New particle formation at a remote site in the eastern Mediterranean

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 117, Issue 12, 2012, Pages

  Pikridas, Michael ^a,b   Riipinen, Ilona ^a,c   Hildebrandt, Lea ^c   Kostenidou, Evangelia ^a,b   Manninen, Hanna ^d   Mihalopoulos, Nikos ^e   Kalivitis, Nikos ^e   Burkhart, John F ^f   Stohl, Andreas ^f   Kulmala, Markku ^d   Pandis, Spyros N ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS   (Greece)

^b INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES   (Greece)

^c CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^f NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SULFUR DIOXIDE;

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AIR MASS; COASTAL STATION; EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN; ION SPECTROMETERS; NEW PARTICLE FORMATION; PARTICLE FORMATIONS; REMOTE SITES;

NUCLEATION;

ACIDITY; AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AEROSOL FORMATION; AIR MASS; AMMONIA; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; SULFUR DIOXIDE;

AEGEAN ISLANDS; CRETE; GREECE; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; MEDITERRANEAN SEA (EAST);

EID: 84862888786     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012JD017570     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Ball, S. M., D. R. Hanson, F. L. Eisele, and P. H. McMurry (1999), Laboratory studies of particle nucleation: Initial results for H 2SO4, H2O, and NH3 vapors, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,709-23,718.
2. Bardouki, H., H. Berresheim, M. Vrekoussis, J. Sciare, G. Kouvarakis, K. Oikonomou, J. Schneider, and N. Mihalopoulos (2003), Gaseous (DMS, MSA, SO 2, H2SO4 and DMSO) and particulate (sulfate and methanesulfonate) sulfur species over the northeastern coast of Crete, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1871-1886, doi:10.5194/acp-3-1871-2003.
3. Benson, D. R., M. E. Erupe, and S.-H. Lee (2009), Laboratory-measured H2SO4-H2O-NH3 ternary homogeneous nucleation rates: Initial observations, Geophys. Res. Lett, 36, L15818, doi:10.1029/2009GL038728.
4. Benson, D. R., J. H. Yu, A. Markovich, and S.-H. Lee (2011), Ternary homogeneous nucleation of H2SO4, NH3, and H2O under conditions relevant to the lower troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4755-4766, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4755-2011.
5. Berndt, T., et al. (2010), Laboratory study on new particle formation from the reaction OH + SO2: Influence of experimental conditions, H2O vapour, NH3 and the amine tert-butylamine on the overall process, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7101-7116, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7101- 2010.
6. Berresheim, H., C. Plass-Dülmer, T. Elste, N. Mihalopoulos, and F. Rohrer (2003), OH in the coastal boundary layer of Crete during MINOS: Measurements and relationship with ozone photolysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 639-649, doi:10.5194/acp-3-639-2003.
7. Birmili, W., F. Stratmann, and A. Wiedensohler (1999), Design of a DMA-based size spectrometer for a large particle size range and stable operation, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 549-553, doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(98)00047-0. (Pubitemid 29074237)
8. Boy, M., and M. Kulmala (2002), Nucleation events in the continental boundary layer: Influence of physical and meteorological parameters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 1-16, doi:10.5194/acp-2-1-2002.
9. Canagaratna, M. R., et al. (2007), Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 185-222, doi:10.1002/mas.20115. (Pubitemid 46491711)
10. Capaldo, K. P., C. Pilinis, and S. N. Pandis (2000), A computationally efficient hybrid approach for dynamic gas/aerosol transfer in air quality models, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3617-3627, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00092-3. (Pubitemid 30330753)
11. Carslaw, K. S., S. L. Clegg, and P. Brimblecombe (1995), A thermodynamic model of the system HCl-HNO3-H2SO4-H 2O, including solubilities of HBr, from <200 K to 328 K, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 11,557-11,574, doi:10.1021/j100029a039.
12. Charlson, R. J., and R. L. Heitzenberg (1995), Aerosol Forcing of Climate, John Wiley, New York.
