROTONIN METHYLTRANSFERASE GENE; ADD ON THERAPY; ARTICLE; ARYLALKYLAMINE N ACETYLTRANSFERASE GENE; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BMAL1 GENE; CHRONOBIOLOGY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DEPRESSION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; GENE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GPR50 GENE; HUMAN; INCREASED APPETITE; INSOMNIA; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NONHUMAN; NONREM SLEEP; NPAS2 GENE; PER2 GENE; PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENT DISORDER; REM SLEEP; SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SLEEP; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; SLOW WAVE SLEEP; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84863421289     PISSN: 17244935     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. Alaerts M, Venken T, Lenaerts AS, De Zutter S, Norrback KF, Adolfsson R, Del Favero J (2006). Lack of association of an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the G protein- coupled receptor 50 with bipolar disorder in a Northern Swedish population. Psychiatric genetics 16, 6, 235-236.
2. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Ed (DSM-IV- TR), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, D.C.
3. Anderson IM (2000). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. Journal of affective disorders 58, 1, 1936.
4. Antle MC, Ogilvie MD, Pickard GE, Mistlberger RE (2003). Response of the mouse circadian system to serotonin 1A/ 2/7 agonists in vivo: surprisingly little. Journal of biological rhythms 18, 2, 145-158.
5. Archer SN, Robilliard DL, Skene DJ, Smits M, Williams A, Arendt J, von Schantz M (2003). A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference. Sleep 26, 413-415.
6. Arendt J, Broadway J (1987). Light and melatonin as zeitgebers in man. Chronobiology international 4, 2, 273-282.
7. Arendt J, Skene DJ (2005). Melatonin as a chronobiotic. Sleep medicine reviews 9, 1, 25-39.
8. Argyropoulos SV, Wilson SJ (2005). Sleep disturbances in depression and the effects of antidepressants. International reviews of psychiatry 17, 4, 237-245.
9. Armitage R (2007). Sleep and circadian rhythms in mood disorders. Actapsychiatrica scandinavica suppl 433, 104115.
10. Armitage R, Rush AJ, Trivedi M, Cain J, Roffwarg HP (1994). The effects of nefazodone on sleep architecture in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 10, 2, 123-127.
11. Armitage R, Yonkers K, Cole D, Rush AJ (1997). A multicenter, double-blind comparison of the effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep architecture and quality of sleep in depressed outpatients. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 17, 3, 161-168.
12. Aslan S, Isik E, Cosar B (2002). The effects of mirtazapine on sleep: a placebo controlled, double-blind study in young healthy volunteers. Sleep 25, 6, 677-679.
13. Asnis GM, Chakraburtty A, DuBoff EA, Krystal A, Londborg PD, Rosenberg R, Roth-Schechter B, Scharf MB, Walsh JK (1999). Zolpidem for persistent insomnia in SSRI- treated depressed patients. Journal of clinical psychiatry 60, 10, 668-676.
14. Bao AM, Meynen G, Swaab DF (2008). The stress system in depression and neurodegeneration: focus on the human hypothalamus. Brain research reviews 57, 2, 531-553.
15. Beck-Friis J, Kjellman BF, Aperia B, Unden F, von Rosen D, Ljunggren JG, Wetterberg L (1985). Serum melatonin in relation to clinical variables in patients with major depressive disorder and a hypothesis of a low melatonin syndrome. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica 71, 4, 319-330.
16. Benedetti F, Bernasconi A, Lorenzi C, Pontiggia A, Serretti A, Colombo C, Smeraldi E (2004). A single nucleotide polymorphism in glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta promoter gene influences onset of illness in patients affected by bipolar disorder. Neuroscience letters 355, 1-2, 37-40.
17. Benedetti F, Dallaspezia S, Fulgosi MC, Lorenzi C, Serretti A, Barbini B, Colombo C, Smeraldi E (2007). Actimetric evidence that CLOCK 3111 T/C SNP influences sleep and activity patterns in patients affected by bipolar depression. American journal of medical genetics part b neuropsychiatric genetics 144B, 5, 631-635.
18. Benedetti F, Serretti A, Colombo C, Barbini B, Lorenzi C, Campori E, Smeraldi E (2003). Influence of CLOCK gene polymorphism on circadian mood fluctuation and illness recurrence in bipolar depression. American journal of medical genetics part b neuropsychiatric genetics 123B, 23-26.
19. Bergiannaki JD, Soldatos CR, Paparrigopoulos TJ, Syrengelas M, Stefanis CN (1995). Low and high melatonin excretors among healthy individuals. Journal of pineal research 18, 159-164.
20. Borbely AA (1982). A two process model of sleep regulation. Human neurobiology 1, 3, 195-204.
21. Branchey L, Weinberg U, Branchey M, Linkowski P, Mendlewicz J (1982). Simultaneous study of 24-hour patterns of melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology 8, 5, 225-232.
22. Brown GM, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Cardinali DP (2009). Melatonin and its relevance to jet lag. Travel medicine and infectious disease 7, 69-81.
