Genetic Factors in the Etiology of Preeclampsia/Eclampsia

Chesley's Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 51-71

  Ward, Kenneth ^a   Lindheimer, Marshall D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861860992     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374213-1.00004-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (130)

1. S.C. Chesley, J.E. Annitto and R.A. Cosgrove (1976) The remote prognosis of eclamptic women. Sixth periodic report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124 446-459.
2. L.C. Chesley (1980) Hypertension in pregnancy: definitions, familial factor, and remote prognosis. Kidney Int 18 234-240.
3. S.A. Treloar, D.W. Cooper, S.P. Brennecke, M.M. Grehan and N.G. Martin (2001) An Australian twin study of the genetic basis of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184 374-381.
4. J.J. Shen, C. Tymkow and N. MacMullen (2005) Disparities in maternal outcomes among four ethnic populations. Ethn Dis 15 492-497.
5. J.G. Thornton and A.M. Macdonald (1999) Twin mothers, pregnancy hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106 570-575.
6. K.M. O'Shaughnessy, F. Ferraro, B. Fu, S. Downing and N.H. Morris (2000) Identification of monozygotic twins that are concordant for preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 1156-1157.
7. J.G. Thornton and J.L. Onwude (1991) Pre-eclampsia: discordance among identical twins. BMJ 303 1241-1242.
8. A.M. Lachmeijer, J.G. Aarnoudse, L.P. ten Kate, G. Pals and G.A. Dekker (1998) Concordance for pre-eclampsia in monozygous twins. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105 1315-1317.
9. H. Salonen Ros, P. Lichtenstein, L. Lipworth and S. Cnattingius (2000) Genetic effects on the liability of developing pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. Am J Med Genet 91 256-260.
10. S. Chappell and L. Morgan (2006) Searching for genetic clues to the causes of pre-eclampsia. Clin Sci (Lond) 110 443-458.
11. K.M. Adams and D.A. Eschenbach (2004) The genetic contribution towards preterm delivery. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 9 445-452.
12. G. Giarratano (2006) Genetic influences on preterm birth. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 31 169-175. quiz 76–7
13. R. Menon, S.J. Fortunato, P. Thorsen and S. Williams (2006) Genetic associations in preterm birth: a primer of marker selection, study design, and data analysis. J Soc Gynecol Invest 13 531-541.
14. M.R. Genc and J. Schantz-Dunn (2007) The role of gene-environment interaction in predicting adverse pregnancy outcome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 21 491-504.
15. N.C. Serrano (2006) Immunology and genetic of preeclampsia. Clin Dev Immunol 13 197-201.
16. M.A. Brown (1995) The physiology of pre-eclampsia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 22 781-791.
17. N.O. Lunell, L.E. Nylund, R. Lewander and B. Sarby (1982) Uteroplacental blood flow in pre-eclampsia measurements with indium-113m and a computer-linked gamma camera. Clin Exp Hypertens B 1 105-117.
18. H.C.S. Wallenburg (1980) Hemodynamics in hypertensive pregnancy. P.C. Rubin (Ed.) Hypertension in Pregnancy Amsterdam: Elsevier 66-101.
19. J.A. Need (1975) Pre-eclampsia in pregnancies by different fathers: immunological studies. BMJ 1 548-549.
20. J.G. Feeney and J.S. Scott (1980) Pre-eclampsia and changed paternity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 11 35-38.
21. M. Astin, J.R. Scott and R.J. Worley (1981) Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia: a fatal father factor. Lancet 2 533.
22. D.W. Cooper, J.A. Hill, L.C. Chesley and C.I. Bryans (1988) Genetic control of susceptibility to eclampsia and miscarriage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95 644-653.
23. S. Rasmussen and L.M. Irgens (2007) Pregnancy-induced hypertension in women who were born small. Hypertension 49 806-812.
24. R. Arngrimsson, S. Bjornsson, R.T. Geirsson, H. Bjornsson, J.J. Walker and G. Snaedal (1990) Genetic and familial predisposition to eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in a defined population. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97 762-769.