13. Clegg, S., L. P. Brimblecombe, and A. S. Wexler (1998), A thermodynamic model of the system, H+-NH4+-SO24-NOJ-H 2O at tropospheric temperatures, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 2137-2154, doi:10.1021/jp973042r.
14. Coe, H., P. I. Williams, G. McFiggans, M. W. Gallagher, K. M. Beswick, K. N. Bower, and T. W. Choularton (2000), Behavior of ultrafine particles in continental and marine air masses at a rural site in the United Kingdom, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26,891-26,905, doi:10.1029/2000JD900234.
15. Coffman, D., and D. Hegg (1995), A preliminary study of the effect of ammonia on particle nucleation in the marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7147-7160, doi:10.1029/94JD03253.
16. Dal Maso, M., M. Kulmala, K. E. J. Lehtinen, J. M. Mäkelä, P. Aalto, and C. D. O'Dowd (2002), Condensation and coagulation sinks and formation of nucleation mode particles in coastal and boreal forest boundary layers, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 8097, doi:10.1029/2001JD001053. (Pubitemid 44793924)
17. Dal Maso, M., M. Kulmala, I. Riipinen, R. Wagner, T. Hussein, P. Aalto, and K. E. J. Lehtinen (2005), Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: Eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal, Environ. Res., 10, 323-336. (Pubitemid 41587373)
18. DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard, A. R. Ravishankara, C. E. Kolb, and M. J. Molina (1997), Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, JPL Publ. 97-4, 278, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif.
19. Drewnick, F., S. S. Hings, M. R. Alfarra, A. S. H. Prevot, and S. Borrmann (2009), Aerosol quantification with the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer: Detection limits and ionizer background effects, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 33-46, doi:10.5194/amt-2-33-2009.
20. Ehn, M., et al. (2010), Composition and temporal behavior of ambient ions in the boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8513-8530, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 8513-2010.
21. El-Geziry, T. M. A. (2010), Environmental impact assessment and process simulation of the tidal current energy resource in the strait of Messina, PhD thesis, Dept. of Eng. and Electron., Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U. K.
22. Engelhart, G. J., L. Hildebrandt, E. Kostenidou, N. Mihalopoulos, N. M. Donahue, and S. N. Pandis (2011), Water content of aged aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 911-920, doi:10.5194/acp-11-911-2011.
23. Erupe, M. E., A. A. Viggiano, and S.-H. Lee (2011), The effect of trimethy-lamine on atmospheric nucleation involving H2SO4, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4767-4775, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4767-2011.
24. Hildebrandt, L., et al. (2010a), Aged organic aerosol in the eastern Mediterranean: The Finokalia aerosol measurement experiment-2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4167-4186, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4167-2010.
25. Hildebrandt, L., E. Kostenidou, D. R. Worsnop, N. Mihalopoulos, N. M. Donahue, and S. N. Pandis (2010b), Formation of highly oxygenated organic aerosol in the atmosphere: Insights from the Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23801, doi:10.1029/2010GL045193.
26. Hirsikko, A., L. Laakso, U. Hõrrak, P. P. Aalto, V.-M. Kerminen, and M. Kulmala (2005), Annual and size dependent variation of growth rates and ion concentrations in boreal forest, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 357-369. (Pubitemid 41587375)
27. Hirsikko, A., T. Bergman, L. Laakso, M. Dal Maso, I. Riipinen, U. Hõrrak, and M. Kulmala (2007), Identification and classification of the formation of intermediate ions measured in boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 201-210, doi:10.5194/acp-7-201-2007. (Pubitemid 46131321)
28. Jayne, J. T., D. C. Leard, X. F. Zhang, P. Davidovits, K. A. Smith, C. E. Kolb, and D. R. Worsnop (2000), Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33, 49-70, doi:10.1080/027868200410840. (Pubitemid 32001928)
29. Jimenez, J. L., R. Bahreini, D. R. Cocker III, H. Zhuang, V. Varutbangkul, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, C. D. O'Dowd, and T. Hoffmann (2003), New particle formation from photooxidation of diiodomethane (CH 2I2), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D10), 4318, doi:10.1029/2002JD002452.
