Atrial fibrillation and heart failure in the elderly

Heart Failure Reviews

Volumn 17, Issue 4-5, 2012, Pages 597-613

  Kazemian, Pedram ^a   Oudit, Gavin ^a   Jugdutt, Bodh I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aging; Antiarrhythmics; Anticoagulation; Atrial fibrillation; Catheter ablation; Heart failure

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMIODARONE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DABIGATRAN; DIGITALIS; DIGOXIN; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DOFETILIDE; DRONEDARONE; ENCAINIDE; FLECAINIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IBUTILIDE; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; PLACEBO; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPAFENONE; QUINIDINE; RENIN INHIBITOR; SOTALOL; VERAPAMIL; WARFARIN;

ACUTE LIVER FAILURE; AGED; AGING; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BLEEDING; BRADYCARDIA; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CARDIOVERSION; CATHETER ABLATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELDERLY CARE; EMBOLISM; EYE TOXICITY; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GENE MUTATION; GERIATRIC PATIENT; HEART ATRIUM ENLARGEMENT; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HOLTER MONITORING; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG TOXICITY; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MORBIDITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; QT PROLONGATION; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SINUS RHYTHM; SKIN TOXICITY; STROKE; SUDDEN DEATH; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THYROID DISEASE; TORSADE DES POINTES; UNITED STATES; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ANTICOAGULANTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CATHETER ABLATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84862683023     PISSN: 13824147     EISSN: 15737322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10741-011-9290-y     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. AD Krahn J Manfreda RB Tate FA Mathewson TE Cuddy 1995 The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba follow-up study Am J Med 98 476 484 7733127 1:STN:280: DyaK2M3ltVyjsw%3D%3D
2. BM Psaty TA Manolio LH Kuller, et al. 1997 Incidence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in older adults Circulation 96 2455 2461 9337224 1:STN:280:DyaK2svnslWlsw%3D%3D
3. WM Feinberg JL Blackshear A Laupacis R Kronmal RG Hart 1995 Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications Arch Intern Med 155 469 473 7864703 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7mvV2nsg%3D%3D
4. D Lloyd-Jones RJ Adams TM Brown, et al. 2010 Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association Circulation 121 e46 e215 20019324
5. AS Go 2005 The epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in elderly persons: the tip of the iceberg Am J Geriatr Cardiol 14 56 61 15785146
6. Y Miyasaka ME Barnes BJ Gersh, et al. 2006 Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence Circulation 114 119 125 16818816
7. AS Go EM Hylek KA Phillips, et al. 2001 Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study JAMA 285 2370 2375 11343485 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ntleitQ%3D%3D
8. PA Wolf RD Abbott WB Kannel 1991 Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study Stroke 22 983 988 1866765 1:STN:280:DyaK3Mzislektg%3D%3D
9. FR Lake KJ Cullen NH de Klerk MG McCall DL Rosman 1989 Atrial fibrillation and mortality in an elderly population Aust N Z J Med 19 321 326 2789508 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzptFyqtA%3D%3D
10. SJ Phillips JP Whisnant WM O'Fallon RL Frye 1990 Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in residents of Rochester, Minnesota Mayo Clin Proc 65 344 359 2248634 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7ovF2lsw%3D%3D
11. CD Furberg BM Psaty TA Manolio JM Gardin VE Smith PM Rautaharju 1994 Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in elderly subjects (the Cardiovascular Health Study) Am J Cardiol 74 236 241 8037127 1:STN:280:DyaK2czhtFaiuw%3D%3D
12. M Langenberg BS Hellemons JW van Ree, et al. 1996 Atrial fibrillation in elderly patients: prevalence and comorbidity in general practice BMJ 313 1534 8978233 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7jt1yktg%3D%3D
13. J Heeringa DA van der Kuip A Hofman, et al. 2006 Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study Eur Heart J 27 949 953 16527828
14. R Wolk P Kulakowski S Karczmarewicz, et al. 1996 The incidence of asymptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients treated with propranolol or propafenone Int J Cardiol 54 207 211 8818742 1:STN:280:DyaK28vhsFygtw%3D%3D
15. WB Kannel PA Wolf EJ Benjamin D Levy 1998 Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates Am J Cardiol 82 2N 9N 9809895 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FisFOltQ%3D%3D