25. R. Skjaerven, L.J. Vatten, A.J. Wilcox, T. Ronning, L.M. Irgens and R.T. Lie (2005) Recurrence of pre-eclampsia across generations: exploring fetal and maternal genetic components in a population based cohort. BMJ 331 877.
26. G.A. Dekker and P.Y. Robillard (2005) Preeclampsia: a couple's disease with maternal and fetal manifestations. Curr Pharm Des 11 699-710.
27. S. Cnattingius, M. Reilly, Y. Pawitan and P. Lichtenstein (2004) Maternal and fetal genetic factors account for most of familial aggregation of preeclampsia: a population-based Swedish cohort study. Am J Med Genet A 130 365-371.
28. P.A. Boyd, R.H. Lindenbaum and C. Redman (1987) Pre-eclampsia and trisomy 13: a possible association. Lancet 2 425-427.
29. F.F. Broekhuizen, R. Elejalde and P.R. Hamilton (1983) Early-onset preeclampsia, triploidy and fetal hydrops. J Reprod Med 28 223-226.
30. A. Blaschitz, H. Hutter and G. Dohr (2001) HLA Class I protein expression in the human placenta. Early Pregnancy 5 67-69.
31. G. Gaunt and K. Ramin (2001) Immunological tolerance of the human fetus. Am J Perinatol 18 299-312.
32. S.K. Snyder, D.H. Wessner, J.L. Wessells, R.M. Waterhouse, L.M. Wahl, W. Zimmermann and G.S. Dveksler (2001) Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins function as immunomodulators by inducing secretion of IL-10, IL-6 and TGF-beta1 by human monocytes. Am J Reprod Immunol 45 205-216.
33. J.F. Froen, R.A. Moyland, O.D. Saugstad and B. Stray-Pedersen (2002) Maternal health in sudden intrauterine unexplained death: do urinary tract infections protect the fetus? Obstet Gynecol 100(Pt 1), 909-915.
34. M.G. Petroff, L. Chen, T.A. Phillips and J.S. Hunt (2002) B7 family molecules: novel immunomodulators at the maternal-fetal interface. Placenta 23(Suppl A), S95-101.
35. R. Pijnenborg (2002) Implantation and immunology: maternal inflammatory and immune cellular responses to implantation and trophoblast invasion. Reprod Biomed Online 4(Suppl 3), 14-17.
36. L.L. Power, E.J. Popplewell, J.A. Holloway, N.D. Diaper, J.O. Warner and C.A. Jones (2002) Immunoregulatory molecules during pregnancy and at birth. J Reprod Immunol 56 19-28.
37. M.P. Piccinni (2003) Role of immune cells in pregnancy. Autoimmunity 36 1-4.
38. R. Bulla, F. Fischetti, F. Bossi and F. Tedesco (2004) Feto-maternal immune interaction at the placental level. Lupus 13 625-629.
39. K. Juretic, N. Strbo, T.B. Crncic, G. Laskarin and D. Rukavina (2004) An insight into the dendritic cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 52 350-355.
40. L. Matthiesen, G. Berg, J. Ernerudh, C. Ekerfelt, Y. Jonsson and S. Sharma (2005) Immunology of preeclampsia. Chem Immunol Allergy 89 49-61.
41. M.P. Piccinni (2005) T cells in pregnancy. Chem Immunol Allergy 89 3-9.
42. L. Wicherek, M. Klimek and M. Dutsch-Wicherek (2005) The level of maternal immune tolerance and fetal maturity. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 26 561-566.
43. S. Hauguel-de Mouzon and M. Guerre-Millo (2006) The placenta cytokine network and inflammatory signals. Placenta 27 794-798.
44. R. Romero, F. Gotsch, B. Pineles and J.P. Kusanovic (2007) Inflammation in pregnancy: its roles in reproductive physiology, obstetrical complications, and fetal injury. Nutr Rev 65(Pt 2), S194-202.
