Neurorehabilitation of stroke

Journal of Neurology

Volumn 259, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 817-832

  Albert, Sylvan J ^a   Kesselring, Jürg ^a  

^a Rehabilitation Center   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cortical stimulation; Motor learning; Neurorehabilitation; Plasticity; Recovery; Stroke rehabilitation

Indexed keywords

BACLOFEN; BENZODIAZEPINE; BOTULINUM TOXIN; CLONIDINE; HALOPERIDOL; LEVODOPA; PRAZOSIN;

APHASIA; AUDITORY STIMULATION; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN MAPPING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITION; CONSTRAINT INDUCED THERAPY; CONVALESCENCE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; LEARNING; LONG TERM CARE; MOBILIZATION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NURSING CARE; OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY; PHYSIOTHERAPY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REHABILITATION CARE; REVIEW; ROBOTICS; SPASTICITY; STROKE; TASK PERFORMANCE; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREADMILL EXERCISE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRTUAL REALITY;

HUMANS; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; STROKE;

EID: 84862583560     PISSN: 03405354     EISSN: 14321459     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6247-y     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Warlow C, Sudlow C, Dennis M, Wardlaw J, Sandercock P (2003) Stroke. Lancet 362:1211-1224 (Pubitemid 37255350)
2. Duncan PW, Zorowitz R, Bates B et al (2005) Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: A clinical practice guideline. Stroke 36:e100-e143
3. Cajal R (1928) Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system. Oxford University Press, London
4. Foerster O (1936) Übungstherapie. In: Bumke O, Foerster O (eds) Handbuch der Neurologie, vol 8. Allgemeine Neurologie, pp 316-414
5. Kesselring J (2001) Neurorehabilitation: A bridge between basic science and clinical practice. Eur J Neurol 8:221-225 (Pubitemid 32476619)
6. Hebb DO (1949) The organisation of behavior: A neuropsychological approach. Wiley, New York
7. Møller A (2006) Basis for neural plasticity. In: Møller AR (ed) Neural plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 7-32
8. Duffau H (2006) Brain plasticity: From pathophysiological mechanisms to therapeutic applications. J Clin Neurosci 13:885-897 (Pubitemid 44666418)
9. Carmichael ST (2010) Molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke. In: Cramer SC, Nudo RJ (eds) Brain repair after stroke. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 11-21
10. Nudo RJ (2006) Mechanisms for recovery of motor function following cortical damage. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:638-644 (Pubitemid 44791925)
11. Nudo RJ, Milliken GW (1996) Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurophysiol 75:2144-2149 (Pubitemid 26159047)
12. Ward NS (2007) Future perspectives in functional neuroimaging in stroke recovery. Eura Medicophys 43:285-294
13. Ward NS, Cohen LG (2004) Mechanisms underlying recovery of motor function after stroke. Arch Neurol 61:1844-1848 (Pubitemid 39612943)
14. Liepert J, Graef S, Uhde I, Leidner O, Weiller C (2000) Training-induced changes of motor cortex representations in stroke patients. Acta Neurol Scand 101:321-326 (Pubitemid 30249537)
15. Jaillard A, Martin CD, Garambois K, Lebas JF, Hommel M (2005) Vicarious function within the human primary motor cortex? a longitudinal fMRI stroke study. Brain 128:1122-1138 (Pubitemid 40675467)
16. Ward NS, Brown MM, Thompson AJ, Frackowiak RS (2003) Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: A longitudinal fMRI study. Brain 126:2476-2496 (Pubitemid 37314437)
17. Shimizu T, Hosaki A, Hino T et al (2002) Motor cortical disinhibition in the unaffected hemisphere after unilateral cortical stroke. Brain 125:1896-1907
18. Duque J, Mazzocchio R, Dambrosia J, Murase N, Olivier E, Cohen LG (2005) Kinematically specific interhemispheric inhibition operating in the process of generation of a voluntary movement. Cereb Cortex 15:588-593 (Pubitemid 40577475)