30. Jung, J., P. J. Adams, and S. N. Pandis (2006), Simulating the size distribution and chemical composition of ultrafine particles during nucleation events, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2248-2259, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.082. (Pubitemid 43375172)
31. Jung, J. G., S. N. Pandis, and P. J. Adams (2008), Evaluation of nucleation theories in a sulfur-rich environment, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 42, 495-504, doi:10.1080/02786820802187085. (Pubitemid 351919835)
32. Junninen, H., et al. (2010), A high-resolution mass spectrometer to measure atmospheric ion composition, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1039-1053, doi:10.5194/amt-3-1039-2010.
33. Kalivitis, N., W. Birmili, M. Stock, B. Wehner, A. Massling, A. Wiedensohler, E. Gerasopoulos, and N. Mihalopoulos (2008), Particle size distributions in the eastern Mediterranean troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6729-6738, doi:10.5194/acp-8-6729-2008.
34. Kanawade, V. P., B. T. Jobson, A. B. Guenther, M. E. Erupe, S. N. Pressley, S. N. Tripathi, and S.-H. Lee (2011) Isoprene suppression of new particle formation in a mixed deciduous forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6013-6027, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6013-2011.
35. Korhonen, P., M. Kulmala, A. Laaksonen, Y. Viisanen, R. McGraw, and J. H. Seinfeld (1999), Ternary nucleation of H2SO4, NH 3, and H2O in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26,349-26,353, doi:10.1029/1999JD900784.
36. Koulouri, E., S. Saarikoski, C. Theodosi, Z. Markaki, E. Gerasopoulos, G. Kouvarakis, T. Makela, R. Hillamo, and N. Mihalopoulos (2008), Chemical composition and sources of fine and coarse aerosol particles in the eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6542-6550, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04. 010.
37. Kouvarakis, G., K. Tsigaridis, M. Kanakidou, and N. Mihalopoulos (2000), Temporal variations of surface regional background ozone over Crete Island in the southeast Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4399-4407, doi:10.1029/1999JD900984.
38. Kouvarakis, G., N. Mihalopoulos, T. Tselepides, and S. Stavrakakis (2001), On the importance of atmospheric nitrogen inputs on the productivity of eastern Mediterranean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 805-818, doi:10.1029/2001GB001399. (Pubitemid 34068278)
39. Kulmala, M., and A. Laaksonen (1990), Binary nucleation of water-sulfuric acid system: Comparison of classical theories with different H 2SO4 saturation vapour pressures, J. Chem. Phys., 93, 696-701, doi:10.1063/1.459519.
40. Kulmala, M., L. Pirjola, and J. M. Mäkelä (2000), Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles, Nature, 404, 66-69, doi:10.1038/35003550. (Pubitemid 30143131)
41. Kulmala, M., et al. (2001), Overview of the international project on bio-genic aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR), Tellus, Ser. B, 53, 324-343, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.530402.x. (Pubitemid 32895232)
42. Kulmala, M., P. Korhonen, I. Napari, A. Karlsson, H. Berresheim, and C. D. O'Dowd (2002), Aerosol formation during PARFORCE: Ternary nucleation of H2SO4, NH3, and H2O, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 8111, doi:10.1029/2001JD000900. (Pubitemid 44793937)
43. Kulmala, M., H. Vehkamäki, T. Petaja, M. Dal Maso, A. Lauri, V.-M. Kerminen, W. Birmili, and P. H. McMurry (2004), Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: A review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143-176, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.10.003. (Pubitemid 38115144)
44. Kulmala, M., K. E. J. Lehtinen, and A. Laaksonen (2006), Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence of the formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 787-793, doi:10.5194/acp-6-787-2006.
45. Kulmala, M., et al. (2009), Introduction: European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI): Integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2825-2841, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2825-2009.
46. Laaksonen, A., R. McGraw, and H. Vehkamäki (1999), Liquid-drop formalism and free-energy surface in binary homogeneous nucleation theory, J. Chem. Phys., 111, 2019-2027, doi:10.1063/1.479470. (Pubitemid 129576277)