23. Brzezinski A, Vangel MG, Wurtman RJ, Norrie G, Zhdanova I, Ben Shushan A, Ford I (2005). Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep: a meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews 9, 1, 41-50.
24. Bunney JN, Potkin SG (2008). Circadian abnormalities, molecular clock genes and chronobiological treatments in depression. British medical bulletin 86, 23-32.
25. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, Vohra S, Klassen TP, Baker G (2006). Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. British medical journal 332, 7538, 385-393.
26. Buysse DJ, Nofzinger EA, Germain A, Meltzer CC, Wood A, Ombao H, Kupfer DJ, Moore RY (2004). Regional brain glucose metabolism during morning and evening wakefulness in humans: preliminary findings. Sleep 27, 7, 1245-1254.
27. Cardinali DP, Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V (2008). Circadian control by serotonin and melatonin receptors: Clinical relevance, in Serotonin and Sleep. Molecular, punctional and Clinical Aspects (Monti JM, Pandi-Perumal SR, Nutt DJ, eds) pp. 477-499, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel.
28. Cardinali DP, Srinivasan V, Brzezinski A, Brown GM (2011). Melatonin and its analogs in insomnia and depression. Journal of pineal research in press
29. Ceinos RM, Chansard M, Revel F, Calgari C, Miguez JM, Simonneaux V (2004). Analysis of adrenergic regulation of melatonin synthesis in Siberian hamster pineal emphasizes the role of HIOMT. Neurosignals 13, 6, 308317.
30. Celada P, Puig M, Amargos-Bosch M, Adell A, Artigas F (2004). The therapeutic role of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in depression. Journal of psychiatry and neuroscience 29, 4, 252-265.
31. Claustrat B, Chazot G, Brun J, Jordan D, Sassolas G (1984). A chronobiological study of melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed subjects: plasma melatonin, a biochemical marker in major depression. Biological psychiatry 19, 8, 1215-1228.
32. Coogan AN, Wyse CA (2008). Neuroimmunology of the circadian clock. Brain research 1232, 104-112.
33. Costa D, Mogos I, Toma T (1985). Efficacy and safety of mianserin in the treatment of depression of women with cancer. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica Suppl 320, 85-92.
34. Crasson M, Kjiri S, Colin A, Kjiri K, L'hermite-Baleriaux M, Ansseau M, Legros JJ (2004). Serum melatonin and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29, I, 1-12.
35. Crupi R, Mazzon E, Marino A, La Spada G, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S, Spina E (2010). Melatonin treatment mimics the antidepressant action in chronic corticosterone-treated mice. Journal of pineal research 49, 2, 123-129.
36. Dahl K, Avery DH, Lewy AJ, Savage MV, Brengelmann GL, Larsen LH, Vitiello MV, Prinz PN (1993). Dim light melatonin onset and circadian temperature during a constant routine in hypersomnic winter depression. Ada psychiatrica scandinavica 88, 1, 60-66.
37. Dardente H, Klosen P, Caldelas I, Pevet P, Masson-Pevet M (2002). Phenotype of Per1- and Per2-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a diurnal rodent (Arvicanthis ansorgei): comparison with a nocturnal species, the rat. Cell and tissue research 310, 1, 85-92.
38. de Boer T (1996). The pharmacologic profile of mirtazapine. Journal of clinical psychiatry 57 Suppl 4, 19-25.
39. DeMartinis NA, Winokur A (2007). Effects of psychiatric medications on sleep and sleep disorders. CNS & neurological disorders - drug targets 6, 1, 17-29.
40. Detanico BC, Piato AL, Freitas JJ, Lhullier FL, Hidalgo MP, Caumo W, Elisabetsky E (2009). Antidepressant-like effects of melatonin in the mouse chronic mild stress model. European Journal of Pharmacology. 607, 1-3, 121-125.
41. Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U (2010). The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annual review of physiology 72, 517-549.
42. Dijk DJ, Cajochen C (1997). Melatonin and the circadian regulation of sleep initiation, consolidation, structure, and the sleep EEG, Journal of biological rhythms 12, 6, 627-635.
43. Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardi- nali DP, Olcese J (2010). International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors. Nomenclature, classification and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors. Pharmacological reviews 62, 3, 343-380.
44. Dudley CA, Erbel-Sieler C, Estill SJ, Reick M, Franken P, Pitts S, McKnight SL (2003). Altered patterns of sleep and behavioral adaptability in NPAS2-deficient mice. Science 301, 5631, 379-383.
45. Duncan MJ, Jennes L, Jefferson JB, Brownfield MS (2000). Localization of serotonin5A receptors in discrete regions of the circadian timing system in the Syrian hamster. Brain research 869, 1-2, 178-185.
46. Ebisawa T, Uchiyama M, Kajimura N, Mishima K, Kamei Y, Katoh M, Watanabe T, Sekimoto M, Shibui K, Kim K, Kudo Y, Ozeki Y, Sugishita M, Toyoshima R, Inoue Y, Yamada N, Nagase T, Ozaki N, Ohara O, Ishida N, Okawa M, Takahashi K, Yamauchi T (2001). Association of structural polymorphisms in the human period3 gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome. EMBO reports 2, 4, 342346.