19. Murase N, Duque J, Mazzocchio R, Cohen LG (2004) Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Ann Neurol 55:400-409 (Pubitemid 38269592)
20. Carmichael ST, Archibeque I, Luke L, Nolan T, Momiy J, Li S (2005) Growth-associated gene expression after stroke: Evidence for a growth-promoting region in peri-infarct cortex. Exp Neurol 193:291-311 (Pubitemid 40616180)
21. Witte OW (1998) Lesion-induced plasticity as a potential mechanism for recovery and rehabilitative training. Curr Opin Neurol 11:655-662 (Pubitemid 28561201)
22. Biernaskie J, Chernenko G, Corbett D (2004) Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury. J Neurosci 24:1245-1254 (Pubitemid 38177031)
23. Carmichael ST, Wei L, Rovainen CM, Woolsey TA (2001) New patterns of intracortical projections after focal cortical stroke. Neurobiol Dis 8:910-922 (Pubitemid 33055605)
24. Wall PD, Egger MD (1971) Formation of new connexions in adult rat brains after partial deafferentation. Nature 232:542-545
25. Schaechter JD, Perdue KL, Wang R (2008) Structural damage to the corticospinal tract correlates with bilateral sensorimotor cortex reorganization in stroke patients. Neuroimage 39:1370-1382
26. Crofts JJ, Higham DJ, Bosnell R et al (2011) Network analysis detects changes in the contralesional hemisphere following stroke. Neuroimage 54:161-169
27. Von Monakow C (1914) Die Lokalisation im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktion durch kortikale Herde. J.F.Bergmann, Wiesbaden
28. Johansson BB, Ohlsson AL (1996) Environment, social interaction, and physical activity as determinants of functional outcome after cerebral infarction in the rat. Exp Neurol 139:322-327 (Pubitemid 26228100)
29. Grefkes C, Fink GR (2011) Reorganization of cerebral networks after stroke: New insights from neuroimaging with connectivity approaches. Brain 134:1264-1276
30. Nyffeler T, Cazzoli D, Wurtz P et al (2008) Neglect-like visual exploration behaviour after theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right posterior parietal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 27:1809-1813 (Pubitemid 351473591)
31. Shindo K, Sugiyama K, Huabao L, Nishijima K, Kondo T, Izumi S (2006) Long-term effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the unaffected posterior parietal cortex in patients with unilateral spatial neglect. J Rehabil Med 38:65-67 (Pubitemid 43173184)
32. Talelli P, Greenwood RJ, Rothwell JC (2007) Exploring Theta Burst Stimulation as an intervention to improve motor recovery in chronic stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 118:333-342 (Pubitemid 46038821)
33. Ward NS (2005) Neural plasticity and recovery of function. Prog Brain Res 150:527-535 (Pubitemid 41381573)
34. Harris-Love ML, Cohen LG (2006) Noninvasive cortical stimulation in neurorehabilitation: A review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87:S84-S93
35. Huang YZ, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC (2005) Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 45:201-206 (Pubitemid 40128115)
36. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A (2009) Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol 120:2008-2039
37. Nyffeler T, Muri R (2010) Comment on: Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research, by Rossi et al. (2009). Clin Neurophysiol 121:980
38. Floel A, Nagorsen U, Werhahn KJ et al (2004) Influence of somatosensory input on motor function in patients with chronic stroke. Ann Neurol 56:206-212 (Pubitemid 39037916)
39. Pomeroy VM, King L, Pollock A, Baily-Hallam A, Langhorne P (2006) Electrostimulation for promoting recovery of movement or functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD003241
40. Berthier ML, Green C, Higueras C, Fernandez I, Hinojosa J, Martin MC (2006) A randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in poststroke aphasia. Neurology 67:1687-1689 (Pubitemid 44747948)
41. Grade C, Redford B, Chrostowski J, Toussaint L, Blackwell B (1998) Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: A doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79:1047-1050 (Pubitemid 28419310)
42. Kessler J, Thiel A, Karbe H, Heiss WD (2000) Piracetam improves activated blood flow and facilitates rehabilitation of poststroke aphasic patients. Stroke 31:2112-2116