45. C. Rusterholz, S. Hahn and W. Holzgreve (2007) Role of placentally produced inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in pregnancy and the etiology of preeclampsia. Semin Immunopathol 29 151-162.
46. P. Vigano, M. Cintorino, F. Schatz, C.J. Lockwood and F. Arcuri (2007) The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in maintaining the immune privilege at the fetal-maternal interface. Semin Immunopathol 29 135-150.
47. K. Koga and G. Mor (2008) Expression and function of toll-like receptors at the maternal-fetal interface. Reprod Sci 15 231-242.
48. V. Kumar and B. Medhi (2008) Emerging role of uterine natural killer cells in establishing pregnancy. Iran J Immunol 5 71-81.
49. G. Mor (2008) Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of toll-like receptors in trophoblast-immune interaction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1127 121-128.
50. J.K. Riley and W.M. Yokoyama (2008) NK cell tolerance and the maternal-fetal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 59 371-387.
51. B.B. van Rijn, A. Franx, E.A. Steegers, et al. (2008) Maternal TLR4 and NOD2 gene variants, pro-inflammatory phenotype and susceptibility to early-onset preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. PLoS ONE 3 e1865.
52. Redman CW, Sargent IL. Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science. 2005 Jun 10;308:1592–1594.
53. S. Saito, A. Shiozaki, A. Nakashima, M. Sakai and Y. Sasaki (2007) The role of the immune system in preeclampsia. Mol Aspects Med 28 192-209.
54. B.T. Alexander (2003) Placental insufficiency leads to development of hypertension in growth-restricted offspring. Hypertension 41 457-462.
55. B.T. Alexander (2006) Fetal programming of hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290 R1-R10.
56. B.T. Alexander (2007) Prenatal influences and endothelial dysfunction: a link between reduced placental perfusion and preeclampsia. Hypertension 49 775-776.
57. B. Schiessl (2007) Inflammatory response in preeclampsia. Mol Aspects Med 28 210-219.
58. B. Huppertz, J. Kingdom, I. Caniggia, G. Desoye, S. Black, H. Korr and P. Kaufmann (2003) Hypoxia favours necrotic versus apoptotic shedding of placental syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal circulation. Placenta 24 181-190.
59. V.M. Abrahams, Y.M. Kim, S.L. Straszewski, R. Romero and G. Mor (2004) Macrophages and apoptotic cell clearance during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 51 275-282.
60. J. Heiskanen, E.L. Romppanen, M. Hiltunen, S. Iivonen, A. Mannermaa, K. Punnonen and S. Heinonen (2002) Polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in women with preeclampsia. J Assist Reprod Genet 19 220-223.
61. Y.P. Chen, T. Pfab, T. Slowinski, C.M. Richter, M. Godes and B. Hocher (2006) Impact of genetic variation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on gestational hypertension. Chin Med J (Eng) 119 719-724.
62. J.A. Keelan and M.D. Mitchell (2007) Placental cytokines and preeclampsia. Front Biosci 12 2706-2727.
63. A. Makris, B. Xu, B. Yu, C. Thornton and A. Hennessy (2006) Placental deficiency of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in preeclampsia and its relationship to an IL10 promoter polymorphism. Placenta 27 445-451.
64. E. Kamali-Sarvestani, S. Kiany, B. Gharesi-Fard and M. Robati (2006) Association study of IL-10 and IFN-gamma gene polymorphisms in Iranian women with preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 72 118-126.
65. S. Daher, N. Sass, L.G. Oliveira and R. Mattar (2006) Cytokine genotyping in preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 55 130-135.
66. M. Knight, C.W. Redman, E.A. Linton and I.L. Sargent (1998) Shedding of syncytiotrophoblast microvilli into the maternal circulation in pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105 632-640.
67. L.C. Chesley, J.E. Annitto and R.A. Cosgrove (1968) The familial factor in toxemia of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 32 303-311.
68. J. Humphries (1960) Occurrence of hypertensive toxemia of pregnancy in mother-daughter pairs. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 107 271-277.
69. E.M. Adams and A. Finlayson (1961) Familial aspects of pre-eclampsia and hypertension in pregnancy. Lancet 2 1375-1378.