47. Edgar DM, Dement WC, Fuller CA (1993). Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation. Journal of neuroscience 13, 3, 1065-1079.
48. Einat H, Kronfeld-Schor N, Eilam D (2006). Sand rats see the light: short photoperiod induces a depression-like response in a diurnal rodent. Behavioral brain research 173, 1, 153157.
49. Ford DE, Kamerow DB (1989). Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention? Journal of the american medical association 262, 11, 1479-1484.
50. Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Fawcett J (2010). Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level metaanalysis. JAMA 303, 1, 47-53.
51. Fuller PM, Gooley JJ, Saper CB (2006). Neurobiology of the sleep-wake cycle: sleep architecture, circadian regulation, and regulatory feedback. Journal of biological rhythms 21, 482-493.
52. Galecki P, Szemraj J, Bartosz G, Bienkiewicz M, Galecka E, Florkowski A, Lewinski A, Karbownik-Lewinska M (2010). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and mRNA expression for melatonin synthesis rate-limiting enzyme in recurrent depressive disorder. Journal of pineal research 4, 311-317.
53. Gannon RL (2001). 5HT7 receptors in the rodent suprachiasmatic nucleus. Journal ofbiological rhythms 16, 1, 19-24.
54. Glass JD, Grossman GH, Farnbauch L, DiNardo L (2003). Midbrain raphe modulation of nonphotic circadian clock resetting and 5-HT release in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus. Journal of neuroscience 23, 20, 7451-7460.
55. Gorfine T, Assaf Y, Goshen-Gottstein Y, Yeshurun Y, Zisapel N.(2006) Sleep-anticipating effects of melatonin in the human brain. Neuroimage 31, 1, 410-418.
56. Gorfine T, Yeshurun Y, Zisapel N (2007). Nap and melatonin- induced changes in hippocampal activation and their role in verbal memory consolidation. Journal of pineal research 43, 3, 336-342
57. Gorfine T, Zisapel N (2007). Melatonin and the human hippocampus, a time dependant interplay. Journal of pineal research 43, 1, 80-86.
58. Grof E, Grof P, Brown GM, Arato M, Lane J (1985). Investigations of melatonin secretion in man. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology biological psychiatry 9, 5-6, 609-612.
59. Grossman GH, Farnbauch L, Glass JD (2004). Regulation of serotonin release in the Syrian hamster intergeniculate leaflet region. Neuroreport 15, 1, 103-106.
60. Guelfi JD, Ansseau M, Timmerman L, Korsgaard S (2001). Mirtazapine versus venlafaxine in hospitalized severely depressed patients with melancholic features. Journal of clinicalpsychopharmacology 21, 4, 425-431.
61. Guilleminault C (2005). Efficacy of agomelatine versus venlafaxine on subjective sleep of patients with major depressive disorder. European psychopharmacology 15 Suppl 3, S419.
62. Haddjeri N, Blier P, de Montigny C (1995). Noradrenergic modulation of central serotonergic neurotransmission: acute and long-term actions of mirtazapine. International clinical psychopharmacology 10 Suppl 4, 11-17.
63. Halberg F, Vestergaard P, Sakai M (1968). Rhythmometry on urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion by healthy men and women and patients with chronic schizophrenia; possible chronopathology in depressive illness. Archives d'anato- mie, d'histologie et d'embryologie normales et experimentales 51, 1, 299-311.
64. Hardeland R, Cardinali DP, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Brown GM, Pandi-Perumal SR (2011). Melatonin - a pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule. Progress in neurobiology 93, 350-384.
65. Hay-Schmidt A, Vrang N, Larsen PJ, Mikkelsen JD (2003). Projections from the raphe nuclei to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy 25, 293-310.
66. Hohjoh H, Takasu M, Shishikura K, Takahashi Y, Honda Y, Tokunaga K (2003). Significant association of the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Neurogenetics 4, 3, 151153.
67. Jindal RD, Thase ME (2004). Treatment of insomnia associated with clinical depression. Sleep medicine reviews 8, 1, 1930.
68. Johansson C, Willeit M, Smedh C, Ekholm J, Paunio T, Kieseppa T, Lichtermann D, Praschak-Rieder N, Neumeister A, Nilsson LG, Kasper S, Peltonen L, Adolfsson R, Schalling M, Partonen T (2003). Circadian clock-related polymorphisms in seasonal affective disorder and their relevance to diurnal preference. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 4, 734-739.
69. Jones CR, Campbell SS, Zone SE, Cooper F, DeSano A, Murphy PJ, Jones B, Czajkowski L, Ptacek LJ (1999). Familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome: A short-period circadian rhythm variant in humans. Nature medicne 5, 9, 1062-1065.
70. Kalsbeek A, Perreau-Lenz S, Buijs RM (2006). A network of (autonomic) clock outputs. Chronobiology international 23, 1-2, 201-215.