47. Lee, Y.-G., H.-W. Lee, M.-S. Kim, C. Y. Choi, and J. Kim (2008) Characteristics of particle formation events in the coastal region of Korea in 2005, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3729-3739.
48. Lovejoy, E. R., J. Curtius, and K. D. Froyd (2004), Atmospheric ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08204, doi:10.1029/2003JD004460. (Pubitemid 38904635)
49. Lushnikov, A. A., and M. Kulmala (1998), Dimers in nucleating vapours, Phys. Rev. E, 58, 3157-3167, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.58.3157.
50. Lyubovtseva, Y. S., L. Sogacheva, M. Dal Maso, B. Bonn, P. Keronen, and M. Kulmala (2005), Seasonal variations of trace gases, meteorological parameters, and formation of aerosols in boreal forests, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 493-510. (Pubitemid 41812938)
51. Manninen, H. E., et al. (2010), EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites-analysis of new-particle formation events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7907-7927, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010.
52. Massucci, M., S. L. Clegg, and P. Brimblecombe (1999), Equilibrium partial pressures, thermodynamic properties of aqueous and solid phases, and Cl2 production from aqueous HCl and HNO3 and their mixtures, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 4209-4226, doi:10.1021/jp9847179. (Pubitemid 129570902)
53. Meng, Z., and J. H. Seinfeld (1996), Timescales to achieve atmospheric gas-aerosol equilibrium for volatile species, Atmos. Environ., 30, 2889-2900, doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00493-9. (Pubitemid 26163173)
54. Merikanto, J., I. Napari, H. Vehkamäki, T. Anttila, and M. Kulmala (2007), New parameterization of sulfuric acid-ammonia-water ternary nucleation rates at tropospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D15207, doi:10.1029/2006JD007977. (Pubitemid 47534414)
55. Metzger, A., et al. (2010), Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle formation under atmospheric conditions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 107, 6646-6651, doi:10.1073/pnas.0911330107.
56. Mihalopoulos, N., E. Stephanou, M. Kanakidou, S. Pilitsidis, and P. Bousquet (1997), Tropospheric aerosol ionic composition above the eastern Mediterranean area, Tellus, Ser. B, 49, 314-326.
57. Mirme, A., E. Tamm, G. Mordas, M. Vana, J. Uin, S. Mirme, T. Bernotas, L. Laakso, A. Hirsikko, and M. Kulmala (2007), A wide-range multichannel Air Ion Spectrometer, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 247-264. (Pubitemid 47147269)
58. Modini, R. L., Z. D. Ristovski, G. R. Johnson, C. He, N. Surawski, L. Morawska, T. Suni, and M. Kulmala (2009), New particle formation and growth at a remote, sub-tropical coastal location, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7607-7621, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7607-2009.
59. Napari, I., M. Noppel, H. Vehkamäki, and M. Kulmala (2002), Parametriza-tion of ternary nucleation rates for H2SO 4-NH3-H2O vapors, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4381, doi:10.1029/2002JD002132. (Pubitemid 43206204)
60. O'Dowd, C. D., and G. de Leeuw (2007), Marine aerosol production: A review of the current knowledge, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 365, 1753-1774, doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2043.
61. O'Dowd, C. D., and T. Hoffmann (2005), Coastal new particle formation: A review of the current state-of-the-art, Environ. Chem., 2, 245-255, doi:10.1071/EN05077. (Pubitemid 41801203)
62. O'Dowd, C. D., L. J. Jimenez, R. Bahreini, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, K. Hämeri, L. Pirjola, M. Kulmala, S. G. Jennings, and T. Hoffmann (2002a), Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions, Nature, 417, 632-636, doi:10.1038/nature00775. (Pubitemid 34614818)
63. O'Dowd, C. D., et al. (2002b), Coastal new particle formation: Environmental conditions and aerosol physicochemical characteristics during nucleation bursts, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 8107, doi:10.1029/2000JD000206. (Pubitemid 44793934)
64. Pikridas, M., et al. (2010), The Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment-2008 (FAME-08), An overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6793-6806, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6793-2010.