70. D.W. Cooper and W.A. Liston (1979) Genetic control of severe pre-eclampsia. J Med Genet 16 409-416.
71. A. Sutherland, D.W. Cooper, P.W. Howie, W.A. Liston and I. MacGillivray (1981) The indicence of severe pre-eclampsia amongst mothers and mothers-in-law of pre-eclamptics and controls. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88 785-791.
72. H. Laivuori (2007) Genetic aspects of preeclampsia. Front Biosci 12 2372-2382.
73. J.G. Thornton and J.L. Onwude (1992) Convulsions in pregnancy in related gorillas. Am J Obstet gynecol 167 240-241.
74. M. van Dijk, J. Mulders, A. Poutsma, et al. (2005) Maternal segregation of the Dutch preeclampsia locus at 10q22 with a new member of the winged helix gene family. Nat Genet 37 514-519.
75. K. Rana, N. Isbel, M. Buzza, H. Dagher, P. Henning, G. Kainer and J. Savige (2003) Clinical, histopathologic, and genetic studies in nine families with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 41 1170-1178.
76. C.B. Oudejans, M. van Dijk, M. Oosterkamp, A. Lachmeijer and M.A. Blankenstein (2007) Genetics of preeclampsia: paradigm shifts. Hum Genet 120 607-612.
77. G.A. Harrison, K.E. Humphrey, N. Jones, et al. (1997) A genomewide linkage study of preeclampsia/eclampsia reveals evidence for a candidate region on 4q. Am J Hum Genet 60 1158-1167.
78. R. Arngrimsson, S. Sigurardóttir, M.L. Frigge, et al. (1999) A genome-wide scan reveals a maternal susceptibility locus for pre-eclampsia on chromosome 2p13. Hum Mol Genet 8 1799-1805.
79. E.K. Moses, J.A. Lade, G. Guo, et al. (2000) A genome scan in families from Australia and New Zealand confirms the presence of a maternal susceptibility locus for pre-eclampsia, on chromosome 2. Am J Hum Genet 67 1581-1585.
80. A.M. Lachmeijer, R. Arngrimsson, E.J. Bastiaans, et al. (2001) A genome-wide scan for preeclampsia in the Netherlands. Eur J Hum Genet 9 758-764.
81. H. Laivuori, P. Lahermo, V. Ollikainen, et al. (2003) Susceptibility loci for preeclampsia on chromosomes 2p25 and 9p13 in Finnish families. Am J Hum Genet 72 168-177.
82. B. Kalmyrzaev, A. Aldashev, M. Khalmatov, et al. (2006) Genome-wide scan for premature hypertension supports linkage to chromosome 2 in a large Kyrgyz family. Hypertension 48 908-913.
83. E.K. Moses, E. Fitzpatrick, K.A. Freed, et al. (2006) Objective prioritization of positional candidate genes at a quantitative trait locus for pre-eclampsia on 2q22. Mol Hum Reprod 12 505-512.
84. M.P. Johnson, E. Fitzpatrick, T.D. Dyer, J.B. Jowett, S.P. Brennecke, J. Blangero and E.K. Moses (2007) Identification of two novel quantitative trait loci for pre-eclampsia susceptibility on chromosomes 5q and 13q using a variance components-based linkage approach. Mol Hum Reprod 13 61-67.
85. P.L. Zusterzeel, W. Visser, H.J. Blom, W.H. Peters, S.G. Heil and E.A. Steegers (2000) Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms in preeclampsia and the HELLP syndrome. Hypertens Pregnancy 19 299-307.
86. K.M. O'Shaughnessy, B. Fu, F. Ferraro, I. Lewis, S. Downing and N.H. Morris (1999) Factor V Leiden and thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants in an East Anglian preeclampsia cohort. Hypertension 33 1338-1341.
87. F. Stonek, E. Hafner, K. Philipp, L.A. Hefler, E.K. Bentz and C.B. Tempfer (2007) Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and pregnancy complications. Obstet Gynecol 110(Pt 1), 363-368.