71. Kasper S, Hajak G, Wulff K, Hoogendijk WJ, Montejo AL, Smeraldi E, Rybakowski JK, Quera-Salva MA, Wirz- Justice AM, Picarel-Blanchot F, Bayle FJ (2010). Efficacy of the novel antidepressant agomelatine on the circadian rest-activity cycle and depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind comparison with sertraline. Journal of clinical psychiatry 71, 2, 109-120.
72. Katzenberg D, Young T, Lin L, Finn L, Mignot E (1999). A human period gene (HPER1) polymorphism is not associated with diurnal preference in normal adults. Psychiatric genetics 9, 2, 107-109.
73. Kennaway DJ, Moyer RW (1998). Serotonin 5-HT2c agonists mimic the effect of light pulses on circadian rhythms. Brain research 806, 2, 257-270.
74. Kennaway DJ, Moyer RW, Voultsios A, Varcoe TJ (2001). Serotonin, excitatory amino acids and the photic control of melatonin rhythms and SCN c-FOS in the rat. Brain research 897, 1-2, 36-43.
75. Kennedy SH, Emsley R (2006). Placebo-controlled trial of agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Europeanpsychopharmacology 16, 2, 93-100.
76. Kennedy SH, Kutcher SP, Ralevski E, Brown GM (1996). Nocturnal melatonin and 24-hour 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels in various phases of bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatry research 63, 2-3, 219-222.
77. Kennedy SH, Rizvi SJ (2010). Agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: potential for clinical effectiveness. CNS drugs 24, 6, 479-499.
78. Kennedy SH, Tighe S, McVey G, Brown GM (1989). Melatonin and cortisol "switches" during mania, depression, and euthymia in a drug-free bipolar patient. The journal of nervous and mental disease 177, 5, 300-303.
79. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT (2008). Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. Plos medicine 5, 2, e45.
80. Klein DC (2007). Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase: "the Timezyme". Journal of biological chemistry 282, 7, 42334237.
81. Knoch ME, Gobes SM, Pavlovska I, Su C, Mistlberger RE, Glass JD (2004). Short-term exposure to constant light promotes strong circadian phase-resetting responses to nonphotic stimuli in Syrian hamsters. European journal of neuroscience 19, 10, 2779-2790.
82. Kripke DF, Nievergelt CM, Joo E, Shekhtman T, Kelsoe JR (2009). Circadian polymorphisms associated with affective disorders. J circadian rhythms 7, 2.
83. Kripke DF, Risch SC, Janowsky D (1983). Bright white light alleviates depression. Psychiatry research 10, 2, 105-112.
84. Kupfer DJ (1982). Tricyclic antidepressants and EEG sleep in depressed patients, in Typical and Atypical Antidepressants in Clinical Practice (Costa E, Racagni G, eds). pp. 269279, Raven Press, New York.
85. Kupfer DJ (2006). Depression and associated sleep disturbances: patient benefits with agomelatine. European psychopharmacology 16 Suppl 5, S639-S643.
86. Kupfer DJ, Bowers MB, Jr. (1972). REM sleep and central monoamine oxidase inhibition. Psychopharmacologia 27, 3, 183-190.
87. Lavebratt C, Sjoholm LK, Soronen P, Paunio T, Vawter MP, Bunney We, Adolfsson R, Forsell Y, Wu JC, Kelsoe JR, Partonen T, Schalling M (2010). CRY2 is associated with depression. Plos one 5, 2, e9407.
88. Lavie P (1986). Ultrashort sleep-waking schedule. III. 'Gates' and 'forbidden zones' for sleep. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology 63, 5, 414-425.
89. Le Niculescu H, Patel SD, Bhat M, Kuczenski R, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, McMahon FJ, Schork NJ, Nurnberger JI, Jr., Niculescu AB, III (2009). Convergent functional genomics of genome-wide association data for bipolar disorder: comprehensive identification of candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms. American journal of medical genetics part b neuropsychiatric genetics 150B, 2, 155-181.
90. Leger D, Laudon M, Zisapel N (2004). Nocturnal 6- sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in insomnia and its relation to the response to melatonin replacement therapy. American journal of medicine 116, 2, 91-95.
91. Lerner AB, Case JD, Takahashi Y, Lee TH, Mori N (1958). Isolation of melatonin, a pineal factor.that lightens melanocytes. Journal of2the american chemical society 80, 2587.
92. Levoye A, Dam J, Ayoub MA, Guillaume JL, Couturier C, Delagrange P, Jockers R (2006a). The orphan GPR50 receptor specifically inhibits MTj melatonin receptor function through heterodimerization. EMBO journal 25, 13, 3012-3023.
93. Levoye A, Jockers R, Ayoub MA, Delagrange P, Savaskan E, Guillaume JL (2006b). Are G protein-coupled receptor heterodimers of physiological relevance?-Focus on melatonin receptors. Chronobiology international 23, 1 419-426.
94. Lewy AJ (2007). Melatonin and human chronobiology. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 72, 623-636.
95. Lewy AJ, Ahmed S, Jackson JM, Sack RL (1992). Melatonin shifts human circadian rhythms according to a phase- response curve. Chronobiology international 9, 5, 380-392.
96. Lewy AJ, Lefler BJ, Emens JS, Bauer VK (2006). The circadian basis of winter depression. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America 103, 19, 7414-7419.