43. Rosser N, Heuschmann P, Wersching H, Breitenstein C, Knecht S, Floel A (2008) Levodopa improves procedural motor learning in chronic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89:1633-1641
44. Scheidtmann K, Fries W, Muller F, Koenig E (2001) Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on functional motor recovery after stroke: A prospective, randomised, doubleblind study. Lancet 358:787-790 (Pubitemid 32868727)
45. Wang LE, Fink GR, Diekhoff S, Rehme AK, Eickhoff SB, Grefkes C (2011) Noradrenergic enhancement improves motor network connectivity in stroke patients. Ann Neurol 69:375-388
46. Chollet F, Tardy J, Albucher JF et al (2011) Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischaemic stroke (FLAME): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 10:123-130
47. Ziemann U, Meintzschel F, Korchounov A, Ilic TV (2006) Pharmacological modulation of plasticity in the human motor cortex. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 20:243-251
48. Engelter ST, Frank M, Lyrer PA, Conzelmann M (2010) Safety of pharmacological augmentation of stroke rehabilitation. Eur Neurol 64:325-330
49. Langhorne P, Duncan P (2001) Does the organization of postacute stroke care really matter? Stroke 32:268-274 (Pubitemid 32065701)
50. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, Donnan G (2004) Inactive and alone: Physical activity within the first 14 days of acute stroke unit care. Stroke 35:1005-1009 (Pubitemid 38419818)
51. Kesselring J (2001) Neuroscience and clinical practice: A personal postscript. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 36:285-286 (Pubitemid 33020759)
52. Cumming TB, Thrift AG, Collier JM et al (2011) Very early mobilization after stroke fast-tracks return to walking: Further results from the phase II AVERT randomized controlled trial. Stroke 42:153-158
53. Humm JL, Kozlowski DA, James DC, Gotts JE, Schallert T (1998) Use-dependent exacerbation of brain damage occurs during an early post-lesion vulnerable period. Brain Res 783:286-292 (Pubitemid 28131409)
54. Risedal A, Zeng J, Johansson BB (1999) Early training may exacerbate brain damage after focal brain ischemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19:997-1003 (Pubitemid 30173722)
55. DeBow SB, McKenna JE, Kolb B, Colbourne F (2004) Immediate constraint-induced movement therapy causes local hyperthermia that exacerbates cerebral cortical injury in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 82:231-237 (Pubitemid 38859593)
56. Marin R, Williams A, Hale S et al (2003) The effect of voluntary exercise exposure on histological and neurobehavioral outcomes after ischemic brain injury in the rat. Physiol Behav 80:167-175 (Pubitemid 37456751)
57. Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl SA, Rokseth R, Haheim LL (1999) Treatment in a combined acute and rehabilitation stroke unit: Which aspects are most important? Stroke 30:917-923 (Pubitemid 29211603)
58. Musicco M, Emberti L, Nappi G, Caltagirone C (2003) Early and long-term outcome of rehabilitation in stroke patients: The role of patient characteristics, time of initiation, and duration of interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84:551-558 (Pubitemid 36417656)
59. Maulden SA, Gassaway J, Horn SD, Smout RJ, DeJong G (2005) Timing of initiation of rehabilitation after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86:S34-S40 (Pubitemid 43040968)
60. Jette DU, Warren RL, Wirtalla C (2005) The relation between therapy intensity and outcomes of rehabilitation in skilled nursing facilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86:373-379 (Pubitemid 40326612)
61. Graham A (2005) Measurement in stroke: Activity and quality of life. In: Barnes M, Dobkin B, Bougousslavsky J (eds) Recovery after stroke. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 135-160
62. Albert SJ, Kesselring J (2010) Neurorehabilitation. In: Brainin M, Heiss WD (eds) Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 283-306
63. Duncan PW, Wallace D, Lai SM, Johnson D, Embretson S, Laster LJ (1999) The stroke impact scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke 30:2131-2140 (Pubitemid 29473260)