88. C.A. Dalmaz, K.G. Santos, M.R. Botton, C.L. Tedoldi and I. Roisenberg (2006) Relationship between polymorphisms in thrombophilic genes and preeclampsia in a Brazilian population. Blood Cells Mol Dis 37 107-110.
89. Vefring H, Lie RT, Degard RO, Mansoor MA, Nilsen ST. Maternal and fetal variants of genetic thrombophilias and the risk of preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2004;15:317–22.
90. R.M. Bertina, B.P. Koeleman, T. Koster, et al. (1994) Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C. Nature 369 64-67.
91. B. Dahlback (1994) Inherited resistance to activated protein C, a major cause of venous thrombosis, is due to a mutation in the factor V gene. Haemostasis 24 139-151.
92. D.S. Dizon-Townson, L.M. Nelson, H. Jang, M.W. Varner and K. Ward (1997) The incidence of the factor V Leiden mutation in an obstetric population and its relationship to deep vein thrombosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176 883-886.
93. X. Jeunemaitre, F. Soubrier, Y.V. Kotelevtsev, et al. (1992) Molecular basis of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen. Cell 71 169-180.
94. G. Guo, A.N. Wilton, Y. Fu, H. Qiu, S.P. Brennecke and D.W. Cooper (1997) Angiotensinogen gene variation in a population case-control study of preeclampsia/eclampsia in Australians and Chinese. Electrophoresis 18 1646-1649.
95. L. Morgan, P. Baker, F. Broughton Pipkin and N. Kalsheker (1995) Pre-eclampsia and the angiotensinogen gene. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102 489-490.
96. A.N. Wilton, G. Guo, S.P. Brennecke and D.W. Cooper (1995) Is angiotensinogen a good candidate gene for preeclampsia? Hypertens Pregnancy 14 251-260.
97. N.M. Orsi, N. Gopichandran and N.A. Simpson (2007) Genetics of preterm labour. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 21 757-772.
98. C.E. Pennell, B. Jacobsson, S.M. Williams, et al. (2006) Genetic epidemiological studies of preterm birth: Guidelines for research. Am J Obstet Gynecol
99. D.A. Stephan and S.B. Glueck (2002) Containing multitudes: focus on “novel and nondetected human signaling protein polymorphisms. Physiol Genom 10 127-129.
100. E. Zintzaras, G. Kitsios, G.A. Harrison, et al. (2006) Heterogeneity-based genome search meta-analysis for preeclampsia. Hum Genet 120 360-370.
101. K.A. Goddard, G. Tromp, R. Romero, et al. (2007) Candidate-gene association study of mothers with pre-eclampsia, and their infants, analyzing 775 SNPs in 190 genes. Hum Hered 63 1-16.
102. E. Fitzpatrick, H.H. Goring, H. Liu, et al. (2004) Fine mapping and SNP analysis of positional candidates at the preeclampsia susceptibility locus (PREG1) on chromosome 2. Hum Biol 76 849-862.
103. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 2007;447:661–78.
104. R. Romero, J. Espinoza, F. Gotsch, et al. (2006) The use of high-dimensional biology (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) to understand the preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG 113(Suppl 3), 118-135.
105. M.S. Esplin and M.W. Varner (2005) Genetic factors in preterm birth – the future. BJOG 112(Suppl 1), 97-102.
106. T. Bo and I. Jonassen (2002) New feature subset selection procedures for classification of expression profiles. Genome Biol 3 Research0017
107. D. Chen, Y. Hu, C. Chen, F. Yang, Z. Fang, L. Wang and J. Li (2004) Polymorphisms of the paraoxonase gene and risk of preterm delivery. Epidemiology 15 466-470.
108. R.F. Lamont (2003) Looking to the future. BJOG 110(Suppl 20), 131-135.
109. D.F. Conrad, M. Jakobsson, G. Coop, X. Wen, J.D. Wall, N.A. Rosenberg and J.K. Pritchard (2006) A worldwide survey of haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nat Genet 38 1251-1260.