97. Lewy AJ, Nurnberger JI, Jr., Wehr TA, Pack D, Becker LE, Powell RL, Newsome DA (1985). Supersensitivity to light: possible trait marker for manic-depressive illness. American journal of psychiatry 142, 6, 725-727.
98. Lewy AJ, Rough JN, Songer JB, Mishra N, Yuhas K, Emens JS. The phase shift hypothesis for the circadian component of winter depression. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience 9, 3, 291-300.
99. Lewy AJ, Sack RA, Singer CL (1984). Assessment and treatment of chronobiologic disorders using plasma melatonin levels and bright light exposure: the clock-gate model and the phase response curve. Psychopharmacology bulletin 20, 3, 561-565.
100. Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Singer CM, White DM, Hoban TM (1988). Winter depression and the phase-shift hypothesis for bright light's therapeutic effects: history, theory, and experimental evidence, Journal of biological rhythms 3, 2, 121-134.
101. Liu T, Borjigin J (2005). N-acetyltransferase is not the rate- limiting enzyme of melatonin synthesis at night. Journal of pineal research 39, 1, 91-96.
102. Long MA, Jutras MJ, Connors BW, Burwell RD (2005). Electrical synapses coordinate activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nature neuroscience 8, 1, 6166.
103. Loo H, Hale A, D'haenen H (2002). Determination of the dose of agomelatine, a melatoninergic agonist and selective 5- HT2g antagonist, in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled dose range study. International clinical psychopharmacology 17, 5, 239-247.
104. Lopes MC, Quera-Salva MA, Guilleminault C (2007). Non-REM sleep instability in patients with major depressive disorder: subjective improvement and improvement of non-REM sleep instability with treatment (Agomelatine). Sleep medicine 9, 1, 33-41.
105. Lustberg L, Reynolds CF (2000). Depression and insomnia: questions of cause and effect. Sleep medicine reviews 4, 3, 253-262.
106. Luthringer R, Toussaint M, Schaltenbrand N, Bailey P, Danjou PH, Hackett D, Guichoux JY, Macher JP (1996). A doubleblind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effects of orally administered venlafaxine on sleep in inpatients with major depression. Psychopharmacology bulletin 32, 4, 637-646.
107. Macintyre DJ, McGhee KA, Maclean AW, Afzal M, Briffa K, Henry B, Thomson PA, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH (2010). Association of GPR50, an X-linked orphan G protein- coupled receptor, and affective disorder in an independent sample of the Scottish population. Neuroscience letters 475, 3, 169-173.
108. Mansour HA, Wood J, Chowdari KV, Dayal M, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Monk TH, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL (2005). Circadian phase variation in bipolar I disorder. Chronobiology international 22, 3, 571-584.
109. Mansour HA, Wood J, Logue T, Chowdari KV, Dayal M, Kupfer DJ, Monk TH, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL (2006). Association study of eight circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. Genes, brain and behavior 5, 2, 150-157.
110. Maronde E, Stehle JH (2007). The mammalian pineal gland: known facts, unknown facets. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism 18, 4:142-149.
111. Mayers AG, Baldwin DS (2005). Antidepressants and their effect on sleep. Human psychopharmacology 20, 8, 533-559.
112. McClung CA (2007). Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacology & therapeutics 114, 2, 222-232.
113. McElroy SL, Winstanley EL, Martens B, Patel NC, Mori N, Moeller D, McCoy J, Keck PE, Jr. (2011). A randomized, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive ramelteon in ambulatory bipolar I disorder with manic symptoms and sleep disturbance. International clinical psychopharmacology 26, 1, 48-53
114. Millan MJ (2006). Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacology & therapeutics 110, 2, 135-370.
115. Millan MJ, Gobert A, Lejeune F, Dekeyne A, Newman-Tancredi A, Pasteau V, Rivet JM, Cussac D (2003). The novel melatonin agonist agomelatine (S20098) is an antagonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptors, blockade of which enhances the activity of frontocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways. Jpharmacol exp ther 306, 3, 954-964.
116. Mishima K, Tozawa T, Satoh K, Saitoh H, Mishima Y (2005). The 3111T/C polymorphism of hClock is associated with evening preference and delayed sleep timing in a Japanese population sample. American journal of medical genetics part b neuropsychiatric genetics 133B, 1, 101-104.
117. Moltzen EK, Bang-Andersen B (2006). Serotonin reuptake inhibitors: the corner stone in treatment of depression for half a century-a medicinal chemistry survey. Current topics in medicinal chemistry 6, 17, 1801-1823.
118. Monti JM (1989). Effect of a reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor (moclobemide) on sleep of depressed patients. British journal ofpsychiatry suppl 6, 61-65.
119. Moore RY (2007). Suprachiasmatic nucleus in sleep-wake regulation. Sleep medicine 8 Suppl 3, 27-33.
120. Morin LP, Allen CN (2006). The circadian visual system, 2005. Brain research reviews 51, 1, 1-60.
121. Moyer RW, Kennaway DJ (1999). Immunohistochemical localization of serotonin receptors in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience letters 271, 3, 147150.