64. Van Peppen RP, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphinee S, Hendriks HJ, Van der Wees PJ, Dekker J (2004) The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: What's the evidence? Clin Rehabil 18:833-862 (Pubitemid 39642264)
65. da Cunha IT, Lim PA Jr, Qureshy H, Henson H, Monga T, Protas EJ (2002) Gait outcomes after acute stroke rehabilitation with supported treadmill ambulation training: A randomized controlled pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83:1258-1265 (Pubitemid 34994414)
66. Kosak MC, Reding MJ (2000) Comparison of partial body weight-supported treadmill gait training versus aggressive bracing assisted walking post stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 14:13-19 (Pubitemid 30437181)
67. Nilsson L, Carlsson J, Danielsson A et al (2001) Walking training of patients with hemiparesis at an early stage after stroke: A comparison of walking training on a treadmill with body weight support and walking training on the ground. Clin Rehabil 15:515-527 (Pubitemid 32904475)
68. Sullivan KJ, Knowlton BJ, Dobkin BH (2002) Step training with body weight support: Effect of treadmill speed and practice paradigms on poststroke locomotor recovery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83:683-691 (Pubitemid 34498887)
69. Visintin M, Barbeau H, Korner-Bitensky N, Mayo NE (1998) A new approach to retrain gait in stroke patients through body weight support and treadmill stimulation. Stroke 29:1122-1128 (Pubitemid 28265465)
70. Wood-Dauphinee S, Kwakkel G (2005) The impact of rehabilitation on stroke outcomes: What is the evidence. In: Barnes M, Dobkin B, Bougousslavsky J (eds) Recovery after stroke. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 162-188
71. Beer S, Aschbacher B, Manoglou D, Gamper E, Kool J, Kesselring J (2008) Robot-assisted gait training in multiple sclerosis: A pilot randomized trial. Mult Scler 14:231-236 (Pubitemid 351639632)
72. Hidler J, Nichols D, Pelliccio M et al (2009) Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Lokomat in subacute stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23:5-13
73. Schwartz I, Sajin A, Fisher I et al (2009) The effectiveness of locomotor therapy using robotic-assisted gait training in subacute stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial. PMR 1:516-523
74. Waldner A, Tomelleri C, Hesse S (2009) Transfer of scientific concepts to clinical practice: Recent robot-assisted training studies. Funct Neurol 24:173-177
75. Roerdink M, Lamoth CJ, Kwakkel G, van Wieringen PC, Beek PJ (2007) Gait coordination after stroke: Benefits of acoustically paced treadmill walking. Phys Ther 87:1009-1022 (Pubitemid 47204505)
76. Mandel AR, Nymark JR, Balmer SJ, Grinnell DM, O'Riain MD (1990) Electromyographic versus rhythmic positional biofeedback in computerized gait retraining with stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 71:649-654 (Pubitemid 20245544)
77. Thaut MH, McIntosh GC, Rice RR (1997) Rhythmic facilitation of gait training in hemiparetic stroke rehabilitation. J Neurol Sci 151:207-212 (Pubitemid 27421853)
78. Taub E, Miller NE, Novack TA et al (1993) Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74:347-354 (Pubitemid 23115348)
79. Wolf SL, Winstein CJ, Miller JP et al (2006) Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: The EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 296:2095-2104 (Pubitemid 44664704)
80. Wolf SL, Winstein CJ, Miller JP et al (2008) Retention of upper limb function in stroke survivors who have received constraintinduced movement therapy: The EXCITE randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 7:33-40 (Pubitemid 50013946)
81. Langhorne P, Coupar F, Pollock A (2009) Motor recovery after stroke: A systematic review. Lancet Neurol 8:741-754
82. French B, Thomas L, Leathley M et al (2010) Does repetitive task training improve functional activity after stroke? a cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med 42:9-14
83. Wing K, Lynskey JV, Bosch PR (2008) Whole-body intensive rehabilitation is feasible and effective in chronic stroke survivors: A retrospective data analysis. Top Stroke Rehabil 15:247-255