16. RH Falk 1998 Etiology and complications of atrial fibrillation: insights from pathology studies Am J Cardiol 82 10N 17N 9809896 1:STN:280: DyaK1M%2FisFOlug%3D%3D
17. LP Lai CC Tsai MJ Su, et al. 2003 Atrial fibrillation is associated with accumulation of aging-related common type mitochondrial DNA deletion mutation in human atrial tissue Chest 123 539 544 12576378 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhslKmt7k%3D
18. DE Manyari C Patterson D Johnson L Melendez WJ Kostuk RD Cape 1990 Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in asymptomatic active elderly subjects: correlation with left atrial size and left ventricular mass Am Heart J 119 1069 1076 2330865 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3jtlWgtQ%3D%3D
19. NH Pan HM Tsao NC Chang, et al. 2008 Aging dilates atrium and pulmonary veins: implications for the genesis of atrial fibrillation Chest 133 190 196 18187745
20. OA Centurión S Isomoto A Shimizu, et al. 2003 The effects of aging on atrial endocardial electrograms in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation Clin Cardiol 26 435 438 14524602
21. Atrial fibrillation investigators (AFI) 1994 Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials Arch Intern Med 154 1449 1457
22. HJ Lin PA Wolf M Kelly-Hayes, et al. 1996 Stroke severity in atrial fibrillation. The Framingham study Stroke 27 1760 1764 8841325 1:STN:280:DyaK28vjvV2qsg%3D%3D
23. TJ Bunch JP Weiss BG Crandall, et al. 2010 Atrial fibrillation is independently associated with senile, vascular, and Alzheimer's dementia Heart Rhythm 7 433 437 20122875
24. VL Roger AS Go DM Lloyd-Jones, et al. 2011 Heart disease and stroke statistics-2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association Circulation 123 e18 e209 21160056
25. DL Dries DV Exner BJ Gersh MJ Domanski MA Waclawiw LW Stevenson 1998 Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk for mortality and heart failure progression in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD trials. Studies of left ventricular dysfunction J Am Coll Cardiol 32 695 703 9741514 1:STN:280:DyaK1cvht1Gntw%3D%3D
26. WH Maisel LW Stevenson 2003 Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and rationale for therapy Am J Cardiol 91 2D 8D 12670636
27. HR Middlekauff WG Stevenson LW Stevenson 1991 Prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in advanced heart failure. A study of 390 patients Circulation 84 40 48 2060110 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3osVentA%3D%3D
28. SA Hunt WT Abraham MH Chin, et al. 2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Circulation 119 e391 e479 19324966
29. K Dickstein A Cohen-Solal G Filippatos, et al. 2008 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) Eur Heart J 29 2388 2442 18799522 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlGisbvO
30. BI Jugdutt 2010 Heart failure in the elderly: advances and challenges Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 8 695 715 20450303
31. A Jelani BI Jugdutt 2010 STEMI and heart failure in the elderly: role of adverse remodeling Heart Fail Rev 15 513 521 20549342
32. M Naito D David EL Michelson M Schaffenburg LS Dreifus 1983 The hemodynamic consequences of cardiac arrhythmias: evaluation of the relative roles of abnormal atrioventricular sequencing, irregularity of ventricular rhythm and atrial fibrillation in a canine model Am Heart J 106 284 289 6869209 1:STN:280:DyaL3s3lt1yqtg%3D%3D
33. EG Daoud R Weiss M Bahu, et al. 1996 Effect of an irregular ventricular rhythm on cardiac output Am J Cardiol 78 1433 1436 8970422 1:STN:280: DyaK2s7isFensQ%3D%3D
34. T Linderer K Chatterjee WW Parmley RE Sievers SA Glantz JV Tyberg 1983 Influence of atrial systole on the Frank-Starling relation and the end-diastolic pressure-diameter relation of the left ventricle Circulation 67 1045 1053 6831669 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7ls1WjsQ%3D%3D
35. G Keren A Bier J Sherez D Miura D Keefe T LeJemtel 1986 Atrial contraction is an important determinant of pulmonary venous flow J Am Coll Cardiol 7 693 695 3950247 1:STN:280:DyaL287ktFeitg%3D%3D
36. BI Jugdutt 2008 Aging and remodeling during healing of the wounded heart: current therapies and novel drug targets Curr Drug Targets 9 325 344 18393826 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkvFeltrw%3D
37. M Pozzoli G Cioffi E Traversi, et al. 1998 Predictors of primary atrial fibrillation and concomitant clinical and hemodynamic changes in patients with chronic heart failure: a prospective study in 344 patients with baseline sinus rhythm J Am Coll Cardiol 32 197 204 9669270 1:STN:280:DyaK1czjtF2gsQ%3D%3D
38. GW Moe TP Stopps C Angus C Forster AJ De Bold PW Armstrong 1989 Alterations in serum sodium in relation to atrial natriuretic factor and other neuroendocrine variables in experimental pacing-induced heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 13 173 179 2521228 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhtlaqtL0%3D