122. Nair NP, Hariharasubramanian N, Pilapil C (1984). Circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin in endogenous depression. Progress in neuropsychopharmacology and biological psychiatry 8, 4-6, 715-718.
123. Nurnberger JI, Jr., Adkins S, Lahiri DK, Mayeda A, Hu K, Lewy A, Miller A, Bowman ES, Miller MJ, Rau L, Smiley C, Davis-Singh D (2000). Melatonin suppression by light in euthymic bipolar and unipolar patients. Archives of general psychiatry 57, 6, 572-579.
124. Ostroff RB, Nelson JC (1999). Risperidone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depression. Journal of clinical psychiatry 60, 4, 256-259.
125. Pandi-Perumal SR, Moscovitch A, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Cardinali DP, Brown GM (2009a). Bidirectional communication between sleep and circadian rhythms and its implications for depression: lessons from agomelatine. Progress in neurobiology 88, 4, 264-271.
126. Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Cardinali DP, Monti MJ (2006). Could agomelatine be the ideal antidepressant? Expert review of neurotherapeutics 6, 11, 1595-1608.
127. Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Moscovitch A, Hardeland R, Brown GM, Cardinali DP (2009b). Ramelteon: a review of its therapeutic potential in sleep disorders. Advances in therapy 26, 6, 613-626.
128. Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Spence DW, Yagon D, Cardinali DP (2008). The roles of melatonin and light in the pathophysiology and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Nature clinical practice neurology 4 (8), 436447.
129. Partonen T, Treutlein J, Alpman A, Frank J, Johansson C, Depner M, Aron L, Rietschel M, Wellek S, Soronen P, Paunio T, Koch A, Chen P, Lathrop M, Adolfsson R, Persson ML, Kasper S, Schalling M, Peltonen L, Schumann G (2007). Three circadian clock genes Per2, Arntl, and Npas2 contribute to winter depression. Annals of medicine 39, 3, 229-238.
130. Pickard GE, Weber ET, Scott PA, Riberdy AF, Rea MA (1996). 5HT1B receptor agonists inhibit light-induced phase shifts of behavioral circadian rhythms and expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Journal of neuroscience 16, 24, 8208-8220.
131. Pjrek E, Winkler D, Konstantinidis A, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, Kasper S (2007). Agomelatine in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 190, 4, 575-579.
132. Putilov AA, Russkikh GS, Pandi-Perumal SR (2005). Melatonin in Winter Depression, in Melatonin: Biological Basis of its punction in Health and Disease (Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP, eds) pp. 257-267, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, Tx.
133. Quera Salva MA, Vanier B, Laredo J, Hartley S, Chapotot F, Moulin C, Lofaso F, Guilleminault C (2007). Major depressive disorder, sleep EEG and agomelatine: an open- label study. International journal of neuropsychopharmacology 10, 5, 691-696.
134. Quera-Salva MA, Lemoine P, Guilleminault C (2010). Impact of the novel antidepressant agomelatine on disturbed sleep- wake cycles in depressed patients. Human psychopharmacology 25, 3, 222-229.
135. Redman J, Armstrong S, Ng KT (1983). Free-running activity rhythms in the rat: entrainment by melatonin. Science 219, 4588, 1089-1091.
136. Rishi MA, Shetty M, Wolff A, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA (2010). Atypical antipsychotic medications are independently associated with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Clinical neuropharmacology 33, 3, 109-113.
137. Ridout F, Shamsi Z, Meadows R, Johnson S, Hindmarch I (2003). A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled, crossover investigation of the effects of fexofenadine hydrochloride 180 mg alone and with alcohol, with hydroxyzine hydrochloride 50 mg as a positive internal control, on aspects of cognitive and psychomotor function related to driving a car. Clinical therapeutics 25, 1518-1538.
138. Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Beyer CE, Hughes ZA, Khawaja X, Rajarao SJ, Malberg JE, Rahman Z, Ring RH, Schechter LE (2007). Differentiating antidepressants of the future: efficacy and safety. Pharmacology & therapetics 113, 1, 134-153.
139. Roth T, Seiden D, Wang-Weigand S, Zhang J (2007). A 2-night, 3-period, crossover study of ramelteon's efficacy and safety in older adults with chronic insomnia. Current medical research and opinion 23, 5, 1005-1014.
140. Rouillon F (2006). Efficacy and tolerance profile of agomelatine and practical use in depressed patients. International clinical psychopharmacology 21 Suppl 1, S31-S35.
141. Roybal K, Theobold D, Graham A, DiNieri JA, Russo SJ, Krishnan V, Chakravarty S, Peevey J, Oehrlein N, Birnbaum S, Vitaterna MH, Orsulak P, Takahashi JS, Nestler EJ, Carlezon WA, Jr., McClung CA (2007). Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the UnitedStates of America 104, 15, 6406-6411.
142. Rubin RT, Heist EK, McGeoy SS, Hanada K, Lesser IM (1992). Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. XI. Serum melatonin measures in patients and matched control subjects. Archives of general psychiatry 7, 558-567.