110. C.E. Pennell, B. Jacobsson, S.M. Williams, et al. (2007) Genetic epidemiologic studies of preterm birth: guidelines for research. Am J Obstet Gynecol 196 107-118.
111. C.B. Tempfer, S. Jirecek, E.K. Riener, H. Zeisler, D. Denschlag, L. Hefler and P.W. Husslein (2004) Polymorphisms of thrombophilic and vasoactive genes and severe preeclampsia: a pilot study. J Soc Gynecol Invest 11 227-231.
112. J.M. Roberts and D.W. Cooper (2001) Pathogenesis and genetics of pre-eclampsia. Lancet 357 53-56.
113. A.M. Lachmeijer, G.A. Dekker, G. Pals, J.G. Aarnoudse, L.P. ten Kate and R. Arngrimsson (2002) Searching for preeclampsia genes: the current position. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 105 94-113.
114. N. Bernard and Y. Giguere (2003) Genetics of preeclampsia: what are the challenges? J Obstet Gynaecol Can 25 578-585.
115. J. Laasanen, M. Hiltunen, E.L. Romppanen, K. Punnonen, A. Mannermaa and S. Heinonen (2003) Microsatellite marker association at chromosome region 2p13 in Finnish patients with preeclampsia and obstetric cholestasis suggests a common risk locus. Eur J Hum Genet 11 232-236.
116. R. Austgulen (2004) [Recent knowledge on mechanisms underlying development of pre-eclampsia]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 124 21-24.
117. O.S. Descamps, M. Bruniaux, P.F. Guilmot, R. Tonglet and F.R. Heller (2005) Lipoprotein metabolism of pregnant women is associated with both their genetic polymorphisms and those of their newborn children. J Lipid Res 46 2405-2414.
118. M.S. Rogers and R.J. D’Amato (2006) The effect of genetic diversity on angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 312 561-574.
119. R. Menon, D.R. Velez, H. Simhan, et al. (2006) Multilocus interactions at maternal tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tumor necrosis factor receptors, interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 receptor genes predict spontaneous preterm labor in European-American women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194 1616-1624.
120. S.K. Musani, D. Shriner, N. Liu, et al. (2007) Detection of gene x gene interactions in genome-wide association studies of human population data. Hum Hered 63 67-84.
121. S. Kotti, H. Bickeboller and F. Clerget-Darpoux (2007) Strategy for detecting susceptibility genes with weak or no marginal effect. Hum Hered 63 85-92.
122. T.A. Manolio and F.S. Collins (2007) Genes, environment, health, and disease: facing up to complexity. Hum Hered 63 63-66.
123. S.T. Chelbi, F. Mondon, H. Jammes, et al. (2007) Expressional and epigenetic alterations of placental serine protease inhibitors: SERPINA3 is a potential marker of preeclampsia. Hypertension 49 76-83.
124. R. Arngrimsson (2005) Epigenetics of hypertension in pregnancy. Nat Genet 37 460-461.
125. S.T. Chelbi and D. Vaiman (2008) Genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the onset of preeclampsia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 282 120-129.
126. R. Ottman (2005) Analysis of genetically complex epilepsies. Epilepsia 46(Suppl 10), 7-14.
127. H.C. Yang, C.C. Pan, C.Y. Lin and C.S. Fann (2006) PDA: Pooled DNA analyzer. BMC Bioinformatics 7 233.
128. S.E. Humphries and M.B. Donati (2002) Analysis of gene-environment interaction in coronary artery disease. Ital Heart J 3 3-5.
129. Pearl J. Why There Is No Statistical Test For Confounding, Why Many Think There Is, And Why They Are Almost Right. Department of Statistics Papers, Paper 1998013001. Los Angeles: Department of Statistics, University of California–Los Angeles; 1998.
130. W.J. Kist, N.G. Janssen, J.J. Kalk, W.M. Hague, G.A. Dekker and J.I. de Vries (2008) Thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcome – A confounded problem!. Thromb Haemost 99 77-85.