39. GW Moe EA Grima NL Wong RJ Howard PW Armstrong 1996 Plasma and cardiac tissue atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in experimental heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 27 720 727 8606288 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xit1Cksrw%3D
40. GW Moe P Armstrong 1999 Pacing-induced heart failure: a model to study the mechanism of disease progression and novel therapy in heart failure Cardiovasc Res 42 591 599 10533598 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjs1Sjtbg%3D
41. DM Eble FG Spinale 1995 Contractile and cytoskeletal content, structure, and mRNA levels with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy Am J Physiol 268 H2426 H2439 7611495 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmvVOqtrk%3D
42. FG Spinale JL Zellner WS Johnson DM Eble PD Munyer 1996 Cellular and extracellular remodeling with the development and recovery from tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: changes in fibrillar collagen, myocyte adhesion capacity and proteoglycans J Mol Cell Cardiol 28 1591 1608 8877770 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XlsF2jt7w%3D
43. FG Spinale ML Coker CV Thomas JD Walker R Mukherjee L Hebbar 1998 Time-dependent changes in matrix metalloproteinase activity and expression during the progression of congestive heart failure: relation to ventricular and myocyte function Circ Res 82 482 495 9506709 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhs1ylt74%3D
44. M Kohno T Horio I Toda, et al. 1992 Cosecretion of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides during supraventricular tachyarrhythmias Am Heart J 123 1382 1384 1533489 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XltV2hs7k%3D
45. TH Everett H Li M Mangram, et al. 2000 Electrical, morphological, and ultrastructural remodeling and reverse remodeling in a canine model of chronic atrial fibrilation Circulation 102 1454 1460 10993867
46. B Burstein S Nattel 2008 Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 51 802 809 18294563 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitlequ7s%3D
47. D Li S Fareh S Nattel 1999 Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort Circulation 100 87 95 10393686 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzit1Cltw%3D%3D
48. D Li P Melnyk J Feng, et al. 2000 Effects of experimental heart failure on atrial cellular and ionic electrophysiology Circulation 101 2631 2638 10840016 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXks1SgsbY%3D
49. CS Lin LP Lai JL Lin, et al. 2007 Increased expression of extracellular matrix proteins in rapid atrial pacing-induced atrial fibrillation Heart Rhythm 4 938 949 17599682
50. CH Pan JL Lin LP Lai, et al. 2007 Downregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme II is associated with pacing-induced sustained atrial fibrillation FEBS Lett 581 526 534 17254576 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVKmsro%3D
51. D Li K Shinagawa L Pang, et al. 2001 Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure Circulation 104 2608 2614 11714658 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xht1Cjtg%3D%3D
52. MM Redfield SJ Jacobsen JC Burnett Jr DW Mahoney KR Bailey RJ Rodeheffer 2003 Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic JAMA 289 194 202 12517230
53. MR Zile DL Brutsaert 2002 New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: part II: causal mechanisms and treatment Circulation 105 1503 1508 11914262
54. DE Selby BM Palmer MM LeWinter M Meyer 2011 Tachycardia-induced diastolic dysfunction and resting tone in myocardium from patients with a normal ejection fraction J Am Coll Cardiol 58 147 154 21718911
55. SF Nagueh CP Appleton TC Gillebert, et al. 2009 Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22 107 133 19187853
56. G Gerstenblith J Frederiksen FC Yin NJ Fortuin EG Lakatta ML Weisfeldt 1977 Echocardiographic assessment of a normal adult aging population Circulation 56 273 278 872321 1:STN:280:DyaE2s3gtlKhuw%3D%3D
57. TS Tsang BJ Gersh CP Appleton, et al. 2002 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of the first diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in 840 elderly men and women J Am Coll Cardiol 40 1636 1644 12427417
58. T Satoh DP Zipes 1996 Unequal atrial stretch in dogs increases dispersion of refractoriness conducive to developing atrial fibrillation J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 7 833 842 8884512 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FjvV2gsw%3D%3D
59. C Knackstedt F Gramley T Schimpf, et al. 2008 Association of echocardiographic atrial size and atrial fibrosis in a sequential model of congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Pathol 17 318 324 18402824
60. A Goette T Staack C Rocken, et al. 2000 Increased expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and angiotensin-converting enzyme in human atria during atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 35 1669 1677 10807475 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjvVWjsLg%3D