65. Riipinen, I., et al. (2007), Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III-IV campaigns in Heidelberg and Hyytiälä, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1899-1914, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1899- 2007. (Pubitemid 46615537)
66. Riipinen, I., et al. (2011), Organic condensation-a vital link connecting aerosol formation to climate forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3865-3878, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3865-2011.
67. Russell, L. M., A. A. Mensah, E. V. Fischer, B. C. Sive, R. K. Varner, W. C. Keene, J. Stutz, and A. A. P. Pszenny (2007), Nanoparticle growth following photochemical a-and b-pinene oxidation at Apple-dore Island during International Consortium for Research on Transport and Transformation/Chemistry of Halogens at the Isles of Shoals 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S21, doi:10.1029/ 2006JD007736. (Pubitemid 47193683)
68. Seibert, P., and A. Frank (2004), Source-receptor matrix calculation with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model in backward mode, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 51-63, doi:10.5194/acp-4-51-2004. (Pubitemid 39073750)
69. Seinfeld, J. H., and S. N. Pandis (1998), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley, New York.
70. Sihto, S.-L., et al. (2006), Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: Implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4079-4091, doi:10.5194/acp-6-4079- 2006. (Pubitemid 44373019)
71. Stanier, C. O., A. Y. Khlystov, and S. N. Pandis (2004) Nucleation events during the Pittsburgh air quality study, description and relation to key meteorological, gas phase, and aerosol parameters, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 38, 253-264, doi:10.1080/02786820390229570. (Pubitemid 38667979)
72. Stohl, A., V. Forster, A. Frank, P. Seibert, and G. Wotawa (2005), Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461-2474, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2461-2005. (Pubitemid 41479781)
73. Takahama, S., A. E. Wittig, D. V. Vayenas, C. I. Davidson, and S. N. Pandis (2004), Modeling the diurnal variation of nitrate during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16S06, doi:10.1029/2003JD004149. (Pubitemid 39428420)
74. Vana, M., M. Ehn, T. Petäjä, H. Vuollekoski, P. Aalto, G. de Leeuw, D. Ceburnis, C. D. O'Dowd, and M. Kulmala (2008), Characteristic features of air ions at Mace Head on the west coast of Ireland, Atmos. Res., 90, 278, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.04.007.
75. Vehkamäki, H., M. Kulmala, I. Napari, K. E. J. Lehtinen, C. Timmreck, M. Noppel, and A. Laaksonen (2002), An improved parameterization for sulfuric acid-water nucleation rates for tropospheric and stratospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D22), 4622, doi:10.1029/2002JD002184. (Pubitemid 43211904)
76. Vehkamäki, H., et al. (2004), Atmospheric particle formation events at Värriö measurement station in Finnish Lapland 1998-2002, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2015-2023, doi:10.5194/acp-4-2015-2004. (Pubitemid 39437535)
77. Weber, R. J., P. H. McMurry, R. L. Mauldin III, D. J. Tanner, F. L. Eisele, A. D. Clarke, and V. N. Kapustin (1999), New particle formation in the remote troposphere: A comparison of observations at various sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(3), 307-310, doi:10.1029/1998GL900308. (Pubitemid 29321807)
78. Wen, J., Y. Zhao, and A. S. Wexler (2006), Marine particle nucleation: Observation at Bodega Bay, California, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08207, doi:10.1029/2005JD006210.
79. Wexler, A. S., and J. H. Seinfeld (1992), Analysis of aerosol ammonium nitrate: Departures from equilibrium during SCAQS, Atmos. Environ., 26A, 579-591.
80. Whitehead, J. D., G. B. McFiggans, M. W. Gallagher, and M. J. Flynn (2009), Direct linkage between tidally driven coastal ozone deposition fluxes, particle emission fluxes, and subsequent CCN formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04806, doi:10.1029/2008GL035969.
81. Yli-Juuti, T., et al. (2011), Growth rates of nucleation mode particles in Hyytiälä during 2003-2009: Variation with particle size, season, data analysis method and ambient conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12,865-12,886, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12865-2011.