Does a 24-hour ultra-swim lead to dehydration?

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 68-79

  Knechtle, Beat ^a   Knechtle, Patrizia ^b   Kohler, Götz ^c   Rosemann, Thomas ^a  

^a Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen ^*  (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Body mass; Fat mass; Skeletal muscle mass; Ultra endurance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862165113     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19885202     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2011.61.08     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Heart rate monitoring: applications and limitations. Sports Med. 2003; 33:517-538.
2. Armstrong LE, Soto JA, Hacker FT JR, et al. Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise, and rehydration. Int J Sport Nutr. 1998; 8:345-355.
3. Atwater WO. Coefficients of digestibility and availability of the nutrients of food. Proc Am Physiol Soc. 1909; 30:14-19.
4. Ball SD, Altena TS, Swan PD. Comparison of anthropometry to DXA: a new prediction equation for men. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004; 58:1525-1531. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602003
5. Beaumont Van W. Evaluation of hemoconcentration from hematocrit measurements. J Appl Physiol. 1972; 32:712-713.
6. Becque MD, Katch VL, Moffatt RJ. Time course of skin-plus-fat compression in males and females. Hum Biol. 1986; 58:33-42.
7. Berneis K, Keller U. Bioelectrical impedance analysis during acute changes of extracellular osmolality in man. Clin Nutr. 2000; 19:361-366. doi:10.1054/clnu.2000.0133
8. Bircher S, Enggist A, Jehle T, Knechtle B. Effects of an extreme endurance race on energy balance and body composition -ase study. J Sports Sci Med. 2006; 5:154-162.
9. Bonifazi M, Bela E, Carli G, et al. Responses of atrial natriuretic peptide and other fluid regulating hormones to long distance swimming in the sea. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1994; 68:504-507.
10. Cox GR, Broad EM, Riley MD, Burke LM. Body mass changes and voluntary fluid intakes of elite level water polo players and swimmers. J Sci Med Sport. 2002; 5:183-193.
11. Coyle EF, Martin WH, Ehsani AA, et al. Blood lactate threshold in some well-trained ischemic heart disease patients. J Appl Physiol. 1983; 54:628-634.
12. Davidson L, Mcneill G, Haggarty P, Smith JS, Franklin MF. Free-living energy expenditure of adult men assessed by continuous heart-rate monitoring and doubly-labelled water. Br J Nutr. 1997; 78:695-708. doi:10.1079/BJN19970188
13. Erickson KA, Wilding P. Evaluation of a novel point-of-care system, the i-STAT portable clinical analyzer. Clin Chem. 1993; 39:283-287.
14. Fellmann N, Ritz P, Ribeyre J, Beaufrère B, Delaître M, Coudert J. Intracellular hyperhydration induced by a 7-day endurance race. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1999; 80:353-359.
15. Frayn KN. Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange. J Appl Physiol. 1983; 55:628-634.
16. Gastmann U, Dimeo F, Huonker M, et al. Ultra-triathlon-related blood-chemical and endocrinological responses in nine athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1998; 38:18-23.
17. Goodman C, Rogers GG, Vermaak H, Goodman MR. Biochemical responses during recovery from maximal and submaximal swimming exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1985; 54:436-441. doi:10.1007/BF02337191
18. Gudivaka R, Schoeller DA, Kushner RF, Bolt MJG. Single- and multifrequency models for bioelectrical impedance analysis of body water compartments. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 87:1087-1096.
19. Hiilloskorpi HK, Pasanen ME, Fogelholm MG, Laukkanen RM, Manttari AT. Use of heart rate to predict energy expenditure from low to high activity levels. Int J Sport Med. 2003; 24:332-336. doi:10.1055/s-2003-40701
20. Höchli D, Schneiter T, Ferretti G, et al. Loss of muscle oxidative capacity after an extreme endurance run: The Paris-Dakar Foot-Race. Int J Sports Med. 1995; 16:343-346. doi:10.1055/s-2007-973017
21. Jacobs E, Vadasi E, Sarkozi L, Colman N. Analytical evaluation of i-STAT portable clinical analyzer and use by nonlaboratory health-care professionals. Clin Chem. 1993; 39:1069-1074.
22. Jebb SA, Cole TJ, Doman D, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM. Evaluation of the novel Tanita body-fat analyser to measure body composition by comparison with a four-compartment model. Br J Nutr. 2000; 83:115-122. doi:10.1017/S0007114500000155
23. Kao WF, Shyu CJ, Yang XW, et al. Athletic performance and serial weight changes during 12- and 24-hour ultra-marathons. Clin J Sport Med. 2008; 18:155-158.
24. Kashiwazaki H. Heart rate monitoring as a field method for estimating energy expenditure as evaluated by the doubly labeled water method. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1999; 45:79-94.
25. Kavouras SA. Assessing hydration status. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002; 5:519-524.
26. Keytel LR, Goedecke JH, Noakes TD, et al. Prediction of energy expenditure from heart rate monitoring during submaximal exercise. J Sports Sci. 2005; 23:289-297. doi:10.1080/02640410470001730089
27. Kirchhoff E. Online-Publication of the German Food Composition Table 'Souci-Fachmann-Kraut' on the Internet. J Food Compost Anal. 2002; 15:465-472. doi:10.1006/jfca.2002.1091