61. BI Jugdutt 2003 Ventricular remodeling postinfarction and the extracellular collagen matrix. When is enough enough? Circulation 108 1395 1403 12975244
62. BI Jugdutt 2003 Remodeling of the myocardium and potential targets in the collagen degradation and synthesis pathways Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord 3 1 30 12769643 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsFKmur0%3D
63. MP Schneider TA Hua M Bohm K Wachtell SE Kjeldsen RE Schmieder 2010 Prevention of atrial fibrillation by Renin-Angiotensin system inhibition a meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2299 2307 20488299
64. M Sakabe A Shiroshita-Takeshita A Maguy, et al. 2007 Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent atrial fibrillation associated with heart failure but not atrial tachycardia remodeling Circulation 116 2101 2109 17967774 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1elsrjI
65. PR Kowey JA Reiffel KA Ellenbogen GV Naccarelli CM Pratt 2010 Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 304 2363 2372 21078810 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFWqs7nJ
66. SH Hohnloser KH Kuck J Lilienthal 2000 Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation-Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF): a randomised trial Lancet 356 1789 1794 11117910 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3M%2FmtlOlsQ%3D%3D
67. SH Hohnloser KH Kuck 2001 Randomized trial of rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation: the Pharmacological Intervention in Atril Fibrillation Trial (PIAF) Eur Heart J 22 801 802 11350085 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3lt1ChsQ%3D%3D
68. GC Gronefeld J Lilienthal KH Kuck SH Hohnloser 2003 Impact of rate versus rhythm control on quality of life in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Results from a prospective randomized study Eur Heart J 24 1430 1436 12909072
69. DG Wyse AL Waldo JP DiMarco, et al. 2002 A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 347 1825 1833 12466506 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38jgslKgug%3D%3D
70. JS Steinberg A Sadaniantz J Kron A Krahn DM Denny J Daubert WB Campbell E Havranek K Murray B Olshansky G O'Neill M Sami S Schmidt R Storm M Zabalgoitia J Miller M Chandler EM Nasco HL Greene 2004 Analysis of cause-specific mortality in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study Circulation 109 16 1973 1980 15051639
71. IC Van Gelder VE Hagens HA Bosker, et al. 2002 A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 347 1834 1840 12466507
72. J Carlsson S Miketic J Windeler, et al. 2003 Randomized trial of rate-control versus rhythm-control in persistent atrial fibrillation: the Strategies of Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (STAF) study J Am Coll Cardiol 41 1690 1696 12767648
73. G Opolski A Torbicki DA Kosior, et al. 2004 Rate control vs. rhythm control in patients with nonvalvular persistent atrial fibrillation: the results of the Polish How to Treat Chronic Atrial Fibrillation (HOT CAFE) study Chest 126 476 486 15302734
74. D Roy M Talajic S Nattel, et al. 2008 Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure N Engl J Med 358 2667 2677 18565859 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXns1Wrtr0%3D
75. M Talajic P Khairy S Levesque, et al. 2010 Maintenance of sinus rhythm and survival in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 55 1796 1802 20413028
76. S de Denus CA Sanoski J Carlsson G Opolski SA Spinler 2005 Rate vs. rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis Arch Intern Med 165 258 262 15710787
77. RJ Shelton AL Clark K Goode, et al. 2009 A randomised, controlled study of rate versus rhythm control in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and heart failure: (CAFE-II Study) Heart 95 924 930 19282313 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1MzksVGkug%3D%3D
78. S Ogawa T Yamashita T Yamazaki, et al. 2009 Optimal treatment strategy for patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J-RHYTHM study Circ J 73 242 248 19060419
79. AJ Camm P Kirchof GYH Lip, et al. 2010 Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. The task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur Heart J 31 2369 2429 20802247
80. S Ogawa Y Aizawa H Atarashi, et al. 2008 Guidelines for pharmacotherapy of atrial fibrillation (JCS 2008) Circ J 72 Suppl IV 1639 1658
81. SE Coplen EM Antman JA Berlin P Hewitt TC Chalmers 1990 Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion. A meta-analysis of randomized control trials Circulation 82 1106 1116 2144796 1:STN:280:DyaK3czotFyltQ%3D%3D
82. GC Flaker JL Blackshear R McBride RA Kronmal JL Halperin RG Hart 1992 Antiarrhythmic drug therapy and cardiac mortality in atrial fibrillation. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators J Am Coll Cardiol 20 527 532 1512329 1:STN:280:DyaK38zotFWrsA%3D%3D