143. Ruhe HG, Mason NS, Schene AH (2007). Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies. Molecular psychiatry 12, 4, 331-359.
144. Ruigt GS, Kemp B, Groenhout CM, Kamphuisen HA (1990). Effect of the antidepressant Org 3770 on human sleep. European journal of clinical pharmacology 38, 6, 551554.
145. Rush AJ, Armitage R, Gillin JC, Yonkers KA, Winokur A, Moldofsky H, Vogel GW, Kaplita SB, Fleming JB, Montplaisir J, Erman MK, Albala Bj, McQuade RD (1998). Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Biological psychiatry 44, 1, 3-14.
146. Salin-Pascual RJ, Galicia-Polo L, Drucker-Colin R (1997). Sleep changes after 4 consecutive days of venlafaxine administration in normal volunteers. Journal of clinical psychiatry 58, 8, 348-350.
147. Saper CB, Scammell TE, Lu J (2005). Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature 437, 7063, 12571263.
148. Scharf MB, Sachais BA (1990). Sleep laboratory evaluation of the effects and efficacy of trazodone in depressed insomniac patients. Journal of clinical psychiatry 51 Suppl, 13-17.
149. Schatzberg AF, Kremer C, Rodrigues HE, Murphy GM, Jr. (2002). Double-blind, randomized comparison of mirtazapine and paroxetine in elderly depressed patients. American journal of geriatric psychiatry 10, 5, 541-550.
150. Sekula LK, Lucke JF, Heist EK, Czambel RK, Rubin RT (1997). Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. XV: Mathematical modeling of nocturnal melatonin secretion in major depressives and normal controls. Psychiatry research 69, 2-3, 143-153.
151. Serretti A, Cusin C, Benedetti F, Mandelli L, Pirovano A, Zanardi R, Colombo C, Smeraldi E (2005). Insomnia improvement during antidepressant treatment and CLOCK gene polymorphism. American journal of medical genetics part b neuropsychiatric genetics 137B, 1, 36-39.
152. Sharpley AL, Cowen PJ (1995). Effect of pharmacologic treatments on the sleep of depressed patients. Biological psychiatry 37, 2, 85-98.
153. Sharpley AL, Williamson DJ, Attenburrow ME, Pearson G, Sargent P, Cowen PJ (1996). The effects of paroxetine and nefazodone on sleep: a placebo controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 126, 1, 50-54.
154. Shen J, Chung SA, Kayumov L, Moller H, Hossain N, Wang X, Deb P, Sun F, Huang X, Novak M, Appleton D, Shapiro CM (2006). Polysomnographic and symptomatological analyses of major depressive disorder patients treated with mirtazapine. Canadian journal of psychiatry 51, 1, 27-34.
155. Shi J, Wittke-Thompson JK, Badner jA, Hattori E, Potash JB, Willour VL, McMahon FJ, Gershon ES, Liu C (2008). Clock genes may influence bipolar disorder susceptibility and dysfunctional circadian rhythm. American journal of medical genetics part b neuropsychiatric genetics 147B, 1047-1055.
156. Smale L, Michels KM, Moore RY, Morin LP (1990). Destruction of the hamster serotonergic system by 5,7-DHT: effects on circadian rhythm phase, entrainment and response to triazolam. Brain research 515, 1-2, 9-19.
157. Smith WT, Londborg PD, Glaudin V, Painter JR (2002). Is extended clonazepam cotherapy of fluoxetine effective for outpatients with major depression? Journal of affective disorders 70, 3, 251-259.
158. Soria V, Martinez-Amoros E, Escaramis G, Valero J, Crespo JM, Gutierrez-Zotes A, Bayes M, Martorell L, Vilella E, Estivill X, Menchon JM, Gratacos M, Urretavizcaya M (2010a). Resequencing and association analysis of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) gene and its contribution to major depression susceptibility. Journal of pineal research 49, 1:35-44
159. Soria V, Martinez-Amoros E, Escaramis G, Valero J, Perez-Egea R, Garcia C, Gutierrez-Zotes A, Puigdemont D, Bayes M, Crespo JM, Martorell L, Vilella E, Labad A, Vallejo J, Perez V, Menchon JM, Estivill X, Gratacos M, Urretavizcaya M (2010b). Differential association of circadian genes with mood disorders: CRY1 and NPAS2 are associated with unipolar major depression and CLOCK and VIP with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 6, 12791289.
160. Srinivasan V, Smits M, Spence W, Lowe AD, Kayumov L, Pandi- Perumal SR, Parry B, Cardinali DP (2006). Melatonin in mood disorders. Worldjournal ofbiological psychiatry 7, 138-151.
161. rd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge MA
162. Stahl SM, Grady MM, Moret C, Briley M (2005). SNRIs: their pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability in comparison with other classes of antidepressants. CNS spectrums 10, 9, 732-747.
163. Stahl SM, Zhang L, Damatarca C, Grady M (2003). Brain circuits determine destiny in depression: a novel approach to the psychopharmacology of wakefulness, fatigue, and executive dysfunction in major depressive disorder. Journal of clinical psychiatry 64 Suppl 14, 6-17.