28. Knechtle B, Müller G, Willmann F, Eser P, Knecht H. Comparison of fat oxidation in arm cranking in spinal cord-injured people versus ergometry in cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003; 90:614-619. doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0920-5
29. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Heusser D. Energieumsatz bei Langstreckenschwimmen - eine Fallbeschreibung. Ö J Sportmed. 2004; 3:27-32.
30. Knechtle B, Baumann B, Knechtle P. Effect of ultra-endurance swimming on body composition - Marathon Swim 2006 from Rapperswil to Zurich. Praxis. 2007; 96:585-589.
31. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Kaul R, Kohler G. Swimming for 12 hours leads to no reduction of adipose subcutaneous tissue -ase study. Praxis. 2007; 96:1805-1810.
32. Knechtle B, Salas OF, Andonie JL, Kohler G. Effect of a multistage ultra-endurance triathlon on body composition: World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006. Br J Sport Med. 2008; 42:121-125. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.038034
33. Knechtle B, Duff B, Schule I, Kohler G. A multi-stage ultra-endurance run over 1,200 km leads toontinuous accumulation of total body water. J Sports Sci Med. 2008; 7:357-364.
34. Knechtlenechtle P, Kaul R, Kohler G. Body composition changes in females during 12 hours of endurance swimming. Int J Perf Anal Sport. 2008; 8:27-39.
35. Knechtle B, Wirth A, Knechtle P, Kohler G. Increase of total body water in face of a decrease of body mass during non-stop running 100 km - formation of oedema? Res Q Exerc Sport. 2009; 80:593-603.
36. Lee RC, Wang Z, Heo M, Ross R, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB. Total-body skeletal muscle mass: development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72:796-803.
37. Li R, Deurenberg P, Hautvast JGAJ. ritical evaluation of heart rate monitoring to assess energy expenditure in individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993; 58:602-607.
38. Livingstone MB, Prentice AM, Coward WA, et al. Simultaneous measurement of free-living energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water method and heart-rate monitoring. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990; 52:59-65.
39. Louana J, Campion F, Noakes TD, Medelli J. Relationship between %HRmax, %HR reserve, %VO2max, and %VO2 reserve in elite cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39:350-357. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000246996.63976.5f
40. Mckechnie JK, Leary WP, Noakes TD. Metabolic responses to a 90 km running race. S Afr Med J. 1982; 27:482-484.
41. Milledge JS, Bryson EI, Catley DM, et al. Sodium balance, fluid homeostasis and the renin-aldosterone system during the prolonged exercise of hill walking. Clin Sci. 1982; 62:595-604.
42. Neumayr G, Pfister R, Mitterbauer G, et al. Short-term effects of prolonged strenuous endurance exercise on the level of haematocrit in amateur cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 2002; 23:158-161. doi:10.1055/s-2002-23169
43. O'Brien C, Young AJ, Sawka MN. Bioelectrical impedance to estimate changes in hydration status. Int J Sports Med. 2002; 23:361-366. doi:10.1055/s-2002-33145
44. Papadea C, Foster C, Grant S, et al. Evaluation of the i-STAT portable clinical analyzer for point-of-care blood testing in the intensive care units of a university children's hospital. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2002; 32:231-243.
45. Pialoux V, Mischler I, Mounier R, et al. Effect of equilibrated hydration changes on total body water estimates by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Br J Nutr. 2004; 91:153-159. doi:10.1079/BJN20031031
46. Rama R, Ibáñez J, Riera M, Prats MT, Pagés T, Palacios L. Hematological, electrolyte, and biochemical alterations after a 100-km run. Can J Appl Physiol. 1994; 19:411-420.
47. Schneider J, Dudziak R, Westphal K, Vettermann J. The i-STAT analyzer. A new, hand-held device for the bedside determination of hematocrit, blood gases, and electrolytes. Anaesthesist. 1997; 46:704-714. doi:10.1007/s001010050457
48. Segal KR, Burastero S, Chun A, Coronel P, Pierson RN, Wang J. Estimation of extracellular and total body water by multiple-frequency bioelectrical-impedance measurement. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 54:26-29.
49. Shireffs SM. Markers of hydration status. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57:S6-S9. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601895
50. Soler R, Echegaray M, Rivera MA. Thermal responses and body fluid balance of competitive male swimmers duringraining session. J Strength Cond Res. 2003; 17:362-367.
51. Stellingwerff T, Boon H, Jonkers RA, et al. Significant intramyocellular lipid use during prolonged cycling in endurance-trained males as assessed by three different methodologies. Am J Physiol. 2007; 292:E1715-1723. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00678.2006
52. Whiting PH, Maughan RJ, Miller JD. Dehydration and serum biochemical changes in marathon runners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1984; 52:183-187.
53. Zehnder M, Ith M, Kreis R, Saris W, Boutellier U, Boesch C. Gender-specific usage of intramyocellular lipids and glycogen during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005; 37:1517-1524. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000177478.14500.7c