83. T Fetsch P Bauer R Engberding, et al. 2004 Prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardioversion: results of the PAFAC trial Eur Heart J 25 1385 1394 15302102
84. M Patten R Maas P Bauer, et al. 2004 Suppression of paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias-results of the SOPAT trial Eur Heart J 25 1395 1404 15321697
85. T Meinertz GY Lip F Lombardi, et al. 2002 Efficacy and safety of propafenone sustained release in the prophylaxis of symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (The European Rythmol/Rytmonorm Atrial Fibrillation Trial [ERAFT] Study) Am J Cardiol 90 1300 1306 12480038 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XptlGjtL0%3D
86. JL Anderson EM Gilbert BL Alpert, et al. 1989 Prevention of symptomatic recurrences of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients initially tolerating antiarrhythmic therapy. A multicenter, double-blind, crossover study of flecainide and placebo with transtelephonic monitoring. Flecainide Supraventricular Tachycardia Study Group Circulation 80 1557 1570 2513143 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FptV2itQ%3D%3D
87. DS Echt PR Liebson LB Mitchell, et al. 1991 Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial N Engl J Med 324 781 788 1900101 1:STN:280: DyaK3M7kvVKluw%3D%3D
88. KK Teo S Yusuf CD Furberg 1993 Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from randomized controlled trials JAMA 270 1589 1595 8371471 1:STN:280: DyaK3szotF2ltA%3D%3D
89. T Akiyama Y Pawitan WB Campbell, et al. 1992 Effects of advancing age on the efficacy and side effects of antiarrhythmic drugs in post-myocardial infarction patients with ventricular arrhythmias. The CAST Investigators J Am Geriatr Soc 40 666 672 1607582 1:STN:280:DyaK383pvF2jtg%3D%3D
90. EG Daoud SA Strickberger KC Man, et al. 1997 Preoperative amiodarone as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after heart surgery N Engl J Med 337 1785 1791 9400034 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FltFWmsA%3D%3D
91. D Roy M Talajic P Dorian, et al. 2000 Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators N Engl J Med 342 913 920 10738049 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXisFWmt7s%3D
92. SH Chun PT Sager WG Stevenson K Nademanee HR Middlekauff BN Singh 1995 Long-term efficacy of amiodarone for the maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with refractory atrial fibrillation or flutter Am J Cardiol 76 47 50 7793402 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzhtlOjsw%3D%3D
93. S Giri CM White AB Dunn, et al. 2001 Oral amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery, the Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (AFIST): a randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 357 830 836 11265951 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitVOitLs%3D
94. DG Julian AJ Camm G Frangin, et al. 1997 Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators Lancet 349 667 674 9078197 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXit1arsL0%3D
95. JA Cairns SJ Connolly R Roberts M Gent 1997 Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarisations: CAMIAT. Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial Investigators Lancet 349 675 682 9078198 1:STN:280: DyaK2s3jt12lsA%3D%3D
96. SN Singh RD Fletcher SG Fisher, et al. 1995 Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure N Engl J Med 333 77 82 7539890 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3psFyjtg%3D%3D
97. HC Doval DR Nul HO Grancelli SV Perrone GR Bortman R Curiel 1994 Randomised trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina (GESICA) Lancet 344 493 498 7914611 1:STN:280:DyaK2czjsFCmsQ%3D%3D
98. V Essebag T Hadjis RW Platt L Pilote 2003 Amiodarone and the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring permanent pacemaker in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation and prior myocardial infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 41 249 254 12535818 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht1Srs70%3D
99. VR Vorperian TC Havighurst S Miller CT January 1997 Adverse effects of low dose amiodarone: a meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 30 791 798 9283542 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmtVGjsbs%3D
100. Soyka LF, Wirtz C, Spangenberg RB (1990) Clinical safety profile of sotalol in patients with arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 65:74A-81A; discussion 82A-83A
101. V Fuster LE Ryden DS Cannom, et al. 2006 ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Europace 8 651 745 16987906
102. MH Lehmann S Hardy D Archibald DJ MacNeil 1999 JTc prolongation with d, l-sotalol in women versus men Am J Cardiol 83 3 354 359 10072223 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXht1emu78%3D
103. MH Lehmann S Hardy D Archibald B Quart DJ MacNeil 1996 Sex difference in risk of torsade de pointes with d, l-sotalol Circulation 94 10 2535 2541 8921798 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XntlehtLg%3D