164. Staner L, Kerkhofs M, Detroux D, Leyman S, Linkowski P, Mendlewicz J (1995). Acute, subchronic and withdrawal sleep EEG changes during treatment with paroxetine and amitriptyline: a double-blind randomized trial in major depression. Sleep 18, 6, 470-477.
165. Terman M, Quitkin FM, Terman JS, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ (1987). The timing of phototherapy: effects on clinical response and the melatonin cycle. Psychopharmacology bulletin 23, 3, 354-357.
166. Thase ME (2006). Pharmacotherapy of bipolar depression: an update. Current psychiatry reports 8, 6, 478-488.
167. Thomson PA, Wray NR, Thomson AM, Dunbar DR, Grassie MA, Condie A, Walker MT, Smith DJ, Pulford DJ, Muir W, Blackwood DH, Porteous DJ (2005). Sex-specific association between bipolar affective disorder in women and GPR50, an X-linked orphan G protein-coupled receptor. Molecular psychiatry 10, 5, 470-478.
168. Travis RC, Allen NE, Peeters PH, van Noord PA, Key TJ (2003). Reproducibility over 5 years of measurements of 6- sulphatoxymelatonin in urine samples from postmenopausal women. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers& prevention 12, 8, 806-808.
169. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Armitage R, Gullion CM, Grannemann BD, Orsulak PJ, Roffwarg HP (1999). Effects of fluoxetine on the polysomnogram in outpatients with major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 5, 447-459.
170. Tsuno N, Besset A, Ritchie K (2005). Sleep and depression. Journal of clinical psychiatry 66, 10, 1254-1269.
171. Turek FW, Gillette MU (2004). Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythms: rationale for development of specific melatonin agonists. Sleep medicine 5, 6, 523-532.
172. Tuunainen A, Kripke DF, Elliott JA, Assmus JD, Rex KM, Klauber MR, Langer RD (2002). Depression and endogenous melatonin in postmenopausal women. Journal of affective disorders 69, 1-3, 149-158.
173. Varcoe TJ, Kennaway DJ (2008). Activation of 5-HT2g receptors acutely induces Per1 gene expression in the rat SCN in vitro. Brain research 1209, 19-28.
174. Vertes RP, Fortin WJ, Crane AM (1999). Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat. Journal of comparative neurology 407, 4, 555-582.
175. Viola AU, Archer SN, James LM, Groeger JA, Lo JC, Skene DJ, von Schantz M, Dijk DJ (2007). PER3 polymorphism predicts sleep structure and waking performance. Current biology 17, 7, 613-618.
176. Vogel GW, Buffenstein A, Minter K, Hennessey A (1990). Drug effects on REM sleep and on endogenous depression. Neuroscience & biobehav reviews 14, 1, 49-63.
177. Wang GY, Lee CG, Lee EJ (2004). Genetic variability of arylalkylamine-N-acetyl-transferase (AA-NAT) gene and human sleep/wake pattern. Chronobiology international 21, 2, 229-237.
178. Ware JC, Brown FW, Moorad PJ, Jr., Pittard JT, Cobert B (1989). Effects on sleep: a double-blind study comparing trimipramine to imipramine in depressed insomniac patients. Sleep 12, 6, 537-549.
179. Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Wirz-Justice A, Breitmaier J, Craig C (1982). 48-hour sleep-wake cycles in manic-depressive illness: naturalistic observations and sleep deprivation experiments. Archives of general psychiatry 39, 5, 559565.
180. Wehr TA, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE (1985). Antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation and phototherapy. Acta psychiatrica belgica 85, 5, 593-602.
181. Wilson S, Argyropoulos S (2005). Antidepressants and sleep: a qualitative review of the literature. Drugs 65, 7, 927-947.
182. Winokur A, DeMartinis NA, III, McNally DP, Gary EM, Cormier JL, Gary KA (2003). Comparative effects of mirtazapine and fluoxetine on sleep physiology measures in patients with major depression and insomnia. Journal of clinical psychiatry 64, 10, 1224-1229.
183. Winokur A, Gary KA, Rodner S, Rae-Red C, Fernando AT, Szuba MP (2001). Depression, sleep physiology, and antidepressant drugs. Depression and anxiety 14, 1, 1928.
184. Winokur A, Sateia MJ, Hayes JB, Bayles-Dazet W, MacDonald MM, Gary KA (2000). Acute effects of mirtazapine on sleep continuity and sleep architecture in depressed patients: a pilot study. Biological psychiatry 48, 1, 75-78.
185. Wirz-Justice A (2008). Diurnal variation of depressive symptoms. dialogues in clinical neuroscience 10, 3, 337-343.
186. Yang C, White DP, Winkelman JW (2005). Antidepressants and periodic leg movements of sleep. Biological psychiatry 58, 6, 510-514.
187. Zee PC, Manthena P (2007). The brain's master circadian clock: implications and opportunities for therapy of sleep disorders. Sleep medicine reviews 11, 1, 59-70.
188. Zhdanova IV (2005). Melatonin as a hypnotic: pro. Sleep medicine reviews 9, 1, 51-65