84. Courbon A, Calmels P, Roche F, Ramas J, Rimaud D, Fayolle-Minon I (2006) Relationship between maximal exercise capacity and walking capacity in adult hemiplegic stroke patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85:436-442 (Pubitemid 43739328)
85. Chu KS, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, Harris JE, Ozkaplan A, Gylfadottir S (2004) Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:870-874 (Pubitemid 38881013)
86. Dean CM, Richards CL, Malouin F (2000) Task-related circuit training improves performance of locomotor tasks in chronic stroke: A randomized, controlled pilot trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81:409-417 (Pubitemid 30192031)
87. Rimmer JH, Riley B, Creviston T, Nicola T (2000) Exercise training in a predominantly African-American group of stroke survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:1990-1996
88. Badics E, Wittmann A, Rupp M, Stabauer B, Zifko UA (2002) Systematic muscle building exercises in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation 17:211-214 (Pubitemid 35025008)
89. Lucca LF (2009) Virtual reality and motor rehabilitation of the upper limb after stroke: A generation of progress? J Rehabil Med 41:1003-1100
90. Lucca LF, Castelli E, Sannita WG (2009) An estimated 30-60% of adult patients after stroke do not achieve satisfactory motor recovery of the upper limb despite intensive rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med 41:953
91. Kwakkel G, Kollen BJ, Krebs HI (2008) Effects of robotassisted therapy on upper limb recovery after stroke: A systematic review. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 22:111-121 (Pubitemid 351287594)
92. Pignolo L (2009) Robotics in neuro-rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med 41:955-960
93. Merians AS, Jack D, Boian R et al (2002) Virtual reality-augmented rehabilitation for patients following stroke. Phys Ther 82:898-915 (Pubitemid 34983274)
94. Saposnik G, Teasell R, Mamdani M et al (2010) Effectiveness of virtual reality using Wii gaming technology in stroke rehabilitation: A pilot randomized clinical trial and proof of principle. Stroke 41:1477-1484
95. Yong Joo L, Soon Yin T, Xu D et al (2010) A feasibility study using interactive commercial off-the-shelf computer gaming in upper limb rehabilitation in patients after stroke. J Rehabil Med 42:437-441
96. Yavuzer G, Selles R, Sezer N et al (2008) Mirror therapy improves hand function in subacute stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89:393-398 (Pubitemid 351273169)
97. Altschuler EL, Wisdom SB, Stone L et al (1999) Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet 353:2035-2036 (Pubitemid 29271750)
98. Dohle C, Kleiser R, Seitz RJ, Freund HJ (2004) Body scheme gates visual processing. J Neurophysiol 91:2376-2379 (Pubitemid 38500951)
99. Liu KP, Chan CC, Wong RS et al (2009) A randomized controlled trial of mental imagery augment generalization of learning in acute poststroke patients. Stroke 40:2222-2225
100. Page SJ, Levine P, Leonard A (2007) Mental practice in chronic stroke: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 38:1293-1297 (Pubitemid 351664256)
101. Page SJ, Szaflarski JP, Eliassen JC, Pan H, Cramer SC (2009) Cortical plasticity following motor skill learning during mental practice in stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23:382-388
102. Letswaart M, Johnston M, Dijkerman HC et al (2011) Mental practice with motor imagery in stroke recovery: Randomized controlled trial of efficacy. Brain 134(Pt 5):1373-1386
103. Liepert J (2010) Evidence-based therapies for upper extremity dysfunction. Curr Opin Neurol 23:678-682
104. Ward AB (2008) Spasticity treatment with botulinum toxins. J Neural Transm 115:607-616
105. Wissel J, Ward AB, Erztgaard P et al (2009) European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med 41:13-25
106. Barthel G, Meinzer M, Djundja D, Rockstroh B (2008) Intensive language therapy in chronic aphasia: Which aspects contribute most? Aphasiology 22:408-421 (Pubitemid 351486594)
107. Bhogal SK, Teasell R, Speechley M (2003) Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. Stroke 34:987-993