104. VH Deneer NM van Hemel 2011 Is antiarrhythmic treatment in the elderly different? A review of the specific changes Drugs Aging 28 8 617 633 21812498 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1CltLfJ
105. L Bianconi A Castro M Dinelli, et al. 2000 Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Eur Heart J 21 1265 1273 10924317 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXmtFOmtrk%3D
106. AS Volgman PA Carberry B Stambler, et al. 1998 Conversion efficacy and safety of intravenous ibutilide compared with intravenous procainamide in patients with atrial flutter or fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 31 1414 1419 9581743 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjt1SgsLk%3D
107. M Moller CT Torp-Pedersen L Kober 2001 Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction: safety aspects and effect on atrial fibrillation. The Danish Investigators of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) Study Group Congest Heart Fail 7 146 150 11828153 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXpt1ejt7k%3D
108. W Sun JS Sarma BN Singh 2002 Chronic and acute effects of dronedarone on the action potential of rabbit atrial muscle preparations: comparison with amiodarone J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 39 677 684 11973411 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XjsVSms7c%3D
109. JW Cheng 2010 New and emerging antiarrhythmic and anticoagulant agents for atrial fibrillation Am J Health Syst Pharm 67 Suppl 5 S26 S34 20410533
110. BN Singh SJ Connolly HJ Crijns, et al. 2007 Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter N Engl J Med 357 987 999 17804843 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVensrfM
111. L Kober C Torp-Pedersen JJ McMurray, et al. 2008 Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure N Engl J Med 358 2678 2687 18565860
112. SH Hohnloser HJ Crijns M van Eickels, et al. 2009 Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 360 668 678 19213680 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhvVyisbg%3D
113. JY Le Heuzey GM De Ferrari D Radzik M Santini J Zhu JM Davy 2010 A short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus amiodarone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: the DIONYSOS study J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21 597 605 20384650
114. http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm240011.htm
115. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm264059.htm
116. C Patel GX Yan PR Kowey 2009 Dronedarone Circulation 120 636 644 19687370 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpsFylurg%3D
117. Wann LS, Curtis AB, January CT, et al (2010) 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (updating the 2006 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 123:104-123 and J Am Coll Cardiol 57:223-242
118. BR Williams J Kim 2003 Cardiovascular drug therapy in the elderly: theoretical and practical considerations Drugs Aging 20 445 463 12710864 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXks1yjsb4%3D
119. K Vadiei S Troy J Korth-Bradley ST Chiang JJ Zimmerman 1997 Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous amiodarone and comparison with two-stage pharmacokinetic analysis J Clin Pharmacol 37 610 617 9243354 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXls1Sqtb8%3D
120. A Hamer T Peter WJ Mandel MM Scheinman D Weiss 1982 The potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation by amiodarone Circulation 65 1025 1029 7074739 1:STN:280:DyaL387osVKisw%3D%3D
121. P Tsang B Gerson 1990 Understanding digoxin use in the elderly patient Clin Lab Med 10 479 492 2253445 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FntV2itw%3D%3D
122. R Marinigh GY Lip N Fiotti C Giansante DA Lane 2010 Age as a risk factor for stroke in atrial fibrillation patients implications for thromboprophylaxis: Implications for thromboprophylaxis J Am Coll Cardiol 56 827 837 20813280
123. RG Hart LA Pearce R McBride RM Rothbart RW Asinger 1999 Factors associated with ischemic stroke during aspirin therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of 2012 participants in the SPAF I-III clinical trials. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) Investigators Stroke 30 1223 1229 10356104 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3osVOguw%3D%3D
124. BF Gage C van Walraven L Pearce, et al. 2004 Selecting patients with atrial fibrillation for anticoagulation: stroke risk stratification in patients taking aspirin Circulation 110 2287 2292 15477396 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXosVSlsLc%3D
125. DA Lane GY Lip 2009 Female gender is a risk factor for stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation patients Thromb Haemost 101 802 805 19404530 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmtV2hur4%3D
126. GY Lip R Nieuwlaat R Pisters DA Lane HJ Crijns 2010 Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation Chest 137 263 272 19762550
