Evidence for a free troposphere source of mercury in wet deposition in the western United States

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 46, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 6621-6629

  Huang, Jiaoyan ^a   Gustin, Mae Sexauer ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR MASS; BACK TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS; FREE TROPOSPHERE; MODELING RESULTS; NATIONAL ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION PROGRAMS; POINT SOURCES; POTENTIAL SOURCE CONTRIBUTION FUNCTION; TIME INTERVAL; WESTERN UNITED STATES; WET DEPOSITION;

ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS; TROPOSPHERE;

MERCURY (METAL);

GASEOUS OXIDIZED MERCURY; MERCURY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DATA SET; MERCURY (ELEMENT); NUMERICAL MODEL; POLLUTANT SOURCE; TROPOSPHERE; WET DEPOSITION;

ARTICLE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; OXIDATION; PRECIPITATION; SEASONAL VARIATION; SUMMER; TROPOSPHERE; UNITED STATES; WET DEPOSITION;

AIR POLLUTANTS; MERCURY; UNITED STATES;

IDAHO; NEVADA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84862557238     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es3005915     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Schroeder, W. H.; Munthe, J. Atmospheric mercury - An overview. Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32 (5), 809-822. (Pubitemid 28192854)
2. Bergan, T.; Gallardo, L.; Rodhe, H. Mercury in the global troposphere: A three-dimensional model study. Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33 (10), 1575-1585. (Pubitemid 29125518)
3. Seigneur, C.; Vijayaraghavan, K.; Lohman, K.; Karamchandani, P.; Scott, C. Global source attribution for mercury deposition in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (2), 555-569. (Pubitemid 38095487)
4. Subir, M.; Ariya, P. A.; Dastoor, A. P. A review of uncertainties in atmospheric modeling of mercury chemistry I. Uncertainties in existing kinetic parameters: Fundamental limitations and the importance of heterogeneous chemistry. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (32), 5664-5676.
5. Lin, C.-J.; Pehkonen, S. O. The chemistry of atmospheric mercury: A review. Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33 (13), 2067-2079. (Pubitemid 29156729)
6. Lin, C.-J.; Pongprueksa, P.; Lindberg, S. E.; Pehkonen, S. O.; Byun, D.; Jang, C. Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models I: Model science evaluation. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40 (16), 2911-2928.
7. Subir, M.; Ariya, P. A.; Dastoor, A. P., A review of the sources of uncertainties in atmospheric mercury modeling II. Mercury surface and heterogeneous chemistry Atmos. Environ. in press.
8. Lin, C.-J.; Pongprueksa, P.; Russell Bullock, O., Jr; Lindberg, S. E.; Pehkonen, S. O.; Jang, C.; Braverman, T.; Ho, T. C. Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models II: Sensitivity analysis in the CONUS domain. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (31), 6544-6560. (Pubitemid 47314327)
9. Seigneur, C.; Karamchandani, P.; Lohman, K.; Vijayaraghavan, K.; Shia, R.-L., Multiscale modeling of the atmospheric fate and transport of mercury. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106.
10. Lyman, S. N.; Gustin, M. S.; Prestbo, E. M.; Marsik, F. J. Estimation of dry deposition of atmospheric mercury in Nevada by direct and indirect methods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41 (6), 1970-1976.
11. Ericksen, J. A.; Gustin, M. S.; Schorran, D. E.; Johnson, D. W.; Lindberg, S. E.; Coleman, J. S. Accumulation of atmospheric mercury in forest foliage. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37 (12), 1613-1622. (Pubitemid 36331933)
12. Gustin, M. S., Exchange of mercury between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems In Advances in Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury; Liu, G., Cai, Y., O'Driscoll, N., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 2011.