108. Meinzer M, Djundja D, Barthel G, Elbert T, Rockstroh B (2005) Long-term stability of improved language functions in chronic aphasia after constraint-induced aphasia therapy. Stroke 36:1462-1466 (Pubitemid 40967513)
109. Musso M, Weiller C, Kiebel S, Muller SP, Bulau P, Rijntjes M (1999) Training-induced brain plasticity in aphasia. Brain 122(Pt 9):1781-1790 (Pubitemid 29425680)
110. Heiss WD, Thiel A, Kessler J, Herholz K (2003) Disturbance and recovery of language function: Correlates in PET activation studies. Neuroimage 20(Suppl 1):S42-S49 (Pubitemid 37338776)
111. Winhuisen L, Thiel A, Schumacher B et al (2007) The right inferior frontal gyrus and poststroke aphasia: A follow-up investigation. Stroke 38:1286-1292 (Pubitemid 351664247)
112. Heiss WD, Thiel A (2006) A proposed regional hierarchy in recovery of post-stroke aphasia. Brain Lang 98:118-123 (Pubitemid 43775696)
113. Saur D, Kreher BW, Schnell S et al (2008) Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:18035-18040
114. Weiller C, Bormann T, Saur D, Musso M, Rijntjes M (2011) How the ventral pathway got lost-and what its recovery might mean. Brain Lang 118:29-39
115. Weiller C, Musso M, Rijntjes M, Saur D (2009) Please don't underestimate the ventral pathway in language. Trends Cogn Sci 13(369-370):369-370; 361-370
116. Monti A, Cogiamanian F, Marceglia S et al (2008) Improved naming after transcranial direct current stimulation in aphasia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:451-453 (Pubitemid 351441506)
117. Cappa SF (2008) Current to the brain improves word-finding difficulties in aphasic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:364 (Pubitemid 351441484)
118. Urban PP, Wicht S, Vukurevic G et al (2001) Dysarthria in acute ischemic stroke: Lesion topography, clinicoradiologic correlation, and etiology. Neurology 56:1021-1027 (Pubitemid 32336307)
119. Mann G, Hankey GJ, Cameron D (2000) Swallowing disorders following acute stroke: Prevalence and diagnostic accuracy. Cerebrovasc Dis 10:380-386
120. Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R (2005) Dysphagia after stroke: Incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke 36:2756-2763
121. Martino R, Silver F, Teasell R et al (2009) The Toronto Bedside Swallowing Screening Test (TOR-BSST): Development and validation of a dysphagia screening tool for patients with stroke. Stroke 40:555-561
122. Trapl M, Enderle P, Nowotny M et al (2007) Dysphagia bedside screening for acute-stroke patients: The Gugging Swallowing Screen. Stroke 38:2948-2952 (Pubitemid 350035688)
123. Cappa SF, Benke T, Clarke S, Rossi B, Stemmer B, van Heugten CM (2005) EFNS guidelines on cognitive rehabilitation: Report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol 12:665-680 (Pubitemid 41297828)
124. Beis JM, Keller C, Morin N et al (2004) Right spatial neglect after left hemisphere stroke: Qualitative and quantitative study. Neurology 63:1600-1605 (Pubitemid 39507575)
125. Karnath HO, Christ K, Hartje W (1993) Decrease of contralateral neglect by neck muscle vibration and spatial orientation of trunk midline. Brain 116(Pt 2):383-396 (Pubitemid 23104054)
126. Nyffeler T, Cazzoli D, Hess CW, Muri RM (2009) One session of repeated parietal theta burst stimulation trains induces longlasting improvement of visual neglect. Stroke 40:2791-2796
127. Cazzoli D, Muri RM, Hess CW, Nyffeler T (2010) Treatment of hemispatial neglect by means of rTMS-a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci 28:499-510
128. Nelles G, Esser J, Eckstein A, Tiede A, Gerhard H, Diener HC (2001) Compensatory visual field training for patients with hemianopia after stroke. Neurosci Lett 306:189-192 (Pubitemid 32530831)
129. Schmielau F, Wong EK Jr (2007) Recovery of visual fields in brain-lesioned patients by reaction perimetry treatment. J Neuroeng Rehabil 4:31
130. Karnath HO (2007) Pusher syndrome-a frequent but littleknown disturbance of body orientation perception. J Neurol 254:415-424
131. Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, Leemrijse CJ, van den Ende CH (2005) Evidence of the efficacy of occupational therapy in different conditions: An overview of systematic reviews. Clin Rehabil 19:247-254 (Pubitemid 40533292)