127. C van Walraven RG Hart S Connolly, et al. 2009 Effect of age on stroke prevention therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: the atrial fibrillation investigators Stroke 40 1410 1416 19182090
128. EM Hylek 2008 Contra: 'Warfarin should be the drug of choice for thromboprophylaxis in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation'. Caveats regarding use of oral anticoagulant therapy among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation Thromb Haemost 100 16 17 18612532 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFeiu7%2FL
129. R Pisters DA Lane R Nieuwlaat CB de Vos HJ Crijns GY Lip 2010 A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess one-year risk of major bleeding in atrial fibrillation patients: The Euro Heart Survey Chest 138 1093 1100 20299623
130. C van Walraven RG Hart DE Singer, et al. 2002 Oral anticoagulants vs. aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: an individual patient meta-analysis JAMA 288 2441 2448 12435257
131. S Connolly J Pogue R Hart, et al. 2006 Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 367 1903 1912 16765759 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28XlsFCrsLg%3D
132. J Mant FD Hobbs K Fletcher, et al. 2007 Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 370 493 503 17693178 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXovFCjsbo%3D
133. EM Hylek 2009 Antithrombotic prophylaxis in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation Semin Thromb Hemost 35 548 553 19787558 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXhtlCju7jO
134. J van Ryn J Stangier S Haertter, et al. 2010 Dabigatran etexilate-a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity Thromb Haemost 103 1116 1127 20352166
135. J Stangier H Stahle K Rathgen R Fuhr 2008 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the direct oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran in healthy elderly subjects Clin Pharmacokinet 47 47 59 18076218 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXhvF2qu7s%3D
136. SJ Connolly MD Ezekowitz S Yusuf, et al. 2009 Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 361 1139 1151 19717844 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFOjsLnN
137. H Calkins MR Reynolds P Spector, et al. 2009 Treatment of atrial fibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs or radiofrequency ablation: two systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2 349 361 19808490 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpsFyhur4%3D
138. LF Hsu P Jais P Sanders, et al. 2004 Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure N Engl J Med 351 2373 2383 15575053 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVCrtrrE
139. DJ Wilber C Pappone P Neuzil, et al. 2010 Comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy and radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 303 333 340 20103757 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtl2lsLw%3D
140. KT Lim MJ Davis A Powell, et al. 2007 Ablate and pace strategy for atrial fibrillation: long-term outcome of AIRCRAFT trial Europace 9 498 505 17491103
141. GN Kay KA Ellenbogen M Giudici, et al. 1998 The Ablate and Pace Trial: a prospective study of catheter ablation of the AV conduction system and permanent pacemaker implantation for treatment of atrial fibrillation. APT Investigators J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2 121 135 9870004 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2Fos1yhug%3D%3D
142. MA Wood C Brown-Mahoney GN Kay KA Ellenbogen 2000 Clinical outcomes after ablation and pacing therapy for atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis Circulation 101 1138 1144 10715260 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ot1WltA%3D%3D
143. DP Leong AM Mitchell I Salna, et al. 2010 Long-term mechanical consequences of permanent right ventricular pacing: effect of pacing site J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21 1120 1126 20487122
144. HF Tse CP Lau 1997 Long-term effect of right ventricular pacing on myocardial perfusion and function J Am Coll Cardiol 29 744 749 9091519 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3is1ertQ%3D%3D
145. RN Doshi EG Daoud C Fellows, et al. 2005 Left ventricular-based cardiac stimulation post AV nodal ablation evaluation (the PAVE study) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 1160 1165 16302897
146. MN Khan P Jaïs J Cummings, et al. 2008 Pulmonary-vein isolation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure N Engl J Med 359 1778 1785 18946063 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht12nu73J
147. JA Yeung-Lai-Wah A Qi O Uzun K Humphries CR Kerr 2002 Long-term survival following radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction for atrial fibrillation: clinical and ablation determinants of mortality J Interv Card Electrophysiol 6 1 17 23 11839879