13. Zhang, L.; Wright, L. P.; Blanchard, P. A review of current knowledge concerning dry deposition of atmospheric mercury. Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43 (37), 5853-5864.
14. NADP. http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/dl/mdn/mdnsites.txt (accessed October 16, 2011).
15. Prestbo, E. M.; Gay, D. A. Wet deposition of mercury in the U.S. and Canada, 1996-2005: Results and analysis of the NADP mercury deposition network (MDN). Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43 (27), 4223-4233.
16. Lyman, S. N.; Gustin, M. S.; Prestbo, E. M.; Kilner, P. I.; Edgerton, E.; Hartsell, B. Testing and application of surrogate surfaces for understanding potential gaseous oxidized mercury dry deposition. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (16), 6235-6241.
17. Glass, G. E.; Sorensen, J. A. Six-year trend (1990-995) of wet mercury deposition in the upper Midwest, U.S.A. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33 (19), 3303-3312. (Pubitemid 29461567)
18. Keeler, G. J.; Landis, M. S.; Norris, G. A.; Christianson, E. M.; Dvonch, J. T. Sources of mercury wet deposition in eastern Ohio, USA. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (19), 5874-5881. (Pubitemid 44507238)
19. Landis, M. S.; Keeler, G. J. Atmospheric mercury deposition to Lake Michigan during the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36 (21), 4518-4524. (Pubitemid 35265347)
20. Mason, R. P.; Lawson, N. M.; Sheu, G. R. Annual and seasonal trends in mercury deposition in Maryland. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34 (11), 1691-1701. (Pubitemid 30156773)
21. Faïn, X.; Obrist, D.; Pierce, A.; Barth, C.; Gustin, M. S.; Boyle, D. P. Whole-watershed mercury balance at Sagehen Creek, Sierra Nevada, CA. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75 (9), 2379-2392.
22. Sanei, H.; Outridge, P. M.; Goodarzi, F.; Wang, F.; Armstrong, D.; Warren, K.; Fishback, L. Wet deposition mercury fluxes in the Canadian sub-Arctic and southern Alberta, measured using an automated precipitation collector adapted to cold regions. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44 (13), 1672-1681.
23. Wetherbee, G. A.; Lehmann, C.; Latysh, N. E.; Gay, D. A. In Modification of NADP Collector Data Algorithms and Collector Designs for High Altitude Monitoring, Effects of Depsotion in Coastal and Urban Environments; NADP: Norflok, VA, 2006; .
24. Choi, H.-D.; Sharac, T. J.; Holsen, T. M. Mercury deposition in the Adirondacks: A comparison between precipitation and throughfall. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42 (8), 1818-1827.
25. Valente, R. J.; Shea, C.; Lynn Humes, K.; Tanner, R. L. Atmospheric mercury in the Great Smoky Mountains compared to regional and global levels. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (9), 1861-1873. (Pubitemid 46150195)
26. Lyman, S. N.; Gustin, M. S. Determinants of atmospheric mercury concentrations in Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 408 (2), 431-438.
27. Peterson, C.; Gustin, M.; Lyman, S. Atmospheric mercury concentrations and speciation measured from 2004 to 2007 in Reno, Nevada, USA. Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43 (30), 4646-4654.
28. Weiss-Penzias, P.; Gustin, M.; Lyman, S. N., Observations of speciated atmospheric mercury at three sites in Nevada, USA: evidence for a free tropospheric source of reactive gaseous mercury. J. Geophys. Res. 2009.
29. USEPA.Documant for the Final 2005 Point Source National Emission Inventroy; U.S. Environmental Protection Angecy: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2010.
30. Lyman, S. N.; Gustin, M. S. Speciation of atmospheric mercury at two sites in northern Nevada, USA. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42 (5), 927-939. (Pubitemid 351199631)
31. NDEP, N. D. o. E. P. Calendar Year 2009 Actual Production/Emission Reporting Form Addendum for Mercury Emissions; Nevada Division of Environmental Protection: Carson, NV, 2009.
32. Eckley, C. S.; Gustin, M.; Miller, M. B.; Marsik, F. Scaling nonpoint-source mercury emissions from two active industrial gold mines: influential variables and annual emission estimates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (2), 392-399.
33. Nacht, D. A.; Gustin, M. S.; Engle, M. A.; Zehner, R. Z.; Giglini, A. D. Quantifying total and reactive gaseous mercury at the Sulphur Banks Mercury Mine Superfund Site, Northern California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1977-1983. (Pubitemid 38468795)
34. Engle, M. A.; Gustin, M. S.; Lindberg, S. E.; Gertler, A. W.; Ariya, P. A. The influence of ozone on atmospheric emissions of gaseous elemental mercury and reactive gaseous mercury from substrates. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 7506-7517. (Pubitemid 41633934)
35. Gustin, M.; Jaffe, D. Reducing the uncertainty in measurement and understanding of mercury in the atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (7), 2222-2227.
36. Wetherbee, G. A.; Gay, D. A.; Brunette, R. C.; Sweet, C. W., Estimated vaariablility of national atmospheric deposition program/mercury deposition network measurements using collocated samplers. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2006.
37. White, E. M.; Keeler, G. J.; Landis, M. S. Spatial variability of mercury wet deposition in eastern Ohio: Summertime meteorological case study analysis of local source influences. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (13), 4946-4953.
38. Draxler, R. R.; Hess, G. D. HYSPLIT 4 user's guide. In NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-230; NOAA: Washington, DC, 2005.
39. Ashbaugh, L. L.; Malm, W. C.; Sadeh, W. Z. A residence time probability analysis of sulfur concentrations at grand Canyon National Park. Atmos. Environ. (1967) 1985, 19 (8), 1263-1270.
40. Hsu, Y.-K.; Holsen, T. M.; Hopke, P. K. Comparison of hybrid receptor models to locate PCB sources in Chicago. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37 (4), 545-562. (Pubitemid 36069073)
41. Lupu, A.; Maenhaut, W. Application and comparison of two statistical trajectory techniques for identification of source regions of atmospheric aerosol species. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36 (36-37), 5607-5618. (Pubitemid 35292649)
42. Lai, S.-o.; Holsen, T. M.; Hopke, P. K.; Liu, P. Wet deposition of mercury at a New York state rural site: Concentrations, fluxes, and source areas. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (21), 4337-4348. (Pubitemid 46777419)
43. Zeng, Y.; Hopke, P. K. A study of the sources of acid precipitation in Ontario, Canada. Atmos. Environ. (1967) 1989, 23 (7), 1499-1509.
44. Kahl, J. D. A cautionary note on the use of air trajectories in interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurements. Atmos. Environ., Part A 1993, 27 (17-18), 3037-3038. (Pubitemid 24023869)
45. Stohl, A. Computation, accuracy and applications of trajectories - A review and bibliography. Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32 (6), 947-966. (Pubitemid 28236480)
46. Gebhart, K. A.; Schichtel, B. A.; Barma, M. G. Directional biases in back trajectories caused by model and input data. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc 2005, 55, 1649-1662.
47. Draxler, R. What are the levels of uncertainty associated with back trajectory calculations in HYSPLIT. http://www.arl.noaa.gov/faq-hg17.php (accessed October 17, 2011).
48. Stohl, A.; Forster, C.; Eckhardt, S.; Spichtinger, N.; Huntrieser, H.; Heland, J.; Schlager, H.; Wilhelm, S.; Arnold, F.; Cooper, O. A backward modeling study of intercontinental pollution transport using aircraft measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, 4370.
49. Xu, X.; Akhtar, U. S. Identification of potential regional sources of atmospheric total gaseous mercury in Windsor, Ontario, Canada using hybrid receptor modeling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 7073-7083.
50. Han, Y.-J.; Holsen, T. M.; Hopke, P. K. Estimation of source locations of total gaseous mercury measured in New York State using trajectory-based models. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (28), 6033-6047. (Pubitemid 47212763)
51. Mason, R. P.; Lawson, N. M.; Sullivan, K. A. The concentration, speciation and sources of mercury in Chesapeake Bay precipitation. Atmos. Environ. 1997, 31 (21), 3541-3550. (Pubitemid 27397389)
52. Caffrey, J. M.; Landing, W. M.; Nolek, S. D.; Gosnell, K. J.; Bagui, S. S.; Bagui, S. C. Atmospheric deposition of mercury and major ions to the Pensacola (Florida) watershed: spatial, seasonal, and inter annual variability. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 5425-5434.
53. Abbott, M. L.; Lin, C.-J.; Martian, P.; Einerson, J. J. Atmospheric mercury near Salmon Falls Creek Reservoir in southern Idaho. Appl. Geochem. 2008, 23 (3), 438-453.
54. Landis, M. S.; Lynam, M.; Stevens, R. K., The monitoring and modeling of mercury species in support of local, regional, and global modeling. In Dynamics of Mercury Pollution on Regional and Global Scales, Pirrone, N. M., K. R, Ed. Kluwer Academic Publisher: New York, 2005; pp 123-151.
55. Swartzendruber, P. C.; Jaffe, D. A.; Prestbo, E. M.; Weiss-Penzias, P.; Selin, N. E.; Park, R.; Jacob, D. J.; Strode, S.; Jaeglé, L. Observations of reactive gaseous mercury in the free troposphere at the Mount Bachelor Observatory. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111, D24301.
56. Faïn, X.; Obrist, D.; Hallar, A. G.; Mccubbin, I.; Rahn, T. High levels of reactive gaseous mercury observed at a high elevation research laboratory in the Rocky Mountains. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 8049-8060.
57. Sheu, G.-R.; Lin, N.-H.; Wang, J.-L.; Lee, C.-T.; Ou Yang, C.-F.; Wang, S.-H. Temporal distribution and potential sources of atmospheric mercury measured at a high-elevation background station in Taiwan. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44 (20), 2393-2400.
58. Lyman, S. N.; Jaffe, D. A., Formation and fate of oxidized mercury in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Nat. Geosci 2011, advance online publication.
59. Sillman, S.; Marsik, F. J.; Al-Wali, K. I.; Keeler, G. J.; Landis, M. S., Reactive mercury in the troposphere: Model formation and results for Florida, the northeastern United States, and the Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112.
60. Hidy, G. M.; Klieforth, H. E., Atmospheric processes affecting the climate of the Great Basin. In Plant Biology of the Basin and Range; Osmond, C. B., Pitelka, L. F., Hidy, G. M., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, 1990.
61. WCRC. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/wrccpub/narratives/%205/18/2012/ (accessed May 20, 2012).
62. Selin, N. E.; Jacob, D. J.; Yantosca, R. M.; Strode, S.; Jaeglé, L.; Sunderland, E. M., Global 3-D land-ocean-atmosphere model for mercury: present-day vs. pre-industrial cycles and anthropogenic enrichment factors for deposition. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2008, 22.
63. Holmes, C. D.; Jacob, D. J.; Yang, X., Global lifetime of elemental mercury against oxidation by atomic bromine in the free troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. Letter 2006, 33.
64. Goodwin, K. D.; North, W. J.; Lidstrom, M. E. Production of bromoform and dibromomethane by Giant Kelp: Factcors affecting release and comparison to anthropogenic bromine sources. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42, 1725-1734. (Pubitemid 127687989)
65. EPA May 15 2012. http://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html (accessed May 22, 2012).
66. Selin, N. E.; Jacob, D. J. Seasonal and spatial patterns of mercury wet deposition in the United States: Constraints on the contribution from North American anthropogenic sources. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42 (21), 5193-5204.
67. Holmes, C. D.; Jacob, D. J.; Corbitt, E. S.; Mao, J.; Yang, X.; Talbot, R. W.; Slemr, F. Global amtospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 12037-12057.